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BehaviorGet A Life
On the next slide is a maze. As with most mazes, there is a start and a finish. Once your teacher
changes the slide, he/she will call out the seconds. Going through
it with your eyes, you should time how fast it takes you to
complete the maze. Write this time down.
READY??
SET??
GO!!!
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How long did it take you?
Endocrine System
Ch. 39 Behaviors
Ch. 34
Endocrine System Overview
• Glands that release products into the bloodstream which in turn tell the body to perform certain functions.
– Hormones are the chemicals that are released.
– Cells that hormones affect are target cells.• Hormones cause specific responses to only specific target cells.
– Results of hormones are usually slower, yet longer-lasting, than nerve signals.
Which hormone will initiate a response on the target cell
below?
AB
C
D
E
Types of Glands
• Exocrine– Release secretions into
ducts
• Endocrine– Release secretions
(hormones) straight into the bloodstream
Types of Hormones
• Steroid– Lipids
– Cross cell-membranes to initiate effects
– Bind to receptors inside cell membrane
• Nonsteroid– Bind to receptors on
cell membrane to initiate effects
Endocrine System Control• Regulated by Feedback Mechanisms
– Example:• Thermostat registers a temperature drop below 68°.• Thermostat signals the furnace to turn on and heat the house.• Thermostat registers that the temperature raised to 68°.• Thermostat signals the furnace to turn off.
– Negative feedback• Most systems• Last signal tells the first to stop
– Positive feedback• Last signal amplifies the first • Uterine contractions during childbirth
Endocrine SystemHypothalamus (part of brain)The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.
Pituitary glandThe pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.
Parathyroid glandsThese four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood.
ThymusDuring childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development.
Adrenal glandsThe adrenal glands release epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosteroids which help the body deal with stress.
Pineal glandThe pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.
ThyroidThe thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.
PancreasThe pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.
OvaryThe ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Hypothalamus
• Location- Brain
• Hormones Produced / Effects– Releasing hormones / signals pituitary
Pituitary• Location- Base of Skull (underneath hypothalamus)• Hormones Produced / Effects
Posterior Pituitary– ADH / kidneys reabsorb water– Oxytocin / uterine contractions and milk productionAnterior Pituitary “Master Gland”– FSH / Production of egg and sperm– LH / Stimulates ovaries and testis, uterine implantation– TSH / Stimulates thyroid to release thyroxin– ACTH / Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to release hormones– GH / Stimulates protein synthesis– Prolactin / Stimulates milk production– MSH / Stimulates production of melanin in skin cells
Thyroid
• Location- Upper part of trachea
• Hormones Produced / Effects– Thyroxine / Controls metabolic rate– Calcitonin / Regulates calcium levels
Thyroid problems
•Lack of Iodine = Goiter
•Iodine is a component of thyroxine
•Thyroid Gland enlarges to try and compensate for low thyroxine levels
•Too little thyroxine = Hypothyroidism, Cretinism in children
•Too much thyroxine = Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid problems Hypothyroidism
Thyroid problemsHypothyroidism
Cretinism
Children born without enough thyroxin, this child is mentally retarded, deaf and mute
Thyroid problems Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid problemsAcromegaly
Too much growth hormone
Greek word for "extremities" and "enlargement“; excessive growth occurs first in the hands and feet, as soft tissue begins to swell
Thyroid problemsDwarfism
too little growth hormone
Parathyroid Gland
• Location – embedded in the back surface of the thyroid gland, four
• Hormones Produced/Effect– Parathyroid hormone/Controls level of calcium
in the blood; important in maintaining proper nerve function, muscle function and bone structure
Adrenal Cortex & Medulla
• Location- Above Kidneys• Hormones Produced / Effects
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine / “Fight or Flight”
Adrenal Cortex
Corticosteroids – aldosterone and cortisol / aldosterone – reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ions; cortisol – controls rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Adrenal ProblemsCushing’s syndrome
Overactive adrenal cortex
Adrenal ProblemsAddison’s Disease
Underactive adrenal cortex• Weakness • Unintentional weight loss • Nausea • Dehydration • Chronic diarrhea • Loss of appetite • Darkening of the skin in some areas • Paleness • Skin rashes on the feet and hands • Sores on the inside of the mouth • Slow, sluggish, and lethargic movements • Slow and sluggish speech • Changes in the blood pressure or pulse • Excessive sweating on the face and or hands • Headaches • Dilated pupils • Confusion • Involuntary, abnormal eyelid movement • Fluctuating mood • Impaired short-term memory and memory loss
Pancreas
• Location- Next / behind to stomach
• Hormones Produced / Effects– Insulin / Remove sugar from blood into cells– Glucagon / Release sugar from cells into blood
Diabetes
• Type I– Pancreas produces too little insulin– High blood sugar levels
• Type II– Cells are resistant to insulin
regulates
by meansof the
by meansof the
by meansof the
by meansof the
by meansof the
by meansof the
GrowthWater
balanceReproduction Metabolism
Calciumand glucose
levels
Responseto stress
The Endocrine System
Pituitary
Ovaries
Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals
Parathyroids
Plant Responses
• Plants respond to their
environments = Tropisms
• These responses initiated
by plant hormones
Types of plant responses
• Phototropism- response to light
• Gravitropism- response to gravity
• Thigmotropism- response to touch
Animal responses
• Animals can also respond to their environments– Taxis
response to light?
response to gravity?
response to touch?
Animal Behavior• Behavior- The way in which an animal responds
(response) due to changes in it’s environment (stimulus).
– Innate (Instinct or Inborn)• Appear fully functional the first time performed
– Learned• Imprinting
• Habituation
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Insight Learning
Imprinting
Learning based on early experience; once imprinting has occurred, the behavior
cannot be changed
Habituation
Learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that
neither rewards or harms it
After ConditioningWhen Pavlov rang a bell inthe absence of food, the dogstill salivated. The dog was conditioned to salivate in response to a stimulus that it did not normally associate with food.
During ConditioningBy ringing a bell every time he fed the dog, Pavlov trained the dog to associate the sight and smell of food with the ringing bell.
Before ConditioningWhen a dog sees or smells food, it produces saliva. Food is the stimulus and the dog’s response is salivation. Dogs do not usually salivate in response to nonfood stimuli.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Animals learn to make a mental connection with a stimulus
Pavlov’s Dog
Operant Conditioning
•After a stimulus, performing a response in order to either receive a reward or avoid punishment
•Also known as Trial & Error
Insight /Intelligent behavior
•Animal applies something it already knows how to do to a new situation
HMMM??
MIGRATING BEHAVIOR
•Periodic moving of animals due to seasonal cycles.
Lets go through that maze again. Same routine as last time.
Ready??
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How fast were you this time???