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Presented By:

Jigna Patel (14)

Dhruvi Patel (33)

Krishna Champaneriya (39)

Ethics in an Environment

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WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTALETHICS? Environmental ethics is the part of environmental

philosophy which considers extending the traditionalboundaries of ethics from solely including humans toincluding the non-human world. It exerts influence ona large range of disciplines including law, sociology,

theology, economics, ecology and geography.

There has been a rapid growth in knowledge andtechnology, so that humans now face choices wehave never had to face before that affect the

continuation of humanity and the world within whichwe live.

The importance of environmental ethics is broughthome daily by the news of global warming and its

effect on our lives, both now and in the future.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotheologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotheologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_philosophy

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how humans should relate to their environment,how we should use the Earths resources and

how we should treat other species, both plant andanimal

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SECULAR APPROACHES TOENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

There are three main ethical approaches to theenvironment.

libertarian extension or deep ecology

An approach to environmental ethics that sees all

life forms as of value and human life as just one partof the biosphere. It rejects anthropomorphism.

There are two ecology movements:

1- concerned mostly with pollution, the depletion of

natural resources and the usefulness of the Earth forhumans (anthropocentrism),

2- concerned with the richness, diversity and intrinsicvalue of all the natural world ecologic extension or

eco-holism

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Naess and the American philosopher GeorgeSessions listed deep-ecology platform.

All life has value in itself, independently of its usefulness tohumans.

Richness and diversity contribute to lifes well-being and have

value inthemselves.

Humans have no right to reduce this richness and diversityexcept to

satisfy vital needs in a responsible way.

The impact of humans in the world is excessive, and rapidlygetting

worse.

Human lifestyles and population are key elements of thisimpact.

The diversity of life, including cultures, can flourish only withreduced

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Ecologic extension eco-holism(Gaiahypothesis))

This emphasises not the rights of humans but theinterdependence of all ecosystems and sees theenvironment as a whole entity, valuable in itself.

Gaia hypothesis

The word Gaia was first used by William Golding

and comes from the name of the Greek goddessof the Earth.

Gaia is regulated by the living organisms within itto maintain suitable conditions for growth and

development.

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According to Lovelock, life could not be destroyed.There are many types of algae that are resistant toultraviolet radiation, so even if the ozone layer were tobe destroyed, life would continue and new life would

evolve. Human life may be wiped out, but humans arejust a part of GaiaThis theory challenges humans tochange their perceptions and see themselves as partof a whole.

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Conservation ethics shallow ecology

The ethics of the use, allocation, protection and

exploitation of the natural world. Conservationethics looks at the worth of the environment interms of its utility or usefulness to humans.

Shallow ecology or light green environmentalismrestricts independent moral status to humans it isanthropocentric.

Biodiversity should be preserved, asparticular species of animals and plants provide uswith medicines, food and raw materials. So shallowecology will accept that environmental damage cancontinue if humans benefit from it.

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a ow eco ogy versus eepecology

Shallow ecology deep ecology Natural diversity is

valuable as a resource.

Species should be savedas a resource value.

Pollution should bedecreased if it threatenseconomic growth.

Population growththreatens ecological

equilibrium. Resource means

resource for humans.

Decrease in standard ofliving is intolerable.

Natural diversity hasintrinsic value.

Species should be savedfor their intrinsic for

humans. Decrease in pollution has

priority over economicgrowth.

Human population is

excessive today. Resource means

resource for living things.

Decrease in quality of lifeis intolerable.

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Dimensions of an Environment:

1. PollutionLand pollution

Chemical and nuclear plants, Industrial factories,Oil refineries, Human sewage, Oil and antifreezeleaking from cars, Mining

Water Pollution:

Factories, Refineries, Waste treatment facilities,

Mining, Human sewage, Oil spills, Animal waste

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Air Pollution

Combustion of coal, Noise pollution from cars andconstruction, Power plants, Manufacturing buildings,Wildfires, Nuclear weapons

2. Coal and Greenhouse Effects

The most publicity in recent years have been the"greenhouse effect," which is changing the Earth'sclimate; acid rain, which is destroying forests and killingfish; and air pollution, which is killing tens of thousandsof humans every year, while making tens of millions ill

and degrading our quality of life in other ways.

Coal, oil, and gas consist largely of carbon andhydrogen.

In both of these chemical reactions a

substantial amount of ener is released

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Acid Rain

Any form of precipitation with high levels of nitric andsulphuric acids

Rotting vegetation and erupting volcanoes releasesome chemicals that can cause acid rain, but mostacid rain falls because of human activities.

When humans burn fossil fuels sulfur dioxide andnitrogen oxides are released into theatmosphere. These chemical gases react withwater, oxygen, and other substances to form mildsolutions of sulfuric and nitric acid.

Winds may spread these acidic solutions acrossthe atmosphere and over hundreds of miles.

When acid rain reaches Earth, it flows across the

surface in runoff water, enters water systems,and sinks into the soil.

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The effects of acid rain, combined with otherenvironmental stressors, leave trees and plants less ableto withstand cold temperatures, insects, and disease.

The only way to fight acid rain is by curbing the release ofthe pollutants that cause it. This means burning fewerfossil fuels

The Green House Effect

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermalradiation from a planetary surface is absorbed byatmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in alldirections.

Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface,energy is transferred to the surface and the loweratmosphere.

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Depletion of natural resources Depletion of species and Habitats

Forest habitats on which the bulk of species depend

are also being decimated by the timer industry.

Between the years 1600 and 1900 , half of theforested land area in U.S was cleared.

Expert estimates that the planets rain forest are beingdestroyed at the rate of about 1 percent per year.

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Depletion of Fossil Fuel:

Estimated world resources of coal would bedepleted in about 100 years , estimated worldreserves of oil would be exhausted in about 40

years , and estimated reserves of natural gaswould last only about 25 years.

Depletion of minerals:

Exhaust the iron in the year 2018 , manganese in2025 , molybdenum in 2016 , nickel in 2026

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Law And Regulations For EthicalEnvironment

Very often it is held that business is not bound by anyethics other than abiding by the law. Many corporationshave the obligation to make a profit within the frameworkof the legal system, nothing more. There are some duty ofthe business leaders is, "to make as much money as

possible while conforming to the basic rules of the society,both those embodied in the law and those embodied inethical custom". Ethics for environment is nothing morethan abiding by 'customs' and 'laws'.

Not everyone supports corporate policies that governethical conduct. Some claim that ethical problems arebetter dealt with by depending upon employees to use

their own judgment.

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Law

Since about late 1980s, the Supreme Court ofIndia has been pro-actively engaged in India'senvironmental issues.

The supreme Court has laid down new principles

to protect the environment, re-interpretedenvironmental laws, created new institutions andstructures, and conferred additional powers

As a result of judicial activism, India's Supreme

Court has delivered a new normative regime ofrights and insisted that the Indian state cannot actarbitrarily but must act reasonably and in publicinterest on pain of its action being invalidated byjudicial intervention

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Public interest cases are repeatedly filed to blockinfrastructure projects aimed at solvingenvironmental issues in India.

Judicial activism in India has, found state-directed

economic development ineffective and a failure,then interpreted laws and issued directives thatencourage greater competition and free market toreduce environmental pollution

G j E i P i &

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Gujarat Environment Protection &Infrastructure Ltd (GEPIL)

Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) in December2011 had found two illegal connections directlydischarging this hazardous waste like toxic disposed intosea in Unn Khadi. Gujarat Pollution Control Board(GPCB) issued immediate closure notice to Gujarat

Environment Protection Infrastructure Limited (GEPIL) inSachin.

GEPIL has been asked to close its work of wastecollection with immediate effect under Section 5 ofEnvironment Protection (EP) Act.

GPCB chairman Mr. Kanu Mistry received a report atfollowing next day in this regard and he took the decisionto issue closure notice to GEPIL later. Because ourGujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) found three

illegal drainage pipelines found parallel to the maindrainage network releasing polluted water in Unn Khadi

COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT AT VAPI G I D C

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COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT AT VAPI, G.I.D.C.

company namely Vapi Waste and Effluent Management

Company Limited (VWEMCL).

Projects for assistance will be prioritized on the basisof :

Toxicity of pollutants

Pollution load being generated and to be treated; and

Number of units covered

The CETPs are to be set up and managed by theState Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (bywhatever name known) or through an appropriateinstitution including a cooperative body of theconcerned units as may be decided by the StateGovernments/SPCBs concerned. Sludgecharacteristics (i.e. hazardous Vs. non-hazardous)from the primary and secondary\ treatment of theCETP should be estimated. Therefore, the CETP

should have a sludge management plan.

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Pattern of Financial Assistance:

- State subsidy: 25% of the total project cost;- Central subsidy: 25% of the total project cost;

- Entrepreneurs contribution: 20% of the total project cost;

- Loan from financial institutions - 30% of the total project cost.

( e.g. IDBI, ICICI or any other nationalized Banks, State IndustrialFinancial Corporation etc.)

Waste Minimization Clean Technology

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The Relationship BetweenBusiness And The Environment

Not only helps the environment, but it wins thetrust of communities and gains the respect of thegovernments of the countries

The reduction by 86 per cent of its CO2

emissions, use of 98 per cent green electricityand the ethical investment policy of the Co-operative Bank.

Balancing business growth and environmental

quality Is always going to be a challenge forbusiness

C

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Company

Anglo American is one of the twenty largest UKbased companies, heavily involved in mining andquarrying activities which have an immediate impact onthe environment. When Anglo American carries out itsmining operations it tries to have a positive effect in threeareas:

In the area where the mine is located, it carries out itsoperations with care and tries to improve the lives of localpeople, e.g. minimising noise and other types of pollution.

In the area immediately surrounding the mine, it is activein conservation and improvement.

In the wider region around the mine, it contributes

financially to local communities and helps generate newbusinesses.

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Supermarkets have been one of thebusinesses where the importance of greencredentials has become increasingly important.Concerns about food miles and plastic and

packaging are growing among consumers.

Supermarkets have realised that they mustcompete on their environmental ethicalcredentials as well as price, availability,accessibility, etc., as all these factors influencewhere consumers shop. Responding to consumerpreferences, helping the environment, profitabilityand corporate social responsibility go hand in

hand.

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Levels of ethics in an

Environment Descriptive ethics

regarded as a specialized type of socialscience

Normative ethics

deals with moral issues in the conventionalsense of that term -- that is, with questions ofright or wrong, duties and rights, justice and

injustice, virtue and wickednessjudgments are made and defended

concerning the moral value of acts, motives andpolicies

Critical ethics

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Futures of environment ethics

First of all, environmental ethics needs to be andwill be informed by changes in the political effortsto ameliorate environmental problems.

For example, the Kyoto Protocol might beregarded as the first real global attempt to dealwith the problem of climate change.

The effects of environmental ethics will not

be limited to influencing and informing businessethics alone, but will undoubtedly feed into andmerge with more mainstream ethical thinking

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we have environmental obligations, all areas ofethics are affected, including just war theory,domestic distributive justice, global distributivejustice, human rights theory and many others

For example: if one considers how climatechange will affect people throughout the world sodifferentlyaffecting individuals homes,sanitation, resistance from disease, ability to earna living and so on

Finally, changes in our understanding of howecosystems work, or changes in the evidenceconcerning the environmental crisis

http://www.iep.utm.edu/enviro-j/http://www.iep.utm.edu/enviro-j/

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THANK YOU.