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What we think we know
• Beringian Hypothesis
• By 12,000 B. C. E., “human beings” inhabited the whole span of the Western Hemisphere
• Archaeological Studies cast doubt on single wave of migration
Olmecs
• Central Valley of Mexico 100 b. c. e-500 c. e.
• elaborate urban architecture (Tehotihuancan)
What happened to the Maya?
• Theories:
• ecological devastations
• internal social and political unrest
• external invasion
Agricultural Foundations for Human Civilization in the
Americas
Olmecs and Mayas were farmers. Between 5000 B. C. E. and 2500 B. C. E., cultivation of corn was developed.
Mexica (Aztec)
• Empire flourished from about 1325-1520
• Vast political, trade, and tribute network
• capital city was Tenochtitlan
• conquered by Cortes.
Quechua Empire (Inca)
• extended through Ecuador, Peru, and Chile• flourished from about 1200 to 1533• conquered by Juan Pizarro.• The ruler, the Inca, had great power and kept
his empire together through a network of roads over which messengers ran carrying instructions/accounting “written” in the form of knotted ropes.
Southwest Peoples• Book to read: Stephen Plog, Ancient Peoples of the
Southwest
• Slow to develop agriculture
• Major cultural flowerings:
• HOHOKAM—Southern Arizona 1000 B. C. E.- 1100—Ball Courts, feathers
• MOGOLLAN—Southern New Mexico 1000 B. C. E.-1000 —Pit Houses and Pottery
• ANASAZI (now properly called Ancestral Puebloans)—1000 B. C. E. –1300—Northern New Mexico and Arizona—large villages and cliff dwellings, good roads.
ADENA-HOPEWELL
• Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys 1000 B. C. E.-800 A. D.
• Burial Mounds
• Trade Goods
Other Peoples• GREAT PLAINS—1500 B. C. E. – Present—hunters, gatherers,
transhumance, bows and arrows—got horse in 1600.• GREAT BASIN—1500 B. C. E.-Present—hunters, gatherers,
horticulturalists—UTES (NYUUTSIYU)• ARTIC/SUBARTIC—5000 B. C. E.-Present—good boats, whale
hunters.• PACIFIC NORTHWEST—5000 B. C. E.-Present—good fishers,
hunters of whales, netters of fish. (Tlingits)• MUSKOGEAN—1500 present—Southeast—moundbuilders and
farmers (Natchez, Chickasaw, Choctaw)• IROQUOIS—1400 present—New York—longhouses—Senecas,
Cayugas, Onondogas, Oneidas, Mohawks.• ALGONQUIAN—1200 present—agriculture, hunting, gathering,
fishing.• CARIBBEAN—1000-1500—fishers, canoe borne commerce
(ARAWAKS—Columbus encountered these)