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BELL WORK
In your JOURNAL (proper format with date & question)
discuss the following: Why do we require you to study Biology? What is Biology?
With your partner discuss your response and compile a list with at least 5 reasons/answers
Be prepared to share with the class.
1. Biology:
2. Biosphere:
3. Biodiversity:
4. Cell:
5. DNA:
6.Metabolism:
7.Organism:
8.Species:
Section 1.1
1. Adaptation:
2. Ecosystem:
3. Evolution:
4. Homeostasis:
5. System:
Section 1.2
1. Constant:
2. Data:
3. Dependent Variable:
4. Experiment:
5. Hypothesis:
6. Independent Variable:
7.Observation:
8.Theory:
Section 1.3
1. Gene:
2. Genomics:
3. Microscope:
4. Molecular Genetics:
Section 1.4
1. Biotechnology:
2. Transgenic:Section
1.5
What does “biology” mean?
Key terms“Bio” means = ___________________“-ology” means = _________________
Therefore Biology is… __________________________________
Scientists study and investigate nearly every aspect of life on Earth. They work in different fields of science. The names of many of these fields end in the suffix –logy. A suffix, such as –logy, must be combined with another word part to complete its meaning.
Determine the meanings of the prefixes in the name of each field of science listed below. In the second column of the chart, write a description of what is studied in each field listed in the first column.
WORD MEANING WORD MEANINGAnthropology Entomology
Zoology Embryology
Ecology Ethology
Virology Herpetology
Bacteriology Microbiology
Cytology Paleontology
Oceanology Physiology
Ichthyology Cardiology
Study of AnimalsStudy of the environment
Study of cells
Study of viruses
Study of bacteria
Study of ocean life
Study of fish
Study of ancient cultures
Study of insects
Study of embroys
Study of animal behavior
Study of reptiles
Study of microscopic organisms
Study of fossils
Study of body functionsStudy of the heart
Prefix Meaning
Bio- Life
Hydro- Water
Zoo- Animal
Ex- Outer
Photo- Light
Uni- One
Multi- Many
Micro- Small, tiny
Anti- Not
Chloro- Green
Hetero- Different
Homo- Same
Auto- Self
Cyto- Cell
Di- Two
Osteo- Bone
Intra- Into/inner
Proto first
Suffix Meaning-ology The study of
-meter Measurement
-phyll Leaf
-scope Viewing instrument
-ation Process
-lysis Break or loosen
-stasis Stable condition
-plast Living material
-pod Foot
-cellular
Of cells
-it is Inflammation
-derm Skin
-cyst Pouch
-phase Stage
-troph Food
-graph Chart
-phyte Plant
-cretion To separate
-gestion
To carry
Try these…Try these… Study of life _______________________________ Study of animals _______________________________ Small leaf _______________________________ Study of the skin _______________________________ Instrument for looking at small things _______________________________ Study of small forms of life _______________________________ Self-made food _______________________________ Green leaf _______________________________ The process of watering _______________________________ Breaking of a cell _______________________________ Removal of waste products from the body _______________________________ Instrument used to measure water and other liquids _______________________ A plant that grows in water _______________________________ The process of making something self-operating __________________________ Within a cell _______________________________ First organized particle _______________________________
BIOLOGY
ZOOLOGYMICROPHYLL
DERMATOLOGY
MICROSCOPEMICROBIOLOGYAUTOTROPH
CHLOROPHYLLHYDRATION
CYTOLYSISEXCRETION
HYDROMETER
HYDROPHYTEAUTOMATION
INTRACELLULARPROTOPLAST
Meaning…__________________________
Example:What is your body temperature? ______________How does your body respond when you are cold?
______________________________________________How does your body respond when you are hot?
______________________________________________
Why is it important for your body to do this? ______________________________________________
YOUR BODY IS CONSTANTLY WORKING TO MAINTAIN……HOMEOSTASIS
“Stable condition”
98.6°
Shivers, Goose-bumps
Sweat
Maintain a constant 98.6 degrees
The Biosphere
Made up of ALL the living things AND all the places they are found:
LIVING THINGS PLACES
Bacteria Deserts
Protist Grasslands
Fungus Saltwater
Plants Freshwater
Animals
The variety of life across the biosphere.
Biodiversity generally increases from the Earth’s poles to the equator.
EQUATOR
Earth’s Rainforest
(Greatest variety and Highest population of living organisms)
• Consistent warm temperatures• Constant precipitation
More species can survive in warm areas that offer a larger and more consistent food
supply.
Species: A particular type of living thing that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves
• __________ not only in size, but in development
• __________ essential for survival
• __________ smallest unit of life
• __________ breathing, eating, digestion, excretion
• __________ adapt and change with environment
• __________ to light, sound, temp, etc.
“GROMER”
GROWTH
REPRODUCTION
CELLS
METABOLIZE
EVOLVE
RESPOND
Growth refers to an increase in some quantity over time. The quantity can be physical (e.g., growth in height)
or abstract (e.g., a system becoming more complex, an organism becoming more mature).
Members of a species must have the ability to produce new individuals, (reproduce).
Through reproduction, organisms pass on their ___________________,
(DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Combining of _______ and __________; Combination of ______ from ___ parents
___________ from one parent divides into two cells. New cells have _____________ ______ as original parent
genetic material
sperm egg
DNA 2
One cellidentical
DNA
CELL
ORGANSYSTEM
ORGANISMTISSUE
All living things are made up of one or more cells
All organisms need a source of __________________ for their life processes.
The form of energy that all organisms use is ___________________________
_______________
____________
ENERGY
CHEMICAL ENERGY
SUNLIGHT
FOOD
Evolution is the ________________________________;
(Change in the _____________ of a population of species.)
Besides having stiff spines that stick out from their bodies and help protect them, these animals also have loose skin
under those spines and powerful back muscles. Why?
How are the mouths of pythons adapted to finding prey and swallowing large prey?
CHANGE IN LIVING THINGS OVER TIME
GENETIC MAKEUP
__________________
__________________
__________________
LIGHT
All organisms must _______________ to their __________________ to __________________.
REACTENVIRONMENT SURVIVE
TEMPERATURE
TOUCH
Describe biodiversity in terms of species
Describe the relationship between cells and organisms.
What characteristics are shared by all living things?
How does biodiversity depend on a species’ ability to reproduce?
Cells are the smallest part of organisms.
(They make up organisms)
GROMER
Growth, Reproduction, Cells, Metabolize, Evolve, Reproduction
HomeostasisLiteral Meaning: “Same Status/Condition”
Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism.
Examples of conditions that require homeostasis:
TEMPERATURE BLOOD SUGAR ACIDITY HYDRATION LEVELS
Describe a biological system.
Give an example of how structure is related to function in living things.
Why is homeostasis essential for living things?
What is the relationship between adaptation and natural selection?
How are structure and function related to adaptation?
How is the process of natural selection involved in evolution?
_________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
STUDENTS DO NOT RETAIN THE INFORMATION PRESENTED / TAUGHT IN CLASS
IF STUDENTS ATTACH SPECIFIC MEANING OR ASSOCIATIONS WITH TERMS, THEN THEY WILL LEARN THE INFORMATION
HAVE STUDENTS COPY A LIST OF 10 WORDS LABELED “A” AND “B”. THE STUDENTS HAVE TO WRITE THE “A” WORDS TWO TIMES WHILE FOR THE ‘B’ WORDS THEY FIRST WRITE A WORD THAT THEY ASSOCIATE WITH THE TERM AND THEN WRITE THE WORD ITSELF ONCE.
_____ TOTAL STUDENTS RECALLED ______ TOTAL WORDS: ______ ‘A’ WORDS AND _____ ‘B’ WORDS
STUDENTS DO LEARN BETTER IF THEY MAKE ASSOCIATIONS AND OR CONNECTIONS TO NEW INFORMATION PRESENTED TO THEM
1. Control group: ___________________ or the ‘thing’ that does not change
a. _________________________________________
2. Variable: the “_______________________” group or the “thing” that changes
a. _________________________________________
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
CONSTANT GROUP
1. State the _______________a. The process of ‘inquiry’ begins with ____________________, (using
ones senses to study the world)2. Create a ___________________(educated guess)
a. A hypothesis is a ____________________________ for a scientific question
b. Should be an ___________ / ___________ statement indicating the action(s) that will take place and the results that are anticipated
3. Test the ___________________ (experiment)4. Evaluate ______________(results)
a. Observations and tools can be used to gather and analyze data5. Make a ____________________
a. Hypotheses can be__________________ or _______________ in the conclusion
Experiments are always ______________. ___________________ are developed once experiments have beentested several times and end with the same _________________
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
DATA
CONCLUSION
observations
Proposed answer
IF THEN
accepted rejected
ONGOINGTHEORIES
Conclusion
A. Recognize a problem C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
B. Form a Hypothesis D. Draw conclusions
1. ________Stephen predicted that seed would start to grow faster if an electric current traveled through the soil in which they were planted.
2. ________ Susan said, “If I fertilize my geranium plants, they will blossom”.
3. ________ Jonathon’s data showed that household cockroaches moved away from raw cucumber slices.
4. ________ Rene grew bacteria from the mouth on special plates in the laboratory. She placed drops of different mouthwashes on bacteria on each plate.
5. ________ Kathy used a survey to determine how many of her classmates were left-handed and how many were right-handed.
6. ________ Dana wanted to know how synthetic fibers were different from natural fibers.
7. ________ Jose saw bats catching insects after dar. He asked, “How do bats find the insects in the dark?”
A. Recognize a problem C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
B. Form a Hypothesis D. Draw conclusions
8. ________ Justin wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant leaves, flowers, and stems.
9. ________ Marcus soaked six different kinds of seeds in water for 24 hours. Then he planted the seed in soil at a depth of 1 cm. He used the same amount of water, light, and heat for each kind of seed.
10.________ Bob read about growing plants in water. He wanted to know how plants could grow without soil.
11.________ Kevin said, “If I grow five seedlings in red light, I think the plants will grow faster than the five plants grown in white light”.
12.________ Angela’s experiment proved that earthworms move away from light.
13.________ Scott said, “if acid rain affects plants in a particular lake, it might affect small animals, such as crayfish, that live in the same water.”
14.________ Michael fed different diets to three groups of guinea pigs. His experiment showed that guinea pigs need vitamin C and protein in their diets.
15.________ Kim’s experiment showed that chicken egg shells were stronger when she gave the hen feed to which extra calcium had been added.
Long ago, many people believed that living things could come from nonliving things. They thought that worms came from wood and that maggots came from decaying meat. This idea was called spontaneous generation. In 1669, an Italian biologist, Francesco Redi, did experiments to prove that maggots did not come from meat. One of his experiments is shown below:
Redi placed pieces of meat in several jars. He divided the jars into two groups. He covered t5he first group of jars with fine cloth. He left the second group of jars uncovered. Redi observed the jars for several days. He saw flies on the cloth of the covered jars, and he saw flies laying eggs on the meat in the uncovered jars. Maggots appeared only on the meat in the group of jars left uncovered.
1. Scientists use a series of organized steps called scientific method to solve problems. List the steps that are often used. _________________________ _____________________________________________________________
2. What was the problem in Redi’s experiment? ________________________
3. What do you think his hypothesis was?______________________________
4. How did he test his hypothesis? ___________________________________
5. What was the variable in his experiment? ____________________________
6. What was the control in his experiment? _____________________________
7. What do you think Redi’s conclusion was? ___________________________ _____________________________________________________________
What role do hypotheses play in scientific inquiry?
What is the difference between and independent variable and a dependent variable?
How is the meaning of theory in science different from the everyday use of the term?
How are hypotheses and theories related?
Give examples of different ways in which observations are used in scientific inquiry.
Complete the idea map by using the following numbers to fill in the blanks:
1, 10, 200, 1000, 5000. 1 kilometer = ________________ meter(s)
100 milliliters = ______________ liter(s)
5 kiloliters = ________________ liters(s)
1 meter = ________________ millimeter(s)
2 meters = _____________ centimeter(s)
1 decimeter = ____________ centimeter(s)
Metric equivalents
In what way is a dollar similar to a meter in the SI system?
Which metric unit would you use to measure the following?
a. ____The area of your classroom e ____ The temperature of a bird
b. ____ The volume of liquid in a soft drink f ____ The mass of a vitamin pill
c. ____ The distance to a city in another state g ____ Your height
d. ____ The mass of two paper clips h ____ time
International System of Units (SI)(Metric system)
• Base unit for…– Length = __________– Mass = __________– Volume = __________– Temp. = __________
meter
gram
liter
Celius
Metric conversions
K h da U d c m meter liter
gram
Try these…1. 5mL = ______________ L2. 15g = ______________ mg3. 0.5m = ______________ cm4. 65.4L = ______________cL5. 650cm = ______________mm = ______________m6. 3.45mg = ______________cg = ______________g = ______________kg
Using a meter stick, measure your height in…kilometers = ______________ kmmeters = ______________ m centimeters = ______________ cmmillimeters = ______________ mm
10 millimeters = 1 centimeter
A meter stick “reads” centimeters
Name _____________________________________Date ______________
METRIC CONVERSIONSk h da U d c m
1. 5mL = ______________ L
2. 15g = ______________ mg
3. 0.5 m = ______________ cm
4. 65.4L = ______________ cL
5. 650cm = ______________ mm = ________________ m
6. 3.45 mg = ______________ cg = _________________g = ______________kg
7. 2.5mL = ______________ cL
8. 15g = ______________ kg
9. 0.5 m = ______________ mm
10. 0.453L = ______________ mL
11. 65.5cm = ______________ m = ________________ km
12. 1.15 hg = ______________ g = _________________kg = ______________mg
What are the base units for measuring:
13. Mass - ____________________
14. Volume - _________________
15. Length - __________________
.005
kilo hecta deca UNIT deci centi milli
1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
150005065406500 6.50.345 0.00345 0.000003450.250.015500453655 0.655
115 0.115 115000
gramlitermeter
Understanding the Meter Stick and the Metric System
1. How many decimeters are in a meter?
2. How many centimeters are in a meter?
3. How many millimeters in a centimeter?
4. How many millimeters in a meter?
5. How many meters would be in a decameter?
6. How many meters would be in a hectometer?
7. How many meters would be in a kilometer?
Practical8. Using the graduated cylinder, measure the liquid in the bottle. Make the conversions below:
_______________ mL = _______________ L
9. Using the balance, measure the mass in the solid. Make the conversions below:_______________ g = _______________ mg
10. Using the metric ruler, measure the length and width of the room. Make the conversions below:LENGTH: _______________ cm = _______________ mm = _______________ m
WIDTH: _______________ cm = _______________ mm = _______________ m
Tools of biology
• Microscope Function Magnifies up to…
– _______ microscope uses light. __________
– _______microscope light cannot pass. __________
(Also called “____________”microscope)
– ________microscope uses electrons __________
Compound Light
Stereo
dissection
Electron
1000X
40X
500,000X
LIGHT MICROSCOPEeyepiece
Arm
Stage
Course Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
Base
Diaphragm
Light Source
Stage Clips
Turrett
Focus Objective
High Power Objective
Low Objective
Body Tube
WORD BANKEyepiece Fine adjustment
Ocular tube Course adjustment
High power objective Revolving nosepiece (“turret”)
Low power objective Diaphragm
Focus objective Light source
Stage Base
Stage clips Arm
The focus objective focuses __________The low power objective focuses __________The high power objective focuses __________.
Keep in mind, there is also a lens in the EYEPIECE that focuses __________
Therefore if you were using the high powered objective, what would the total magnification be? ______________
Eyepiece X High Objective = total magnification________ X _________ = __________ times
4X
10X
40X
10X
10 40 400
HOW TO FOCUS A MICROSCOPE1.CHECK YOUR MICROSCOPE: YOU SHOULD FIND YOUR MICROSCOPE
a.WITH THE STAGE ALL THE WAY _________________________.
b.WITH THE “___________________________” OBJECTIVE LINED UP WITH THE EYEPIECE.
2.TURN ON THE ___________________________________________.
3.TAKE YOUR ___________________________________ OR ____________________________ AND PLACE IT ON THE ___________.
4.USING THE COURSE ADJUSTMENT, FOCUS YOUR SPECIMEN UNTIL IT COMES INTO CLEAR VIEW. HINTS:a.YOU MAY HAVE TO MOVE THE SLIDE AROUND ON THE STAGE.b.YOU MAY HAVE TO ADJUST THE LIGHT ENTERING THROUGH THE DIAPHRAGM.c.ONCE YOUR FOCUS IS CLEAR, MAKE SURE YOUR SPECIMEN IS IN THE CENTER OF THE “FIELD OF VIEW”
a.ONCE YOUR SPECIMEN IS IN CLEAR VIEW, TURN THE TURRET TO THE _________________________________________________ OBJECTIVE.
b.USING THE _______________________________________ OBJECTIVE, FOCUS YOUR SPECIMEN UNTIL IT COMES INTO CLEAR VIEW.
c.ONCE YOUR SPECIMEN IS IN CLEAR VIEW, TURN THE TURRET TO THE ______________________________________________ OBJECTIVE.
d.USING ONLY THE _____________________ ADJUSTMENT, FOCUS YOUR SPECIMEN UNTIL IT COMES INTO CLEAR VIEW.
NOTE:NEVER USE THE ___________________________________ WHEN YOU ARE USING THE HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE.
PREPARED SLIDE
WET MOUNT
_____________X’s _____________X’s
_____________X’s _____________X’s
10,000 new species are discovered each year.
However, it is estimated that over 50,000 species become extinct every year
That your body cells have specialized functions?
Muscle cells: contract and relax
Stomach cells: Secrete digestive enzymes
Brain cells: interpret sensory information
That the lining of your nose is actually a habitat for bacteria and fungus. This means the lining of your nose is part of the biosphere!
How do light microscopes differ from electron microscopes?
Why is computer modeling used in biological studies?
How does molecular genetics and to our understanding of genes?
Viruses are smaller than cells. What types of microscopes could be used to study them? Explain.
Provide and example of how technology has helped biologists gain a better understanding of life.