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So What is Working?
Research is Providing Some Insight Into Pesticide Efficacy
• Efficacy?• Repellency?• Resistance?
Liquid Residuals Evaluated
Preliminary Results –Field Study
Control: reduced populations by 45-55%
(encasements + removal)
Follow-up inspections indicated that liquid residual application reduced the number of
bed bugs by 30-40%
Preliminary Results –Field Study
Univ. KentuckyPotter, Romero, & Haynes 2007
Current pesticides are effective as direct contact
sprays but the effectivenessof dry residues is
questionable!Pest Control Technology July 2007
Liquid-Residual Alternatives• Dual-actives
–Temprid–Transport GHP–Tandem
• Single-actives–Micro-caps?–WP’s?–Phantom?
Univ. of Kentucky –PCT June 2014
• Bed Bugs starting to show decreased susceptibility to combination products (3 T’s)
• Not surprising as bed bugs have been shown to developed resistances within years
• Speaks to the importance of rotating products and non-chemical tools
All-Natural Sprays• Eco-Raider and Bed Bug Patrol
demonstrated high mortality after 10 days after direct contact
• Others tested never reached above 50% mortality
• Temprid killed much quicker• Staining can be an issue (Eco-Raider)
Singh et al., PCT, March 2013
Dusts• Low-impact
–Cimexa–DE–Many others
• Active-ingredient–Tempo-dust–Drione–Many others
Benoit et al. (2009)
DE is effective against 1st instar and stressed bugs
Effectiveness of DE is largely contingent on formulation/brand
(Mother Earth D)
Univ. of Kentucky• Completed a study where only DE was
used in field infestations• Results were less than impressive• Jury still out and much debate is
taking place amongst researchers• Concerning enough for us to change
from DE to Cimexa
Vacuums can be used to quickly eliminate large numbers of bugs
What type of vacuum?• Commonly
recommend bags• HEPA filters can be
difficult to clean• Bugs can live in
vacuums• Strong suction ability• Easy to use and
light
Steam is a Very Effective Tool
Destroys allstages
including Eggs!
Penetrates Well into Pleats and Folds
Using Steam Correctly
Remember that contact kills are typically used as spot
treatments…not entire apartment
treatments!!!Steaming takes typically 5-10 minutes per
apartment on an Initial service
Encasement ofMattresses & Box Springs
Pro-Active Use• Prevent Infestation• Early Detection
Reactive Use:Protect Replacement Bedding
Berry Pannkuk
Encasements are no longer effective if they become ripped, torn or worn
Installing felt on the bed frame resolves this issue
Interception Devices
Pit Fall Trap – Intercepts bugs away from sleeping and/or resting areas as they seek a blood meal
Changlu Wang
Intercepts Bugs Coming and Going!
The Generally Accepted Way to Use Monitors
10 or Less Bugs Present• Visual Inspection can be unreliable
–Research suggests 50-70% effective at detecting low levels
• Can we implement monitors to aid in detection
• Early detection is key!
Rutgers ResearchIn a high-rise senior living building, approximately 50% of residents were
unaware they had bed bugs
Study supports the statement to property managers: “however many infestations you know of, you probably have 2-3 times that”
Wang et al, 2010
How Much Damage Can One Person Do?
Monitors in Bad Problems• Monitors are typically thought of a
detection tools–Can be used to help eliminate
problems• Can reduce bites, bugs and services
Total # of Apartments
# of BugsVisually
Observed
Total # Bugs
Trapped
# BugsOuter Well
# BugsInner Well
116 units 746 1619 1328 291
Field Results:Interception Devices
© Copyright Bed Bug Central
Benefit of Monitors in Bad Problems
• Capturing 100’s of bugs between services
• Reducing number of bites• Reducing stress on tenants• Catching bugs coming from hard to
address clutter
Problem Solving• High level infestations can be tough
to completely eliminate• Mass deployment of monitors
assists in detecting clusters of bed bugs
KitchenBathroom
closet
clos
et
clos
et
sink
BedroomLiving room
heater
chair
Hallway
sofa
bed
KitchenBathroom
closet
clos
et
clos
et
sink
BedroomLiving room
heater
chair
Hallway
sofa
bed3
12
5
2
1
1
1
0
0
6
26
5
4
3
2
4
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0
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3
The Generally Accepted Way to Use Monitors
Rutgers ResearchIn a high-rise senior living building, approximately 50% of residents were
unaware they had bed bugs
Study supports the statement to property managers: “however many infestations you know of, you probably have 2-3 times that”
Wang et al, 2010
On to the job….
First!A written protocol is a must!
Traditional Preparations
Traditional Preparations• Strip beds• Empty dressers• Empty closets• Launder all clothes• Stand bed up• Empty all furniture• Pull furniture away from wall• ETC……….
WHY?!?!?
70-20-10 Rule• 52 Units in study at one apartment
complex–69% Low: less than 20 bugs (36)–23% Moderate: 21-100 bugs (12)–8% High: over 100 bugs (4)
• @70% low level infestations –most infestations are low levels
Progressive Preparations• Clean your room
– so that we can move in it• Leave the bed as is
– Don’t distribute bugs around• If we need you to launder items or empty items
out, we will let you know for the next service– If an item is bagged, an information sheet to
launder it is placed on top– If we find evidence in a closet, empty and
launder THAT closet
Beds• 93% of bugs are typically found
associated with sleeping areas• Beds typically area of 1st infestation• Most bugs will probably be found in
bed
Beds• Briefly inspect all surfaces of the
mattress/box spring• Remove any bugs with vacuum• Prefer not to steam• Encase using proper encasement• Use felt to pad sharp edges on bed frames• Use zip-tie to indicate evidence of tamper
Couches• Commonly sleeping areas• Can be very complex with
tufts and folds of fabrics• Watch for sleeper sofas• Always evaluate the
condition and age of couch, if the cost to treat the couch exceeds the approximate price to replace, disposal may be the best choice
Couches• Steam, steam, steam• Apply liquid residual where people do not
consistently contact• Crack and crevice in areas where possible and
bugs are present• If bugs appear to be present under the dust cover,
remove and treat• If not, cut cover and apply dust
Baseboard/Floor Gap
• Bed bugs are commonly found near (within 2 feet) of beds and couches
• Beneath baseboards provides safe harborage close to food source
• Can be very difficult to treat due to complex nature of the area
Baseboard/Floor Gaps• If carpet is present behind
any beds or couches, pull from tack strip
• Apply dust under baseboard if gap is present
• Apply liquid residual on tack strip
• Place carpet and re-apply to tack strip
Furniture in sleeping areas• Treat each piece to the
best of your ability• All cracks and crevices
should be treated• Furniture should be
flipped if possible• Drawers should be
removed
Sockets and Switchplates• Any sockets or
switchplates within 2 feet of a sleeping area should be removed and dust applied around the circuit box
• Be careful with dust bulb wands around electricity!
Walls and ceilings• Watch for bugs in the wall-
wall and wall-ceiling junctions• If spotting is present, steam
and vacuums• Liquid residual
Other areas/items• Watch for wall hangings• Closets• Cracks and crevices in:
–Dry wall–Baseboards–Window sills
100% elimination of bed bugsin a single visit is unlikely!
• Eggs or bugs that were missed or were inaccessible• Bugs that were between blood meals will become
active in the days following treatment• If pesticide tolerance or resistance is present in the
population residual treatments may not be effective
A Follow-up Program is Critical if100% Elimination is your Goal!
Structural Heat
Steve Kells & Temp-Air (2009)
TemperatureMortality in Time (Minutes)
Adults Eggs
113 oF 90 min vs. (15 min) 480 min vs. (60 min)
118 oF 2 min 90 min
122 oF < 1 min < 1 min
Want temperatures over 120 oF
Why Structural Heat???
• Can do things with heat we can’t do with traditional treatments
• Eliminate infestations in one service• Crash populations• Considered a “greener ” option (reduce
amount of chemical)
Use of Heat With Bed Bugs
But How Long Do You ReallyNeed to Hold the Heat?
Need “at least 118 oF”for “at least 90 minutes” but...
Answer: The longer the Better!
• Heat sinks- slabs, block walls, room contents
• Cool spots- base of wall, ext insulated walls
• Areas of Heat Loss- crawl spaces, attics, poorly sealed structures
Interior Wall Voids
Interior Wall Void - 120.1oF© Copyright Bed Bug Central
(Ambient temp ~ 135 oF)
126.2 oF79.7 oF
Exterior walls(Ambient temp ~ 135 oF)
© Copyright Bed Bug Central
Surfaceof Wall
WallVoid
Heat is not likely to overcomeexcessive clutter like this!
© Copyright Bed Bug Central
How effective is heat?
Low - Moderate Level InfestationsElimination of 95% or better in one service (may
be closer to 98%)
High Level Infestations/ClutterElimination in one service can be difficult but
can drastically crash populations (from 10,000 bugs to 10 bugs in one treatment)
• Monitors in the 4 corners of living rooms and bedrooms
• “Clock” starts when all 4 reach 120 degrees
• Minimum of 3 hours in critical rooms• Minimum of 1 hour in all adjacent
rooms
Protocol – Average Infestation
• Check of personal items that will be damaged
• Inspect furniture quickly to determine items of concern
• Liquid residual around the perimeter of the rooms before heat is started
• Dust after heat treatment
Protocol – Average Infestation
• Do you have a warranty?• Do you require automatic inspections
after treatment?• Do you handle high levels differently?
Warranty and High Levels
Summary• Bed bugs are back and here to stay!
–No silver bullet on the horizon• Finding bad infestations is a MUST in
multi-family housing• Protocol…protocol…protocol• 70-20-10 Rule• What type of treatment best fits you!
Questions?
