Bell Ringer

What were the causes for exploration? List 2What were the effects of exploration? List 2

Causes of Exploration• Traders want faster TRADE routes to ASIA• Explorers search for adventure, glory and

riches• Spanish desires to spread Christianity• Increase in knowledge and education

sparks curiosity about the rest of the world, especially Asia

Effects of Exploration• The search for the fabled Northwest

Passage will lead to European control of all of North America

• European settlements are founded• Trade and mercantilism grows• European nations compete for colonies• Conflicts with Native Americans develop• Slavery is introduced to the Americas• Three Cultures Clash--- NA/African

/European

T-Chart (Know)

What do you know about Christopher

Columbus? List anything…and

everything you know!

Exploration & Colonization

European Colonization

• Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four (plus one) European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….– Portugal– Spain– France– England + the weaker Netherlands

• This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars

European Colonization

Portugal

• The Portuguese were the first to begin searching for an all water route to Asia…..– Prince Henry the

Navigator – 1450’s

• Colonized the South America in the area of what would become Brazil

European trade routes

Spain

• Spanish first to pursue colonization• Start in Caribbean, then Central and South

America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)

• First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain– St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to

protect Spanish treasure fleets

Spain’s Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers

Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

Reject of Portugal & Italy• 1: Bahamas &

Hispaniola• 2: Caribbean Islands

and return to Hispaniola

• 3: Venezuela– Arrested by Spain

• 4: Convinced King to return – Spanish rescue boat

returned to save crew

Impact of Columbus

• Opened Americas to European colonization

• Destruction of Natives on Islands

• No Northwest Passage

• Set in motion the Colombian Exchange

Colombian Exchange

• The transfer of various plants, animals, diseases between Western and Eastern Hemispheres

• Helped Europe’s population increase

• N.A. populations decreased

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Spain’s Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers

Conquistadores

• Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain

• Some methods were harsh and brutal to the Native American

population.• With every Spanish explorer

were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church

to convert Native Americans

Religious Divisions Emerge in Europe

• (1517) Protestant Reformation spread across Europe – Start of new religious era in Europe

• Martin Luther questioned authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.– Protestants = protested the corruption and

materialism of church– Believed in individual’s right to seek God through

direct teachings from Bible and ministers that preached evangelical sermons

– Without a unifying Pope, the protestants formed into many different denominations

• Religious rivalries grow and help shape the development of the colonies in America

Spain’s Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers

Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

Development of New Spain (since 1492)

• Spain wanted to change policy and sent priests and missionaries to:– Establish order, maintain a peaceful

control, and convert the NA to the Catholic Church.

• Many Spanish colonizers realized the remoteness and isolation of the New World so chose not to come

• The religious missionaries, or friars, were the most successful colonizing force for Spain

Spain’s Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers

Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

Permanent Settlements

Official European Colony

New Spain’s Treatment of Native Americans

• Spanish colonists needed workers for their ranches, farms, and mines.

• To help them Spain gave them encomiendas – – land grants that included the right to

demand labor or taxes from the Indians

• Death toll continued to rise so the Spanish looked across the Atlantic to Africa (slave trade)

• French saw success of the Spanish and wanted to make own claim in America (in the North)

• Explorers not as interested in setting up colonies– More interested in the Northwest Passage and TRADE– New France had little gold or silver

• Profited from fishing, trapping, and trading • Brought Catholic missionaries who taught Native Americans

about Christianity

Development of New France (early 1500’s)

• Founded small settlements along the St. Lawrence River and fortified forts as trading posts for the fur trade

• New France was very slow to develop– Dense forests– Long winters– Iroquois raids

• Mississippi River allowed French to lay claim to the Louisiana Territory – New Orleans set up as a way to keep out the

English settlers and seaport to ship goods back to France

Treatment of Native Americans in New France

• French traded with the Native Americans– Traded knives, kettles, and cloth for

furs and skins–Native Americans even taught the

French survival skills– Some French men married Native

American women• Iroquois tribe did hate the

French and spend many years raiding forts and fighting influx of French trappers and their NA allies

New France

• The Dutch – New Netherlands• Exploration occurred accidentally• The Dutch sustained their way of life through

the fur trade and from having ports• One of the most famous ports was that of New

Amsterdam (NYC).

Treatment of Native Americans in New Netherland

• Dutch traded with the Native Americans

• They sought alliances with the Native Americans so they could control the fur trade– Dutch – Iroquois