evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-87

evsjv‡`‡ki mgm¨vejx Problems of Bangladesh

cÖvq `yB kZ ermi weªwUk Dcwb‡ek Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi Af¨šÍixY Dcwb‡e‡ki Aax‡b _vKvi ci 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i| `xN© Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxe‡b wewfbœ mgm¨v cywÄf‚Z nq| ¯^vaxbZvi ci GKw`‡K ivóªMVb Aciw`‡K Av_©-mvgvwRK msKU `~ixKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv †bqv nq| hy× weaŸ¯Í A_©bxwZi cybM©Vb cÖwµqv A‡bKvs‡k mdj n‡jI mvwe©K Dbœqb `xN© 29 erm‡iI Kvw•LZ gvÎvq mvwaZ nq wb| ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv, mvgvwRK Ae¶q Ges RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi wb¤œgvb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb mgm¨v wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| G me mgm¨v QvovI AmsL¨ msKU evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb Ges AMÖMwZ iæ× K‡i †i‡L‡Q| cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZK‚jZv, RvZxq Af¨vm I ˆewkó¨, ag©xq I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva Ges wek¦-e¨e¯’vq cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’vb Avgv‡`i e¯‘MZ mg„w×i c‡_ Aš—ivq n‡q Av‡Q| hw`I weMZ w`b¸‡jv‡Z RvZxq mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i Zv mgvav‡bi wewfbœ D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ mgm¨v wbim‡b Avkvbyiƒc dj cvIqv hvq wb| wQ‡U †duvUv †hUzKz AMÖMwZ N‡U‡Q Zvi myweav †fvM Ki‡Q RbmsL¨vi ¶z`ª GKwU Ask| RbM‡Yi e„nr Ask GLbI ¶zav, `vwi`ª¨, Awk¶v I AmveavbZvi AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b weivwRZ AmsL¨ mgm¨vi ¯^iæc mwVKfv‡e wbiæcY K‡i Zv mgvav‡b m‡Pó nIqv Acwinvh©| Zv bv n‡j Gme fqven mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y RvZxq Aw¯—Z¡ I mvgvwRK Rxeb wech©¯Í n‡q hv‡e|

Ôevsjv‡`‡ki mgm¨vejxÔ kxl©K BDwb‡Ui welq‡K Avgiv cuvPwU fv‡M wef³ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiet

BDwbU-5

� cvV- 1 RbmsL¨v mgm¨v I evsjv‡`k| � cvV- 2 wbi¶iZv ~̀ixKi‡Yi Dcvq| � cvV- 3 evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi ª̀¨ I Zv ~̀ixKi‡Yi Dcvq| � cvV- 4 evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡ek ~̀lY I cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi Dcvq| � cvV- 5 †eKviZ¡ mgm¨v I Zvi mgvavb|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-88

RbmsL¨v mgm¨v I evsjv‡`k D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb � RbmsL¨v ZË¡‡K evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb | � evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vRwbZ mgm¨v¸wj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb | � evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb | RbmsL¨v ZË¡¦ t evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vcU RbmsL¨v GKwU †`‡k m¤ú` wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi mgm¨v wn‡m‡eI †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| RbmsL¨v mgm¨v ej‡Z wK eySvq †m m¤ú‡K© A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| A_©bxwZwe` Ugvm ievU© g¨vj_vm RbmsL¨v mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© †h AwfgZ e¨³ K‡ib, Zvn‡jv †Kvb †`‡ki RbmsL¨v †m †`‡ki †gvU Drcvw`Z Lv‡`¨i Zzjbvq †ewk n‡jB mgm¨v wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| g¨vj_v‡mi g‡Z RbmsL¨v mgm¨v n‡jv Lv`¨ mieiv‡ni Zzjbvq RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨RwbZ mgm¨v| G ai‡bi RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y †`‡k `ywf©¶, gnvgvix, hy×weMÖn, eb¨v, cÖf…wZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M †`Lv †`q |

AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`MY g¨vj_v‡mi AwfgZ mg_©b K‡ib bv| Zuviv RbmsL¨v‡K †KejgvÎ Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi w`K w`‡q we‡ePbv bv K‡i †`‡ki mKj m¤ú‡`i cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb| Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡ ejv nq, †Kej Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z RbmsL¨v‡K wePvi bv K‡i †`‡ki mg¯Í m¤ú‡`i †cÖw¶‡Z RbmsL¨vi wePvi Kiv hyw³hy³| A_©vr Kvg¨ RbmsL¨vi Z‡Ë¡ RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi we‡køl‡Y RbmsL¨v‡K †`‡ki mg¯— m¤ú‡`i mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq| GB ZI¦ Abyhvqx †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q †h cwigvY RbmsL¨v GKwU †`‡ki mg¯Í cÖvß m¤ú‡`i c~Y© mبenvi K‡i m‡ev©”P gv_vwcQy Avq wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB cwigvY RbmsL¨vB n‡jv Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v| Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v A‡c¶v †Kvb †`‡ki cÖK…Z RbmsL¨v †ewk n‡j m¤ú‡`i Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y †`‡k †eKvi mgm¨v †`Lv †`q | G‡Z gv_vwcQy Avq Kg n‡e Ges RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvbI wbæ n‡e| c¶všÍ‡i, †`‡ki m¤ú‡`i Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v Kg n‡j A_©vr Kvg¨ RbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq cÖK…Z RbmsL¨v Kg n‡j RbmsL¨vi ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki m¤ú‡`i myôz I c~Y© e¨envi wbwðZ n‡e bv| G‡ZI gv_vwcQy Avq I RxebhvÎvi gvb wb¤œ n‡e| myZivs Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZI¦ Abyhvqx †Kvb ‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v †_‡K †ewk n‡j ev Kg n‡j RbmsL¨vRwbZ mgm¨v †`Lv †`‡e|

evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vcU wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v †_‡K A‡bK †ewk| evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb 1,43,998 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| A_P evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKmsL¨v (RvwZms‡Ni RbmsL¨v Znwe‡ji wek¦ RbmsL¨v wi‡cvU©, Õ98 Abyhvqx) 12 †KvwU 40 j¶| cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i cÖvq 750 Rb †jvK evm Ki‡Q| †eKviZ¡ µgk evo‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †gvU kªgkw³i kZKiv cÖvq 36 fvMB †eKvi Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q| GQvovI evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z weivR Ki‡Q QÙ †eKviZ¡| ZvQvov evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Avq LyeB Kg| ZvB Zv‡`i RxebhvÎvi gvbI wbPz| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v †h Kvg¨ RbmsL¨vi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z Zv mn‡RB Aby‡gq| myZivs evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v mgm¨v i‡q‡Q e‡jB AvcvZ`„wó‡Z g‡b nq | wKš‘ Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡I¦i wfwˇZ A‡b‡K GUv cÖgvY Ki‡Z Pvb †h, evsjv‡`k GLbI AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi †`k bq| Zuviv G AwfgZ e¨³ K‡ib †h, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`mg~‡ni h_vh_ e¨envi GLbI wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| f‚-Mf©¯’ m¤ú`mg~n AvniY K‡i †m¸‡jvi myô e¨envi GLbI wbwðZ Kiv hvq wb| ZvQvov evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl GLbI cðv`c` i‡q‡Q, K…wli

cvV-1

Kvg¨ RbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq †Kvb †`‡ki RbmsL¨v †ekx n‡j †eKvi mgm¨v †`Lv †`‡e Ges RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvbI wbæ n‡e|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-89

AvaywbKvq‡Yi gva¨‡g K…wli Drcv`b e„w×I h_vh_ e¨e¯’v AvRI M„nxZ nq wb| K…wli cÖwµqvKiY, AvaywbKvqY I wkívqb cÖwµqv `ªæZ Ki‡j evsjv‡`‡k gv_vwcQy Avq evov‡bv m¤¢e|

Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v wb‡q weZK© _vK‡jI ivóªxq cwiKíbvq RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kivi bxwZB AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q| G‡Z ¯úó †h, ivóªxqfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v‡K mgm¨v wn‡m‡eB cwiMwYZ Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vRwbZ mgm¨vmg~n evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v MZ cÂvk eQ‡i e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| RvwZms‡Ni RbmsL¨v wi‡cvU©, Õ98 Abyhvqx Avgv‡`i †`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi kZKiv 2.10 fvM| Avkvi K_v, m¤cÖwZ miKvwi GK Z‡_¨ RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi 1.59-G †b‡g G‡m‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvq| hv‡nvK, RbmsL¨vi Avwa‡K¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨B wewfbœ †¶‡Î e¨vcK mgm¨vi m„wó n‡q‡Q, fwel¨‡Z mgm¨v Av‡iv †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki wecyj RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y †hme mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Zv nj t

Lv`¨ mgm¨v t µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ mgm¨vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| RbmsL¨vi µgea©gvb MwZi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Lv`¨ Drcv`b evov‡bv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| ZvB †`‡k Lv`¨ LvUwZ †`Lv †`q| GB NvUwZ we‡`k †_‡K Lv`¨ Avg`vwb K‡i †gUv‡Z nq| Lv`¨ we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwb Ki‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv e¨q Ki‡Z nq| d‡j Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z A_© A‡bK mgq Lv`¨ Avg`vwbi Kv‡R jvMv‡Z nq| G‡Z A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq|

K…wli Ici Pvc t µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v Avgv‡`i K…wli Ici †h Pvc m„wó Ki‡Q Zv‡Z K…wl Dbœqb e¨vcKfv‡e evavi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q| A_©bxwZi Ab¨vb¨ LvZ m¤cÖmvwiZ bv nIqvq µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Pvc K…wli IciB µgk evo‡Q| d‡j K…wl Rwg LwÛZ weLwÛZ n‡q co‡Q| ZvQvov gv_vwcQy Rwgi cwigvY hv‡”Q K‡g| Gi d‡j K…lK‡`i `vwi`ª¨ evo‡Q| cÖvwšÍK I ¶z`ª K…lK `ªæZ f‚wgnxb K…l‡K cwiYZ n‡”Q| µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v K…wli Ici †h Pvc m„wó Ki‡Q Zvi d‡j K…wl Dbœqb evavi m¤§yLxb n‡q mgMÖ A_©bxwZ‡KB wbðjZvi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡”Q|

†eKviZ¡ t evsjv‡`‡ki µgea©gvb †eKvi‡Z¡i Rb¨ µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v e¨vcKfv‡e `vqx| evsjv‡`‡k †gvU kªgkw³i kZKiv cÖvq 36 fvMB †eKvi| wewfbœ m~Î †_‡K Rvbv hvq Avgv‡`i †`‡k eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 1 †KvwU 50 jvL †jvK †eKvi i‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v eZ©gvb nv‡i evo‡Z _vK‡j †eKvi mgm¨v AviI Zxeª AvKvi aviY Ki‡e|

wk‡ívbœqb e¨vnZ t evsjv‡`‡ki wk‡ívbœqb µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y we‡klfv‡e e¨vnZ n‡”Q| wk‡ívbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ, Kj-Ke&Rv, KuvPvgvj cÖf…wZ Avg`vwb Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv A‡bK mgq cvIqv hvq bv| KviY µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨mvgMÖx Avg`vwb‡Z cÖwZ eQi wecyj cwigvY ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv e¨q Ki‡Z nq| d‡j Avgv‡`i wk‡ívbœqb e¨vnZ n‡”Q|

g~jab MVb e¨vnZ t A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ g~jab GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| wKš‘ e¨vcK `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k g~jab MV‡bi nvi Kg| evsjv‡`‡k Af¨šÍixY g~jab MV‡bi cwigvY n‡jv †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡bi kZKiv 4 fvM gvÎ| µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi fiY-‡cvl‡Yi Rb¨ e¨‡qi cwigvY e„w×i d‡jB g~jab MV‡bi nvi evov‡bv hv‡”Q bv| d‡j g~jab MV‡bi nvi Kg| g~jab MV‡bi nvi Kg e‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hv‡”Q bv|

RxebhvÎvi wb¤œgvb t RxebhvÎvi Dchy³ gvb eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwigvY Lv`¨, e¯¿ Ges cwi”Qbœ evm¯’vb Avek¨K| wKš‘ µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v Rxebavi‡Yi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi Rwic (1995-96) Abyhvqx `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P Ae¯’vbKvix RbmsL¨vi GB nvi 53 `kwgK 1 Ges 35 `kwgK 6 fvM Pig `vwi`ª¨mxgvq i‡q‡Q| Avi wcAvBGm-Gi wnmv‡e cjøx A‡j `wi`ª‡`i msL¨v 51 `kwgK 7 fvM| cywónxb

evsjv‡`‡ki µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v K…wli Dci Pvc m„wó Ki‡Q| Gi d‡j K…wl Dbœqb euvavi m¤§yLxb n‡q mg¯Í A_©bxwZ‡KB wbðjZvi w`‡K †V‡i w`‡”Q|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-90

†jv‡Ki msL¨v GLv‡b kZKiv cÖvq 70 Rb| µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi wbæMwZi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e `vqx|

ª̀e¨g~‡j¨i DaŸ©MwZ t RbmsL¨v `ªæZ MwZ‡Z evovi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i †gŠwjK `ªe¨mg~‡ni Ici µgk Pvc co‡Q| Pvwn`v Abyhvqx `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| ZvB `ªe¨g~j¨ me mgq DaŸ©Mvgx n‡”Q| evm ’̄vb mgm¨v t µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ evm¯’vb wbg©vY Ki‡Z Avev`x Rwg e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡”Q| G‡Z K…wl Rwgi cwigvY n«vm cv‡”Q| ZvQvov evm¯’vbRwbZ mgm¨v RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y evo‡Q| Gme mgm¨v QvovI RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y fwel¨‡Z cwi‡ek mgm¨v, my‡cq cvwbi mieivn Ges †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb mgm¨v Zxeª n‡q DV‡e| Kv‡RB, RbmsL¨v e„w× GLbB †VKv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|

evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb evsjv‡`‡ki µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v RvZxq Rxe‡bi R‡b¨ ûgKx n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j m¤ú‡`i mv‡_ RbmsL¨v fvimvg¨nxb n‡q c‡o‡Q| G Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi `ªæZ mgvavb Acwinvh©| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvav‡b †h me e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq Zv n‡jv-

RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y t RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Kvh©Kix e¨e¯’v n‡jv RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y| evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ cwiKíbvi d‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡jI µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y gv_vwcQy Avq evo‡Q bv| GgZve¯’vq, myôz cwievi cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cvi‡j RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb eûjvs‡kB m¤¢e n‡e|

RbmsL¨vi c~be©›Ub t RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î GKiƒc bq| evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eM© wK‡jvwgUv‡i M‡o 750 Rb †jvK evm K‡i| wKš‘ f‚-cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy, e„wócvZ, g„wËKvi De©iZv, cwienb I hvZvq‡Zi e¨e¯’v BZ¨vw`i †cÖw¶‡Z wewfbœ †Rjvq RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ wewfbœ iƒc| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb el© MÖš’-1998 Gi wnmve Abyhvqx XvKv †Rjvq cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i 1657

-Rb Ges Kzwgj v †Rjvq 1290 Rb †jvK evm K‡i| c¶všÍ‡i, iv½vgvwU I ev›`ieb †Rjvq cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i h_vµ‡g 120 Rb I 47 Rb †jvK evm K‡i| Lyjbv wefv‡Mi †Rjv¸‡jv‡ZI RbemwZ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| NbemwZc~Y© †Rjvmg~n ‡_‡K Kg RbemwZc~Y© †Rjvq RbmsL¨vi c~be©›U‡bi gva¨‡gI RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb wKQyUv m¤¢e| RbmsL¨v cybe©›U‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ A‡ji RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ AvbqY Ki‡Z cvi‡j RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi c_ cÖk¯Í n‡e|

Avš—R©vwZK ’̄vbvšÍi t RbmsL¨v AvšÍR©vwZK ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡gI RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e| c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡k evsjv‡`k †_‡K †jvK ¯’vbvšÍi m¤¢e| A‡óªwjqv, wbDwRj¨vÛ Ges ga¨cÖv‡P¨i †`kmg~nmn c„w_exi A‡bK †`k kªgkw³ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z B”QyK| evsjv‡`k †_‡K RbmsL¨vi ¯’vbvšÍi AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi c_ eûjvs‡k myMg n‡e|

Avq cybe©›Ub t RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Avq cybe©›Ub we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| abx‡`i Ici AwaKnv‡i Ki ewm‡q Ki †_‡K cÖvß A_© `wi`ª RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ e›Ub Ki‡j `wi`ª RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb evo‡e| ZvQvov Rwgi m‡e©v”P wmwjs wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g AwaK Rwgi gvwjK‡`i wbKU †_‡K DØ„Ë Rwg wb‡q f‚wgnxb I ¶z`ª K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ e›Ub Ki‡jI mgv‡R Av‡qi ˆelg¨ `~i Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| Av‡qi cybe©›U‡bi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi Mo gvb e„w× Ki‡j †mB gvb eRvq ivL‡Z Zviv Kg mšÍvb jvf Ki‡Z PvB‡e| G fv‡e m¤ú‡`i myôz e›U‡bi Øviv RbmsL¨vi mgm¨vi mgvavb Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv m¤¢e|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-91

A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb t RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvav‡b A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcvq| RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ m½wZ i¶v K‡i †`‡ki K…wl, wkí, e¨emvq-evwYR¨ cÖf…wZ Lv‡Zi m¤cÖmviY I Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j RvZxq Avq ev‡o Ges gv_vwcQy Avq e„w×i gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvbI ev‡o|

evsjv‡`‡k myôz I mywPwšÍZ cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g K…wl, wkí, e¨emvq-evwYR¨ cÖf„wZi Dbœqb I m¤cÖmvi‡Yi h‡_ó m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| G‡Z RvZxq Avq evo‡e Ges RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Avq I RxebhvÎvi gvbI evo‡e| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mvwe©K cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb Ges wk¶v I m‡PZbZv evo‡j Zviv Rb¥ wbqš¿‡Y Drmvnx n‡e| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g G fv‡e RbmsL¨vi mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

G QvovI mvgvwRK-AwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î bvix-cyiæ‡li g‡a¨Kvi ˆelg¨ Kgv‡bv, Rb¥wbqš¿Y mvgwMÖi mnRjf¨Zv, eû-weevn wbwl×KiY Ges fvmgvb Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wk¶vi cÖmvi I Zv‡`i‡K Rb¥wbqš¿‡Y DØy× Kivi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e|

RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨ Avm‡jB wK mgm¨v? Rvcvb Zvi wekvj RbmsL¨v‡K h_vh_fv‡e Kv‡R jvwM‡q eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi †bZ…¯’vbxq wkí DbœZ †`k wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| A_P Rvcv‡bi †bB †Kvb LwbR m¤ú` ev AdzišÍ kl¨ fvÛvi| Z_vwc †m Zvi wekvj RbmsL¨v‡K wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g `¶Zv e„w× K‡i Rbkw³ wn‡m‡e M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| RbmsL¨v ZLbB mgm¨v n‡e hLb Zv‡K h_vh_fv‡e e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| Avi Avgv‡`i mgm¨vUv nj GUvB|

mviK_vt RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi cÖK…wZ wb‡q gZ‡f` Av‡Q| g¨vj_v‡mi g‡Z, RbmsL¨v mgm¨v nj Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi Zzjbvq RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨RwbZ mgm¨v| wKš‘ AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`MY ïay Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi cwie‡Z© mg¯Í m¤ú‡`i cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z RbmsL¨v mgm¨v‡K we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e †h †Kvb we‡ePbv‡ZB evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨vRwbZ †h me mgm¨v we`¨gvb Zv njt Lv`¨ mgm¨v, K…wli Dci Pvc, †eKviZ¡, wk‡ívbœq‡b e¨vNvZ m„wó, g~jab MVb e¨vnZ, RxebhvÎvi wbægvb, ª̀e¨g~‡j¨i EaŸ©MwZ, evm¯’vb mgm¨v BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`‡ki G me mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡j †h me c`‡¶c †bqv `iKvi, Zv nj- RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y, RbmsL¨vi cybe©›Ub, AvšÍR©vwZK ¯’vbvšÍi I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-92

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. †Kvb& A_©bxwZwe` Lv`¨ mieiv‡ni Zzjbvq RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨‡K RbmsL¨v mgm¨v wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb ? K. ¸Yvi wgiWvj; L. cj mvgy¨‡qjmb; M. Ag©Z¨ †mb; N. Ugvm ievU© g¨vj_vm| 2. evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi kZKiv KZfvM †eKvi? K. 48 fvM; L. 22 fvM; M. 30 fvM; N. 36 fvM| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb ? 2. g¨vj_v‡mi g‡Z AwZ RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y wK wK mgm¨v †`Lv †`q ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v ùxwZi Kvi‡Y wK wK mgm¨v cÖKU n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i ? 2. evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb wKfv‡e m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| DËigvjvt 1. N, 2. N| mnvqK MÖš’ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Rwic, 1998 2. Av`gïgvix wi‡cvU© 1994, evsjv‡`k miKvi

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-93

wbi¶iZv ~̀ixKi‡Yi Dcvq Measures for Eradication of Illiteracy D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb � evsjv‡`‡k wbi¶iZvi ¯^iƒc wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � evsjv‡`‡k wbi¶iZvi KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Y miKvix cÖ‡Póvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb| � wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Y wK wK c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv hvq Zv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| evsjv‡`‡k wbi¶iZvi ¯̂iƒc AvaywbKKv‡j wbi¶iZv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi GKwU Awfkvc| DbœZ we‡k¦i we‡kl K‡i BD‡ivc, DËi Av‡gwiKv Ges c~e© Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ wbi¶iZv mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i‡Q| c¶vš—‡i j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv, Avwd«Kv I `w¶Y Gwkqvq G mgm¨v AZ¨š— cÖKU| RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg©m~Pxi A_©vq‡b Bmjvgvev`v¯’ gvbe Dbœqb †K‡›`ªi 1998 mv‡ji `w¶Y Gwkqvq gvbe Dbœqb kxl©K wi‡cv‡U© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, `w¶Y Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv 62 fvM, fvi‡Zi 48 fvM, cvwK¯Ív‡bi 62 fvM, †bcv‡ji 72 fvM, kªxjsKvi 10 fvM, f‚Uv‡bi 58 fvM Ges gvjØx‡ci 7 fvM gvbyl wbi¶i| G me †`k¸‡jv‡Z gwnjv‡`i g‡a¨ wbi¶iZvi nvi Av‡iv †ekx| D³ wi‡cv‡U© †`Lv hvq, `w¶Y Gwkqvi cÖvß eq¯‹ gwnjv‡`i †¶‡Î wbi¶iZvi nvi evsjv‡`‡k kZKiv 74 fvM, fvi‡Z 62 fvM, cvwi¯—v‡b 76 fvM, †bcv‡j 86 fvM, kªxjsKvq 13 fvM, f‚Uv‡b 72 fvM Ges gvjØx‡c 7 fvM| cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx kªxjsKv Ges gvjØx‡c ¯^v¶iZvi nvi †gvUvgywU m‡š—vlRbK| evjv‡`k, fviZ, cvwK¯—vb, †bcvj I f‚Uv‡bi †¶‡Î Zv AZ¨š— nZvkvRbK| cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v Awa`ßi n‡Z 1997 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Bangladesh Country Paper-G

-D‡j wLZ Z_¨ Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i (15 erm‡ii D‡×©) g‡a¨ ¯^v¶iZvi nvi 1974 mv‡j wQj kZKiv 25.8 fvM, 1981 mv‡j 29.2 fvM, 1991 mv‡j 35.3 fvM Ges 1997 mv‡j 47.3 fvM| A_©vr 1974 †_‡K 1997 GB 23 erm‡i mv¶iZvi nvi †e‡o‡Q gvÎ 21.5% fvM| MZ cÂvk eQ‡i kn‡i emevmKvix gvby‡li msL¨v, MY gva¨‡gi weKvk, AK…wlg‚jK Kv‡R AskMÖnYKvix gvby‡li msL¨v †h nv‡i †e‡o‡Q, mv¶iZvi nvi evsjv‡`‡k †m nv‡i ev‡owb, †e‡o‡Q Zvi †P‡qI Kg nv‡i| Z‡e G mgqKv‡j bvix‡`i ¯^v¶iZv Ges wk¶vi nvi †e‡o‡Q Zvrch©c~Y© gvÎvq| j¶¨Yxq †h, 1941 mv‡j bvix†`i mv¶iZvi nvi wQj 7.9% fvM| 1991 mv‡j Zv 25.4% fv‡M DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| A_P cyiæl‡`i g‡a¨ G nvi 18.8% †_‡K 38.9% G DcwbZ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr MZ cÂvk eQ‡i cyiæl‡`i mv¶iZvi nvi †e‡o n‡q‡Q cÖvq wظY, Avi †g‡q‡`i n‡q‡Q cÖvq wZb¸Y| G cÖms‡M D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, evsjv‡`‡ki DcRvZxq‡`i g‡a¨ PvKgv‡`i mv¶iZvi nvi 72% fvM| A_P jymvB, †evg cÖf…wZ DcRvwZi g‡a¨ G nvi 15% fvM Ges gyis I Lygx‡`i g‡a¨ gvÎ 5% fvM| G †_‡K ¯úó †h, PvKgv DcRvwZ wk¶v‡¶‡Î A‡bK AMÖmi| Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ DcRvwZ Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨Kvi ¯^v¶iZvi wb¤œnvi AZ¨šÍ D‡ØMRbK| kn‡i Ges MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ mv¶iZvi †¶‡Î MÖv‡gi gvbyl kn‡ii Zzjbvq A‡bK wcQ‡b c‡o i‡q‡Q| 1991 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi‡Z D‡jøwLZ ¯’vbwfwËK mv¶iZvi Zzjbvg~jK wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq, kû‡i RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ mv¶iZvi nvi 49.7% fvM Avi MÖv‡gi RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ G nvi gvÎ 27.8% fvM| G †_‡K ¯úó †h, &mv¶iZvi †¶‡Î MÖvg I kn‡ii Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ we¯Íi e¨eavb we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| cÂg cÂ-evwl©K cwiKíbvq bvix I cyiæl Ges MÖvg I kn‡ii g‡a¨Kvi mv¶iZvi e¨eavb Kwg‡q Avbvi j¶¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov, 2002 mv‡ji g‡a¨ eq¯‹ mv¶iZvi nvi 80 kZvs‡k DbœxZ Kivi cÖZ¨vkv e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G me j¶¨ I AvKv•Lv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j wbi¶iZvi Awfkvc †_‡K evsjv‡`k A‡bKvs‡k gy³ n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|

cvV-2

MZ cÂvk eQ‡i kn‡i emevmKvix gvby‡li msL¨v †h nv‡i †e‡o‡Q, mv¶iZvi nvi †m nv‡i ev‡owb| Z‡e G mg‡q bvix wk¶vi †¶‡Î Zvrch©c~Y© AMÖMwZ N‡U‡Q|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-94

Z‡e G‡¶‡Î Av‡iv D”Pvwfjvkx cwiKíbv MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| †Kbbv wk¶vB RvwZi †giæ`Û| Kv‡RB wk¶v †¶‡Î AMÖMwZ AR©‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡qB RvwZi Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

evsjv‡`‡k wbi¶iZvi KviY wewfbœ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k wbi¶iZv mgm¨v GLbI &G‡Zv e¨vcKfv‡e i‡q †M‡Q| Av_©-mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v, ivóªxq bxwZ I ag©xq g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wbi¶iZvi Awfkvc †_‡K G †`‡ki gvbyl Av‡Rv gyw³ cvq wb| gyjZt †hme KviY‡K wbi¶iZvi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hvq Zv n‡jv- evsjv‡`‡ki f‚-cÖK…wZ, AvenvIqv I Rjevqy| G †`‡k AwZ mn‡R dmj dwj‡q Rxeb wbe©vn Kiv hvq| †m Kvi‡Y mbvZb c×wZ‡Z Pvl K‡i K…wl Drcv`b e¨e¯’v AvRI Pvjy Av‡Q| G ai‡bi K…wl Drcv`b c×wZi Rb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| d‡j mbvZb K…wl wbf©i A_©bxwZi G‡`‡k mv¶iZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvB A‡bK gvbyl Abyfe K‡i wb| G Kvi‡Y wbi¶iZvI mn‡R `~i nq wb| evsjv‡`k `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ GKwU †`k| we‡kl K‡i MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ GLv‡b AZ¨šÍ cÖKU| d‡j `wi`ª gvby‡li c‡¶ Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i wk¶vi e¨q enb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| G Qvov, `wi`ª wcZv-gvZv Zv‡`i wkï mš—vb‡`i K…wl Kv‡R wKsev mvgvb¨ Avq-DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ w`bgRyix wKsev Ab¨ †Kvb ai‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i| d‡j †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Z wM‡q †mB wkïi c‡¶ †jLvcov Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j †m wbi¶i †_‡K hvq| cÖvK-weªwUk hy‡M MÖvg wQj g~jZt ¯’wei mgvR-msMVb| mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv bv _vKvq Ges eY©cÖ_v-wfwËK kªg wefvR‡bi Kvi‡Y DËivwaKvi m~‡Î †ckv wba©vwiZ n‡Zv| d‡j †ckvMZ cÖ‡qvR‡b †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi †Kvb AeKvk wQj bv| G Kvi‡Y ZrKv‡j wk¶v we¯Ívi N‡Uwb| weªwUk Avg‡j AvaywbK wk¶vi weKvk NU‡jI Zv wQj D”P †kªYxi g‡a¨ mxgve×| d‡j mvaviY gvbyl wk¶vi my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri HwZnvwmK weKvk cÖwµqvi avivwUB wbi¶iZvi Ab¨Zg KviY| wk¶v m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ wKsev wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ †h ai‡bi ivóªxq D‡`¨M cÖ‡qvRb Zvi AfveI G mgm¨vi Rb¨-A‡bKUv `vqx| BD‡b‡¯‹vi g‡Z, RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv 7 fvM ev RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui kZKiv 30 fvM evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶vLv‡Z e¨q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †mLv‡b 1984-85 mv‡j wk¶vLv‡Z e¨q Kiv n‡q‡Q RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv 1.48 fvM ev RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui 8.04% fvM, 1985-86 mv‡j RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv 1.39 fvM ev RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui 8.08% fvM Ges 1986-87 mv‡j RvZxq Av‡qi 2.02% fvM ev RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui 9.94% fvM| eZ©gv‡b wk¶vLv‡Z e¨q Kiv n‡”Q RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv 3 fvM ev RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui 17% fvM gvÎ| G †_‡K †`Lv hvq, wk¶v Lv‡Z m¤ú‡`i cÖevn e„w×i †¶‡Î ivóªxq bxwZ wk¶v m¤cÖmviY I `ªæZ MwZ‡Z wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Y mnvqK bq| A_©vr ivóªxq cwiKíbv I wk¶vbxwZ wbi¶iZv mgm¨vi Rb¨ `vqx| evsjv‡`‡k AvbyôvwbK, AbvbyôvwbK I DcvbyôvwbK wk¶v Kvh©µg hZUzKz m¤cÖmvwiZ nIqv `iKvi Zv nq wb| GRb¨ mv¶iZv AR©‡b wKsev MÖn‡Y B”QyK e¨w³‡`i GKwU AskI mv¶iZv AR©b ev wk¶vi my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ i‡q‡Q| †Q‡j I †g‡q, MÖvg I kni, abx I `wi`ª BZ¨vw` e¨eavb‡K we‡ePbvq G‡b MYwk¶v I cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖPjb Kiv nq wb| d‡j G‡¶‡Î Avkvbyiƒc mvdj¨I Av‡m wb| ag©xq †Mvovgx I mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi bvix‡`i wk¶v †_‡K `~‡i mwi‡q †i‡L‡Q| i¶Ykxj cwiev‡ii †g‡qiv AvRI c`©v-cÖ_vi Kvi‡Y wk¶v †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| †g‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Afve, evj¨ weevn BZ¨vw`I bvix‡`i‡K wbi¶iZvi AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z K‡i‡Q| G me KviY QvovI wk¶v Kvh©µg‡K AvKl©Yxq bv Kiv, e¨envwiK wk¶vi cÖwZ Kg ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb, cvV`vb c×wZi µwU, wk¶v DcKi‡Yi Afve, wk¶K-wk¶v_©xi AbycvZ hyw³m½Z bv nIqv, h_v_© cwi`k©‡bi Afve, wkï wk¶v_©x‡`i Ges wk¶v MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx wkï‡`i cÖwZ AwffveK‡`i D`vmxbZv BZ¨vw` KviYI wk¶v we¯—v‡i msKU m„wó Z_v wbi¶iZv mgm¨vi Rb¨ Kg-‡ekx `vqx|

wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Y miKvix cÖ‡Póv evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ci msweav‡b mve©Rbxb wk¶vi A½xKvi †NvlYv Kiv nq| 1972 mv‡j MwVZ Kz`ivZ-B-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgk‡bi wi‡cv‡U©I wk¶v we¯—v‡ii cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡qwQj|

evsjv‡`‡ki mbvZb K…wl A_©bxwZ, mvgvwRK MwZkxjZvi msKU, agx©q g~j¨‡eva, ivóªxq Ae‡njv, e¨vcK `vwi ª̀¨ BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k wbi¶iZv mgm¨v cÖKU n‡q i‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-95

GQvov cÖwZwU cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq wk¶v‡K AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q Ges ch©vqµ‡g wk¶v Lv‡Z e¨q e„w× I wk¶vi m¤cÖmviY n‡h‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Z…Zxq cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq MYwk¶v Kg©m~wP M„nxZ nq| PZz_© cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq DcvbyôvwbK wk¶v Kg©m~Px| wKš‘ G me Kg©m~wP mv¶iZv e„w×i †¶‡Î Lye mdj nq wb| Z‡e beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ïiæ †_‡K mv¶iZvi nvi e„w× Kivi e¨vcv‡i e¨vcK cÖ‡Póv †bqv nq| Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq AvšÍR©vwZK Drmvn I mn‡hvwMZv| G ch©v‡q m~Pbv nq mevi Rb¨ wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡bi| 1992 I 1995 mv‡j h_vµ‡g MVb Kiv nq cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v wefvM bv‡g GKwU c„_K gš¿Yvjq Ges DcvbyôvwbK wk¶v Awa`ßi wbi¶iZv †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi j‡¶¨ I mevi Rb¨ wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e 2000 mvj bvMv` AR©‡bi Rb¨ 4wU RvZxq j¶¨gvÎv w¯’i Kiv n‡qwQj| 1. cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i nvi kZKiv 95 kZvs‡k DbœxZ Kiv ; 2. QvÎxfwZ©i nvi kZKiv 94 kZvs‡k DbœxZ Kiv ; 3. cÖv_wgK wk¶v ch©v‡q S‡i covi nvi kZKiv 60 kZvsk †_‡K kZKiv 30 fv‡M n«vm Kiv Ges 4. eq¯‹ mv¶iZvi nvi kZKiv 62 kZvs‡k DbœxZ Kiv| cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq RvZxq GB j¶¨gvÎvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© K‡i MYwk¶v m¤úwK©Z wb‡æv³ j¶¨gvÎv w¯’i Kiv n‡q‡Q t -eq¯‹ mv¶iZvi nvi 2002 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 80 kZvs‡k DbœxZ Kiv ; -cÖhyw³ `¶Zv, D‡`¨v³v-`¶Zv I †bZ…‡Z¡i `¶Zv evwo‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i ¶gZvqb Kiv ; -wk¶v_©x‡`i eY©mv¶iZv, msL¨v mv¶iZv I †hvMv‡hvM msµvšÍ mv¶iZv evov‡bv ; -MÖvg I kniv‡j mv¶iZvi †¶‡Î bvix-cyiæl ˆelg¨ Kgv‡bv ; -be¨ mv¶i‡`i Rb¨ Ae¨vnZ wk¶v Kg©m~wP Pvjy Kiv ; -‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡ji g‡a¨ mv¶iZvi ˆelg¨ n«vm Kiv ; D‡jøwLZ Gme miKvix c`‡¶c mdj n‡j Ges cvkvcvwk †emiKvix cÖ‡Póv m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡j evsjv‡`k wbi¶iZvi Awfkvc †_‡K gy³ n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Y MÖnY‡hvM¨ c`‡¶c

evsjv‡`k †_‡K wbi¶iZv `~i Kivi †¶‡Î †h me c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv hvq Zv n‡jv t RvZxq ev‡R‡U wk¶v Lv‡Z e¨q eivÏ AšÍZt kZKiv 30 fv‡M DbœxZ Kiv ; wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v wظY Kiv ; Mixe wk¶v_©x‡`i cwievi‡K wk¶vi wewbg‡q ch©vß Lv`¨ cÖ`vb ; wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ hviv AZ¨šÍ `wi`ª Zv‡`i webvg~‡j¨ wk¶v DcKiY mieivn I fvZv cÖ`vb ; †g‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i wbivcËv weav‡bi Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c MÖnY I evj¨ weevn eÜ Kiv ; wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v I we`¨vjq cwi`k©‡bi e¨e¯’v‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv ; eq¯‹ wbi¶i‡`i mv¶iZvi wewbg‡q Kv‡Ri e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv ; DcvbyôvwbK wk¶v Kvh©µ‡g †emiKvix mvnvh¨ ms¯’v¸‡jv‡K (Gb.wR.I) mwµq Kiv ; wk¶vi Dc‡hvwMZv m¤ú‡K© MYm‡PZbZv e„w× Kiv Ges MYgva¨g‡K wk¶v we¯Ív‡ii gva¨g wn‡m‡e Kvh©Kifv‡e e¨envi Kiv|

mviK_vt evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl wbi¶i| Gi g‡a¨ kn‡ii Zzjbvq MÖv‡gi Ges cyi“‡li Zzjbvq bvix‡i`i g‡a¨ wbi¶iZvi nvi †ekx| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡gi AwaKvsk gvbyl GLbI wbi¶iZvi AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z| we‡kl K‡i e¨vcK `vwi ª̀, agx©q g~j¨‡eva Ges ivóªxq Ae‡njv Gi Rb¨ Z‡e wKQyKvj a‡i wbi¶iZv ª̀æZ ~̀ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ miKvix I †emiKvixfv‡e D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZôvwbK I A-cÖvwZôvwbK GB Dfq Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g wbi¶i Rb‡Mvôx‡K A¶iÁvb cÖ`v‡bi †mme cÖ‡Póv †bqv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z Avkv Kiv hvq evsjv‡`‡k G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î kxNªB Zvrch©c~Y© AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡e|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-96

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. gvbe Dbœqb wi‡cvU© 1998†Z evsjv‡`‡ki wbi¶iZvi kZKiv nvi KZ ? K. 62 fvM; L. 48 fvM; M. 38 fvM; N. 52 fvM| 2. 1974 †_‡K 1997 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k mv¶iZvi nvi kZKiv KZfvM †e‡o‡Q ? K. 38.5 fvM; L. 18.0 fvM; M. 21.5 fvM; N. 26.5 fvM| 3. evsjv‡`‡ki DcRvZxq‡`i g‡a¨ PvKgv‡`i mv¶iZvi nvi KZ? K. 45% fvM; L. 50% fvM; M. 56% fvM; N 72% fvM| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. bvix I cyiæl‡`i g‡a¨ mv¶iZvi nvi e„w×i Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ D‡jøL Kiæb| 2. mevi Rb¨ wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e 2000 mvj bvMv` †h PviwU j¶¨ AR©‡bi K_v

ejv n‡q‡Q Zv wK wK ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t 1. evsjv‡`‡k wbi¶iZv mgm¨vi KviYmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb| 2. wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Y evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii M„nxZ cÖ‡Póvmg~n eY©bv Kiæb| DËigvjvt 1. K, 2. M, 3. N| mnvqK MÖš’ 1. gvbe Dbœqb wi‡cvU© 1998 2. cÖwZ‡e`b (1997) RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-97

evsjv‡`‡k `vwi ª̀¨ I Zv ~̀ixKi‡Yi Dcvq Poverty in Bangladesh and Strategies for Poverty Alleviation D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb � `vwi‡`ª¨i msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � `vwi‡`ª¨i mvaviY KviY wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � evsjv‡`‡k `vwi‡`ª¨i KviY D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| `vwi‡ ª̀¨i msÁv ev aviYv `vwi`ª¨ mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB `vwi`ª¨ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi| `vwi`ª¨ cwiw¯’wZ hw`I GKwU Av‡cw¶K aviYv, ZeyI Gi mvaviY ˆewkó¨ wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢e| A‡c¶vK…Z DbœZ †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK gvb Abyhvqx hv‡`i‡K `vwi‡`ª¨i ch©vqfz³ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq, AwZ AbybœZ †`‡k Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB `vwi‡`ª¨i ch©v‡q we‡ewPZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e `vwi`ª¨ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU cwiw¯’wZ‡K eySvq, †hLv‡b gvbyl Zvi Acwinvh© e¯‘MZ cÖ‡qvRb (Essential material requirements) cwic~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr †h †¶‡Î gvbyl Zvi †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb h_v Abœ, e¯¿, wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨ I evm¯’v‡bi b~¨bZg Pvwn`v wgUv‡Z cv‡ibv, †m cwiw¯’wZ‡K `vwi`ª¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| Rb †K‡b_ Mj‡eª_ (John Kenneth Galbraith) Zuvi weL¨vZ MY `vwi`ª¨i cÖK…wZ (The Nature of Mass Poverty) bvgK MÖ‡š’ `vwi`ª¨‡K `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, GK iKg `vwi`ª¨ Av‡Q hvi `y‡f©vM mgv‡Ri GKwU ¶z`ª Ask‡KB †fvM Ki‡Z nq| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb mgv‡R Ggb `vwi`ª¨ i‡q‡Q hvi `y‡f©vM cÖvq mKj‡KB †fvM Ki‡Z nq| Aek¨ D³ MÖ‡š’B †jLK g~jZt MÖvgxY `vwi‡`ª¨i ¯^iƒc D`&NvU‡b m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| Mj‡eª‡_i AwfgZ, Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡nB MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖKU n‡q †`Lv †`q|

wek¦e¨vsK Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi cwiw¯’wZi Av‡jv‡K kni I MÖv‡gi gvby‡li gv_vwcQy Av‡qi GKwU b~¨bZg gvÎv‡K `vwi‡`ª¨i mxgv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| G‡¶‡ÎI †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi m¶gZv‡K we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr hviv Zv‡`i Avq Øviv by¨bZg †gŠwjK Pvwn`v cwic~iY Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, ZvivB `wi`ª| Aa„ybv `vwi`ª¨ wPwýZ Kivi †¶‡Î cywógvb we‡kl K‡i K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi cwigvY, ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v, wk¶vi my‡hvM MÖnY Ges evm¯’v‡bi myweav‡K m~PK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv n‡”Q| Z‡e †hfv‡eB `vwi`ª¨‡K wPwýZ ev msÁvwqZ Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, `vwi‡`ª¨i g~j ˆewkó¨B n‡jv AfveMÖ¯’Zv| `wi`ªgvbyl gv‡bB Afvex gvbyl, `wi`ª †`k gv‡bB AfveMÖ¯’ †`k|

`vwi‡`ª¨i mvaviY KviY `vwi‡`ª¨i mvaviY KviY wb‡q wewfbœ aviYv i‡q‡Q Ges wewfbœRb KviY‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Z‡e mvaviYZt `vwi‡`ª¨i †hme KviY wPwýZ Kiv nq Zv n‡jv t

GKwU mgvR ev †`k cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i AcÖZzjZvi Kvi‡Y `wi`ª n‡Z cv‡i| Abye©i Rwg, LwbR c`v‡_©i Afve wKsev Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Ach©vßZvi Kvi‡Y †Kvb †`k AbybœZ †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i Ges †mKvi‡Y †m‡`‡ki RbMY `wi`ª n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Afve _vK‡jB †h †Kvb †`k `wi`ª¨ n‡e Zv bq| Rvcvb, ZvBIqvb, wmsMvcyi, nsKs Ges `w¶Y †Kvwiqv cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡` mg„× bv nIqv m‡Ë¡I `wi`ª bq| my`¶ Rbm¤ú` m„wó I myô cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g G‡`k¸wj `vwi`ª¨ wbimb K‡i‡Q| Kv‡RB, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i †P‡q eis †hvM¨ I `¶ Rbkw³ M‡o †Zvjv Ges myô cwiKíbvi AfveB `vwi‡`ª¨i Rb¨ `vqx|

A_©‰bwZK †kvlY Ges ˆelg¨‡K `vwi`ª¨i KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| A‡bK †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq †Kvb mg„× AÂj n‡Z hw` DØ„Ë AcmvwiZ nq Zvn‡j †m AÂj AbybœZ n‡q c‡o Ges d‡j `vwi`ª¨ †`Lv †`q| cj e¨viY †`wL‡q‡Qb, Bó-BwÛhv †Kv¤úvbx A_©vr B©s‡iRiv †kvlY K‡iwQj

cvV-3

DbœZ †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK gvb Abyhvqx hv‡`i‡K `vwi‡ ª̀¨i ch©vqfz³ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq, AwZ AbybœZ †`‡k Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB `vwi‡ ª̀¨i ch©v‡q we‡ewPZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-98

e‡jB evsjvi A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi aviv wecbœ n‡q c‡owQj| A_©vr mg„× evsjv‡`k †_‡K m¤ú` AcmviY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K m¤ú‡`i Amg e›U‡Yi Kvi‡YI `vwi`ª¨ †`Lv †`q| evsjv‡`k, fviZ, eªvwRj Gme †`‡k m¤ú‡`i Amg e›U‡bi Kvi‡Y RbmsL¨vi cÖvq A‡a©K gvbyl `vwi`ª¨ cxwoZ| wKš‘ Pxb, wKDev cÖf…wZ †`‡k m¤ú‡`i mylg e›U‡bi Kvi‡Y `vwi‡`ª¨i cwigvY A‡bK Kg| A_P G‡`k¸‡jvi e¯‘MZ Dbœq‡bi ¯Íi cÖvq GKB ch©v‡q| †Kvb †`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v Ges kvmb cÖwµqvi gv‡bi DciI `vwi`ª¨ cwiw¯’wZi m„wó nq| ivwkqv Ges c~e© BD‡iv‡ci mv¤cÖwZK A_©‰bwZK wech©q Ges `vwi‡`ª¨i R‡b¨ A‡b‡KB mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v Z_v †K›`ªxqfv‡e cwiKwíZ A_©‰bwZK bxwZ‡K `vqx K‡ib| †Kbbv, G ai‡bi kvmb e¨e¯’v I A_©‰bwZK †KŠk‡ji Kvi‡Y Kg©-D‡`¨vM n«vm †c‡q‡Q hvi d‡j Drcv`bkxjZv K‡g †M‡Q e‡j A‡b‡KiB AwfgZ| Drcv`bkxjZv K‡g hvIqv gv‡bB †fv‡Mi cwigvY mxwgZ nIqv| Gi Awbevh© cwiYwZ nj e¯‘MZ cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Z bv cviv A_©vr `vwi`ª¨| Aek¨ A‡bK mgq kvmb e¨e¯’vi †P‡q miKv‡ii †hvM¨Zv we‡kl K‡i AvgjvZ‡š¿i mZZv I `¶Zvi Dci A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Ges RbM‡Yi `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bi welqwU wbf©i K‡i| A`¶ I gv_vfvix cÖkvmb `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡Yi cwie‡Z© eis RvZxq m¤ú` AcPq K‡i Abybœqb I `vwi`ª¨ e„w× K‡i|

`vwi‡`ª¨i mvaviY KviY wn‡m‡e †gŠwjK RvwZMZ ¯^fv‡ei welqwUI Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| Bs‡iRiv AvBwik‡`i †P‡q Ges Rvg©vbiv †cvwjk‡`i †P‡q AwaK cwikªgx| Gwkqv‡Z Pxbv I Rvcvbxiv Ab¨‡`i †P‡q †ekx cwikªgx I Kg©gyLx| †gŠwjK RvwZMZ ¯^fv‡ei G †ni‡d‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ RvwZi g‡a¨ abx-`wi‡`ªi ZviZg¨ N‡U| Avevi AvenvIqv I Rjevqy‡KI G †¶‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KviY wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| weL¨vZ f‚‡Mvjwe` B nvw›UsUb Zuvi ‘Civilization and Climate’ bvgK MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, gvSvix ai‡bi kxZj AvenvIqvi gvbyl cwikªgx I D`¨gkxj| ZvB Zviv abx| c¶všÍ‡i MÖx®§gÛ‡ji gvby‡li g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri cÖwZ Abxnv cÖej| ZvB Zviv `wi`ª| Drcv`b KvVv‡gvi wfbœZv Ges AvšÍR©vwZK kªg-wefvRb‡K `vwi‡`ª¨i Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| †h me †`k K…wl cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i Ges K…wl cY¨ Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ hviv hy³ _v‡K Zviv mvaviYZ `wi`ª Ges wkícY¨ Drcv`bKvix †`k, Ggb wK wkívwqZ †`‡ki wkí-kªwgKivI A‡c¶vK„Z abx| †Kbbv, AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i K…wl c‡Y¨i `vg Kg Ges wkí-c‡Y¨i `vg †ekx| Kv‡RB K…wl kªwg‡Ki gRyix wkí-kªwg‡Ki †P‡q Kg| ZvB K…wl wfwËK A_©bxwZi †h †Kvb †`‡ki AwaKvsk K…lK mvaviYZt `wi`ª _v‡K| †Kvb †`k I mgv‡Ri `vwi‡`ª¨i mvaviY KviY cysLvbycsLfv‡e AbymÜvb Kiv n‡j A‡bK KviYB Luy‡R †ei Kiv m¤¢e| Z‡e D‡jøwLZ KviY¸‡jvB `vwi‡`ª¨i Rb¨ cÖavbZ `vqx|

evsjv‡`‡k `vwi‡`ªi KviY evsjv‡`k c„w_exi Ab¨Zg `wi`ª †`k Ges evsjv‡`‡ki wecyj msL¨K gvbyl `vwi`ª¨ cxwoZ| we‡kl K‡i MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨-cwiw¯’wZ evsjv‡`‡k AZ¨šÍ fqven| cÖvß Z‡_¨ ‡`Lv hvq, 1963-64 mvj n‡Z ïiæ K‡i 1981-82 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôxi `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki AwaK msL¨K `vwi`ª¨mxgvi bx‡P Ae¯’vb KiwQj| 1984 mvj †_‡K MÖvgxY `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi Kg‡Z ïiæ K‡i| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I eZ©gv‡b MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq A‡a©K `vwi`ª¨mxgvi bx‡P| Bmjvgvev`¯’ gvbe Dbœqb †K‡›`ªi 1998 mv‡ji evwl©K wi‡cv‡U© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU

-RbmsL¨vi 46 fvM GL‡bv `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi bx‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i| D³ wi‡cv‡U© Av‡iv D‡j L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 55 fvM ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cvq bv, wkï cywónxbZvi nvi kZKiv 67 fvM, cqtwb¯‹vk‡bi myweav ewÂZ 52% fvM gvbyl| G Qvov evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv 62 kZvsk gvbyl wbi¶i Ges wkï g„Zz¨i nvi cÖwZ GK nvRv‡i 122 Rb| G Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó †h, evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ cwiw¯’wZ AZ¨šÍ fqven| GLb Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki GB e¨vcK `vwi‡`ª¨i KviY AbymÜvb Ki‡ev| evsjv‡`‡k `vwi‡`ª¨i †bc‡_¨ eûwea KviY i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G ch©v‡q Avgiv K‡qKwU cÖavb KviY wPwýZ Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡ev|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-99

evsjv‡`k GK mg‡q m¤ú`kvjx AÂj wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj Ges G †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rxeb-gvbI wQj DbœZ| weªwUkiv hLb G Dcgnv‡`‡k `Lj K‡i ZLb evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy Avq †m mgqKvi nj¨vÛ, Bsj¨vÛ ev d«v‡Ýi †P‡q Kg wQj bv| wKš‘ `xN© Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi Aax‡b _vKvi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvi m¤ú` ev DØ„Ë AcmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j evsjvi c~uwR evsjvq wewb‡qvM nq wb| GKvi‡Y †`kR cÖhyw³i w`K w`‡q GwM‡q _vKv m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`‡k wkí-wecøe msMwVZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| evsjv‡`‡k hw` wkívqb n‡Zv Zvn‡j evsjv‡`kI BD‡iv‡ci g‡ZvB mg„× n‡q DV‡Zv| wKš‘ Jcwb‡ewkK †kvlY Avgv‡`i mg„w×i m¤¢vebv‡K wech©¯ÍB K‡i‡Q Ges m„wó K‡i‡Q e¨vcK `vwi`ª¨|

weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK Ges cvwK¯Ívbx kvmbKv‡j be¨ Jcwb‡ewkK †kvl‡Yi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z AvaywbKvqb I MwZkxjZv m„wó n‡Z cv‡i wb| K…wl c‡Y¨i AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi g~j¨ Kg _vKvq K…l‡Ki nv‡Z ch©vß c~uwR mwÂZ n‡Z cvi‡Q bv| d‡j Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×i Rb¨ e¨vcK wewb‡qvM n‡”Q bv| d‡j MÖv‡g Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Ges K…wl kªwg‡Ki gRyix e„w× KiviI my‡hvM †bB| d‡j MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ †e‡o †M‡Q e¨vcKfv‡e|

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ciI f‚wg ms¯‹vi bv Kivq Ges MÖv‡g K…wl‡¶‡Îi ms¯‹vi bv Kivq A_©‰bwZK ZrciZv e¨vcKfv‡e m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i wb, ZvB MÖv‡g f‚wgnx‡bi msL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ weKí Av‡qi my‡hvMI m„wó nq wb| d‡j MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, wkívq‡bi wbæMwZ Ges mvwf©m †m±i m¤cÖmvwiZ bv nIqvq MÖv‡gi DØ„Ë RbmsL¨v kn‡i G‡m †eKv‡ii msL¨v evwo‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j kû‡i `vwi`ª¨I e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w× Ges RbmsL¨v‡K Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z bv cvivI `vwi‡`ª¨i GKwU Ab¨Zg KviY| evsjv‡`‡k fzwgi cwigvY Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i mv‡_ RbmsL¨v fvimvg¨c~Y© bq| d‡j AwZ RbmsL¨vRwbZ Kvi‡Y gv_vwcQy m¤ú‡`i cwigvY Kg| Ab¨w`‡K, AvaywbK I cÖhyw³g~jK wk¶v m¤cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g `¶ Rbkw³ M‡o Zzj‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y Kg©nxbZv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| d‡j `vwi`ª¨I `~i n‡”Q bv|

MÖvg-kni wbwe©‡k‡l AvZ¡Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Kivi †¶‡Î ivóªxq mn‡hvwMZvi Afve i‡q‡Q| ivóªxq c~uwRi (State capital) AfveI Gi Rb¨ A‡bKUv `vqx| we‡`kx mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i wKQy cÖKí MÖnY Kiv n‡jI Zv ch©vß bq| †emiKvix mvnvh¨ ms¯’vi¸‡jvi (NGO) `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY Kg©m~PxI †`ke¨vcx we¯Z…Z bq| d‡j †`‡ki wecyj msL¨K †jvK DcvR©bnxb i‡q †M‡Q Ges `vwi‡`ª¨i mv‡_ msMÖvg K‡i †Kvbfv‡e †eu‡P Av‡Q| A_©vr AvZ¡Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM e¨vcKfv‡e m¤cÖmvwiZ bv Ki‡Z cvivi Kvi‡YI `vwi`ª¨ `~i n‡”Q bv| evsjv‡`k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi †`k| G †`‡k eb¨v, Liv, R‡jv”Qvm, N~wY©So BZ¨vw`i wech©q †j‡MB Av‡Q| Gme wech©q wecyj msL¨K gvby‡li Rvbgv‡ji e¨vcK ¶wZ mvab K‡i| A‡b‡K wbt¯^ n‡q hvq| cÖvK…wZK wech©‡q A‡bK m”Qj gvbylI `wi`ª n‡q c‡o| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZi GB cÖwZK~jZvI `vwi‡`ª¨i GKwU KviY| evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv bvwZkx‡Zvò cÖK…wZi| G RvZxq AvenvIqvi gvbyl A‡bKUv Ajm I Kg©wegyL nq| AvenvIqvRwbZ RvwZMZ ¯^fveI evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª¨i Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| G me KviYmg~n QvovI ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv, A`¶ AvgjvZš¿, A‡hvM¨ ivR‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡, e¨vcK `yb©xwZ, myôz cwiKíbvi Afve, m¤ú‡`i Amg e›Ub BZ¨vw` evsjv‡`k‡K `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ K‡i †i‡L‡Q| myô cwiKíbv I e¨vcK Kg©-D‡`¨vM Qvov G `vwi`ª¨ wbimb Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB G e¨vcv‡i me©v‡MÖ cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q mwVK cwiKíbv I e¨vcK Kg©-D‡`¨vM|

evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ `~i bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j †`k I mgv‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ wecbœ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i wKQy †`k Ges Zv‡`i RbMY †hLv‡b cÖvPz‡h©¨i g‡a¨ emevm Ki‡Q, †mLv‡b Avgv‡`i

weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK Ges cvwK¯Ívbx kvmbKv‡j be¨ Jcwb‡ewkK †kvl‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z AvaywbKvqb I MwZkxjZv m„wó n‡Z cv‡iwb|

evsjv‡`‡k `vwi ª̀¨ ~̀ixKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ GKw`‡K RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kiv, Ab¨w`‡K RbmsL¨v‡K Dchy³ wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Rbkw³‡Z cwiYZ Kiv me‡P‡q Riæix|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-100

†`‡ki RbM‡Yi cÖvq A‡a©K gvb‡eZifv‡e Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Q| G fqven `vwi`ª¨ nq‡Zv mn‡RB `~i Kiv m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ wKQy ev¯Íe c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv n‡j `vwi`ª¨ wbimb Kiv Am¤¢eI bq| G †¶‡Î cÖavbZt †`‡ki m¤ú` I cÖ‡qvR‡bi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L RbmsL¨v cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vRwbZ mgm¨v `~i Kiv `vwi`ª¨ †gvKvwejvi cÖ_g c`‡¶c n‡Z cv‡i| Kvw•LZ RbmsL¨v wbwðZ K‡i †mB RbmsL¨v‡K Dchy³ wk¶v I DbœZ cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g `¶ Rbkw³‡Z cwiYZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡j `vwi`ª¨ wbimb Kiv hv‡e| †Kbbv, `¶ Rbkw³ Kg©-ms¯’vb I Avq e„w×i gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b wb‡RivB Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vcK MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bi R‡b¨ f‚wg ms¯‹vi Ges MÖv‡g ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí m¤cÖmviY Kiv `iKvi| Kvh©Ki f‚wg ms¯‹vi K‡i f‚wgnxb `vwi`ª¨ †kªYx‡K Rwg †`qv n‡j †mB Rwgi Dci wbf©i K‡i Zviv Zv‡`i Kg©nxbZv I `vwi`ª¨ `~i Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G Qvov, MÖvg ch©v‡q e¨vcKfv‡e ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí ¯’vcb Ki‡j DØ„Ë K…lK Gme †m±‡i Kg© ms¯’vb K‡i Avq e„w× I `vwi`ª¨ `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i|

MÖvgxY I kû‡i `wi`ª‡`i mnR k‡Z© AvZ¡Kg©ms¯’vbg~jK wewfbœ cÖK‡í FY cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡j †`‡k wecyj msL¨K ¶y`ª D‡`¨v³v M‡o DV‡e| Gi d‡j GKw`‡K AvZ¡Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Ges Ab¨w`‡K kªg-wb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM evo‡e| G c×wZ‡ZI `vwi`ª¨ wbimb m¤¢e|

RvZxq ch©v‡q e¨vcK Dbœqb ZrciZv we‡kl K‡i MÖvgxY AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡b m¤ú‡`i cÖevn e„w× Kiv n‡jI Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Ges Gi d‡i `vwi`ª `~i n‡Z cv‡i|

†`‡k `ªæZ wkívqb NUv‡Z cvi‡j we‡kl K‡i AwaK nv‡i kªgNb wkí cÖwZôv Ki‡j gRywi-kªwgK wn‡m‡e A‡b‡K PvKzix cv‡e Ges Avq-DcvR©‡bi gva¨‡g Zviv Zv‡`i `vwi`ª `~i Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

wewfbœ wech©‡q wecbœ n‡q hviv `wi`ª n‡q c‡o Zv‡`i Rb¨ miKvix I †emiKvix ch©v‡q Kj¨vYg~jK Kg©m~Px MÖnY Kiv `iKvi| GQvov, kvwiixK I gvbwmK w`K w`‡q A¶g nevi Kvi‡Y hviv `wi`ª n‡q hvq, Zv‡`i Rb¨ fvZvi e¨e¯’v K‡i Ges cÖwk¶Y cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Avq-DcvR©‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i Pig `vwi`ª¨ †_‡K i¶v Kiv hvq|

`vwi`ª¨ `~i Kivi me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki cš’v n‡”Q †cÖiYv| Px‡bi cwiKíbvwe‡`iv g‡b K‡ib, †KD Kv‡iv `vwi`ª¨ `~i K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i bv| `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡bi c_ †`wL‡q w`‡Z cv‡i gvÎ| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Rb¨I G K_v mZ¨| Avm‡j, `vwi`ª¨ `~i Kivi Dchy³ c_ †`wL‡q w`‡Z cvi‡j `wi`ª gvbyl wb‡RivB Zv‡`i fvM¨ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| G †¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †bZviv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fzwgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

D‡jøwLZ Gme KviY QvovI Abyrcv`bkxjLv‡Z AwaK e¨q, e¨vcK mvgvwRK ˆelg¨, gRyixi wbænvi Ges bvbv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨ e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

mviK_vt †h †¶‡Î gvby‡li †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi mvg_©¨ _v‡K bv, †m cwiw¯’wZ‡KB Ô`vwi ª̀¨Õ ejv nq| `vwi ª̀¨ gv‡bB Afve, Avi Afve gv‡bB `vwi ª̀¨| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Afve, ¯^í gRyix, m¤ú`nxbZv, Kg©wegyLZv, A_©‰bwZK †kvlY I ˆel‡g¨i d‡jB g~jZ: `vwi ª̀¨ †`Lv †`q| evsjv‡`‡kI G me Kvi‡Y RbM‡Yi e¨vcK Ask `vwi‡ ª̀¨ RR©wiZ| RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM e„w×, gRyixi nvi e„w×, Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ †Rvi`vi Kiv Ges †kvlY eÂbvi Aemvb NwU‡q mvgvwRK b¨vqwePv‡ii wfwˇZ Av_© mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v‡K M‡o Zzj‡j evsjv‡`k‡K e¨vcK `vwi ª̀¨ n‡Z gy³ Kiv m¤¢e|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-101

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. MY `vwi‡`ª¨i cÖK…wZ MÖš’wU †K wj‡L‡Qb ? K. w÷‡db nvIqvW©; L. Rb †K‡b_ Mj‡eª_; M. gvneyeyj nK; N. GWIqvW© mvC`| 2. Gwkqv‡Z †Kvb †Kvb RvwZ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ekx cwikªgx ? K. fviZxq I †bcvjx; L. Kz‡qZx I B‡q‡gbx; M. gvjqx I wdwjwc‡bv; N. ˆPwbK I Rvcvbx| 3. gvbe Dbœqb wi‡cvU© 1998 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi KZfvM `vwi`ª¨mxgvi bx‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i? K. 46 fvM; L. 54 fvM; M. 60 fvM; N. 62 fvM| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. `vwi‡`ª¨i msÁv w`b| 2. `vwi‡`ª¨i mvaviY KviY wK wK ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi‡`ª¨i KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 2. evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvqmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb| DËigvjvt 1. L, 2. N, 3. K| mnvqK MÖš’ 1. Rb †K‡b_ Mjv‡eª_ ÔMY `vwi‡ ª̀¨i cÖK…wZÕ (Abyev` t Avãyjøvn dviæK)

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-102

evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡ek ~̀lY I cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi Dcvq Environmental Pollution in Bangladesh and its Preservation Measures

D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb � cwi‡ek msµvšÍ aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � evsjv‡`‡ki AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi djvdj ev cÖwZwµqv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi Dcvq ev KiYxq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| cwi‡ek msµvšÍ aviYv MZ K‡qK eQi a‡i mviv c„w_ex‡Z †h kãwU wb‡q cÖPÛ D‡ØM I AvksKv Ges cÖPzi weZK© AbywôZ n‡”Q Zv n‡jv cwi‡ek| †Kbbv, wek¦ cwi‡ek AvR gvivÍK wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb| RbmsL¨vi µgea©gvb Pvc, `ªæZ wkívqb, eb DRvo, K…wl Rwgi m¤cÖmviY, giægqZv, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, wewfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvYxi wejywß BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y c„w_exi cwi‡ek msKUvcbœ| ZvÕQvov MÖxbnvDm cÖwZwµqvi d‡j AvenvIqvgÛ‡ji m¤¢ve¨ ZvcgvÎv e„w× cwi‡e‡ki eZ©gvb Ae¯’v‡K cy‡ivcywi e`‡j w`‡Z cv‡i| Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q †h, Gi d‡j wejyß n‡e A‡bK cÖRvwZ, Lv‡`¨rcv`b n«vm cv‡e, eØxc GjvKvi wekvj Ask Wz‡e hv‡e cvwbi bx‡P| GQvov †jvbv R‡ji MÖv‡m K…wl wech©¯’ n‡e, mgy`ª c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡b N~wY©So I R‡jv”Qv‡mi cÖ‡Kvc evo‡e, dm‡ji Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e, †Kv_vI †Kv_vI giægqZv Av‡iv evo‡e, grm¨ m¤ú‡`i Dci weiƒc cÖwZwµqv co‡e| †gvU K_v wek¦‡K †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z n‡e GK `y‡h©vMgq cwiw¯’wZi| mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq GKwU cÖvYxi Pvicv‡k hv wKQy weivR K‡i ev hv wKQy _vKvi Kvi‡Y GKwU cÖvYx ¯^vfvweK Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jvi mgš^‡q MwVZ Ae¯’vB n‡”Q cwi‡ek| Avgiv gvbyl| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki MvQ-cvjv, eb-RsMj, b`-b`x, Lvj-wej, Rxe-Rš‘, KxU-cZ½, `vjvb-‡KvVv, cv‡qi Zjvi gvwU, gv_vi Dc‡ii Av‡jvevZvm G me wb‡qB Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek MwVZ| †MvUv cwi‡ek‡K `y‡Uv fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| GKwU n‡”Q ˆRe cwi‡ek, Ab¨wU n‡”Q Ro cwi‡ek| hv‡`i cÖvY Av‡Q Zv‡`i wb‡q ˆRweK cwi‡ek MwVZ| me ai‡bi Dw™¢` Ges gvbylmn me ai‡bi Rxe-Rš‘, cï-cvLx, KxU-cZ½ ˆRweK cwi‡e‡ki Aš—fz©³| Zvc, Av‡jv, gvwU, cvwb, evZvm, `vjvb-‡KvVv, Ni-evox, Kj-KviLvbv Gm‡ei cÖvY †bB| G¸‡jv Ro cwi‡e‡ki AšÍM©Z| Ro cwi‡ek‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv P‡j| Gi GKwU n‡jv cÖK…wZi m„wó| †hgb-Av‡jv, evZvm, gvwU, cvwb BZ¨vw`| Aci fvMwU nj gvby‡li Mov| †hgb- `vjvb-‡KvVv, Kj-KviLvbv BZ¨vw`| cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY GKw`‡K wek¦ cwi‡ek msK‡Ui `vqfvi, Ab¨w`‡K cÖe„w×gyLx Dbœqb cÖwµqvi AbymiY Z…Zxq we‡k¦i AwaKvsk †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kiI GKwU ÔaŸsmvZ¡K Ave¯’vi mywó K‡i‡Q| g~L¨Zt AwZwi³ ivmvqwbK mvi e¨env‡ii d‡j G †`‡ki g„wËKvi_ De©iZv n«vm †c‡q‡Q Ges wkímg~‡ni wbM©Z welv³ eR©¨ Øviv b`x, I gy³ Rjvkqmg~n `~wlZ n‡q c‡o‡Q| Gi d‡j Avk¼vRbK MwZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Dw™¢` I cÖvYxK‚j, grm¨ cÖRvwZ Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi km¨-ex‡Ri ˆRe-ˆewPΨ ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡”Q| A_©vr cÖe„w×gyLx Dbœqb cÖwµqvq wech©¯— n‡q c‡o‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki ¯^vfvweKZv| evsjv‡`‡ki AwfÁZvq cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi †h Ae¯’v cwi`„ó nq G cÖm‡½ Zv D‡jøL Kiv hvq| wkí-eR©¨ †_‡K cvwb ~̀lY t evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb m¤ú`B nj gvwU I cvwb| evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Rjfv‡Mi cwigvY 3623 eM©gvBj Ges mvgyw`ªK Rjfv‡Mi AvqZb 12 bwUKvj gvBj| GB wekvj cvwb m¤ú‡`i Dci cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e wbf©ikxj wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb

cvV-4

MÖxbnvDm cÖwZwµqvi d‡j AvenvIqvgÛ‡ji m¤¢ve¨ ZvcgvÎv e„w× cwi‡e‡ki eZ©gvb Ae¯’v‡K cy‡ivcywi e`‡j w`‡Z cv‡i|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-103

I RxweKv| wKš‘ w`b w`b GB cvwb m¤ú` gvby‡li bvMv‡ji evB‡i P‡j hv‡”Q| cvwb `~lY G Ae¯’v m„wói Ab¨Zg KviY| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ wk‡íi eR©¨ b`x‡Z †djvi Kvi‡Y b`xi cvwb `~wlZ n‡”Q| cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii GK Rix‡c Rvbv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki 4386wU wkí KviLvbvi g‡a¨ 903wU wkí KviLvbv‡K ¶wZKi eR©¨ mivmwi cvwb‡Z †dj‡Z †`Lv hvq| ¶wZKi wkí eR©¨ cvwb‡Z †djvi Kvi‡Y b`xi cvwb `~wlZ n‡q c‡o‡Q|

K…wl‡Z e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK ª̀e¨ D™¢‚Z ~̀lYt evsjv‡`‡ki K…lKiv HwZn¨MZfv‡e dmj djv‡bvi Rb¨ Rwgi cÖvK…wZK De©iZv I A‰Re mv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| wKš‘ RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v †e‡o hvq Ges AwaK Lv`¨ djv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| GRb¨ ˆRe mv‡ii e¨envi ïiæ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki Rwg‡Z BDwiqv, wU Gm wc Ges wgD‡iU Ae cUvk GB wZb cÖKv‡ii ivmvqwbK mvi e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| M‡o eQ‡i eZ©gv‡b 10 jvL U‡bi gZ mvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Ge mvi (we‡klZt BDwiqv) cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q b`x I Rjvk‡q wg‡k hvq Ges cvwb `~wlZ nq|

Mvn© ’̄¨ eR©¨ I bMivqb m„ó ~̀lYt evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ †ekx nIqvi Kvi‡Y Aí Rwg‡Z AwaK msL¨K gvbyl‡K emevm Ki‡Z nq| Gi d‡j wecyj cwigvY M„n¯’vwj eR©¨ cwi‡ek `~lY m„wó Ki‡Q| Avevi kni I bMi¸‡jv AcwiKwíZfv‡e M‡o DVvi Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek cwiw¯’wZi AebwZ NU‡Q| AwaKš‘, bMivwqZ RbmsL¨v I bMivq‡bi nvi `y‡UvB †e‡o hv‡”Q| bMivqY `yBfv‡e cwi‡ek‡K ¶wZMÖ¯’ K†i| cÖ_gZt, kn‡ii evmM„n, Awdm, evwYR¨ †K›`ª I iv¯—vq Kswµ‡Ui AveiY †`qvq e„wói cvwb gvwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j G gvwU ¯^vfvweK ¸Y nvwi‡q †d‡j| wØZxqZ, ‡cŠi AveR©bv (ïay XvKv bM‡iB cÖwZw`b 3000 †gwUªK Ub AveR©bv ˆZix nq) gvwU‡K `~wlZ K‡i| ivmvqwbK I hvwš¿K cÖwµqvRwbZ evqy ~̀lY t evsjv‡`‡ki evqy wK cwigv‡Y `~wlZ Zvi †Kvb mwVK aviYv bv _vK‡jI evZvm †h `ywlZ n‡”Q Zv wbwðZfv‡eB ejv hvq| A‡bK mgh †¯úª w`‡q KxUbvkK wQUv‡bvi mgq Zvi GKwU Ask evZv‡m wg‡k hvq| AM©v‡bv‡d¬vwib, AM©v‡bvdmdivm RvZxq welv³ KxUbvkK evZv‡m wg‡k wM‡q evZvm‡K `~wlZ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, †`‡ki †QvU eo cÖvq 30 nvRvi wkí KviLvbv, `yB j¶vwaK hvbevnb, K‡qK nvRvi jÂ, óxgvi, Kv‡M©v Ges cÖPzi msL¨K cvIqvi cv¤ú I cvIqvi wUjv‡ii BwÄb †_‡K †auvqv †ei n‡q evZv‡m wg‡k hv‡”Q| d‡j evZv‡m ¶wZKi Kve©b-WvB AKvªB‡Wi cwigvY †e‡o wM‡q evZv‡m `~wlZ n‡”Q| evZv‡m mxmvi nvi †ekx _vKvq cÖwZe›Øx wkï R‡b¥i nviI e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

cwi‡ek ~̀l‡Yi djvdj ev cÖwZwµqv D‡jøwLZ Drcv`b wfwËK I bMigyLx Dbœqb RwbZ `~lY Ges AvIZvewnf© Z wek¦ cwi‡ek `yl‡Yi my`~i cÖmvix djvdj evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ †hme wec` †W‡K Avb‡Q Zv n‡jv- MÖxY nvDm cÖfv‡e mvM‡ii cvwbi D”PZv †e‡o hv‡e| AvMvgx 2030 mvj bvMv` mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv AšÍZt 20 †mt wgUvi e„w× cv‡e| 2100 mvj bvMv` 1 wgUvi D”PZv e„w×i Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q| Gi d‡j 22 nvRvi 8 kZ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi DcK‚jxq Rwg (evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU Rwgi 15.8 fvM) cvwbi wb‡P Zwj‡q hvevi AvksKv i‡q‡Q| mvM‡i cvwbi cwigvY evo‡j Ges †ekx K‡i DËß n‡j mvB‡K¬v‡bi cwigvY evo‡e| 1991 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k BwZnv‡mi m‡e©v”P MwZ m¤úbœ (225 wK‡jvwgUvi) So e‡q †M‡Q| AvMvgx‡Z fqvenZv Av‡iv evo‡e| `w¶Y cwðg †gŠmygx evqy Av‡iv kw³kvjx n‡e| d‡j So (Kvj ˆekvLx I U‡b©‡Wv) Av‡iv fq¼i iƒ‡c †ekx K‡i msNwVZ n‡e| e„wócv‡Zi cÖK…wZi cwieZ©b n‡e, hvi d‡j b`xi cÖev‡nI cwieZ©b †`Lv †`‡e| 1988 I 1998

-mv‡ji gnvc ve‡bi g‡Zv eb¨vi Avk¼v evo‡e| jebv³Zv e„w× Ges cøve‡Yi d‡j my›`ie‡bi 4 jvL †n±i g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂj aŸsm cÖvß n‡Z cv‡i| giægqZv †e‡o hv‡e| we‡kl K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki DËivÂj giægq n‡q co‡e| ïwK‡q hv‡e DËiv‡ji Lvj-wej, b`x-bvjv| kxZKv‡j kx‡Zi cÖ‡Kvc evo‡e| Nb Kzqvkvq XvKv co‡e AvKvk| AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi cwieZ©b NU‡e| d‡j bvbv ai‡Yi MvQ-cvjv, cï-cvLx cwiewZ©Z AvenvIqv Lvc †L‡Z bv †c‡i wejyß n‡e| cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi d‡j bvbv ai‡bi †iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©ve NU‡e| d‡j gvby‡li Rxeb msKUgq n‡q co‡e|

evsjv‡`‡k cwi‡ek ~̀l‡Yi cÖavb KviY¸‡jv nj: wkí eR©, K…wl‡Z ivmvqwYK mvi e¨envi, Mvn©¯’¨ eR©, hvwš¿K cÖwµqvRwbZ evqy ~̀lY|

wewfbœ Kjv‡KŠkj Kv‡R jvwM‡q Drcv`b e„w× Kivi d‡j Rxe‡bi ¯^v”Q›`¨ Av‡m wVKB, wKš‘ `xN©‡gqv†` Gi cwiYwZ nq fqven|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-104

evsjv‡`‡ki AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y AvenvIqv I RxegÛ‡j †h cwieZ©b N‡U P‡j‡Q Zvi d‡j gvbe mf¨Zv mvgwMÖKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡e| wewfbœ Kjv‡KŠkj Kv‡R jvwM‡q Drcv`b e„w× Kivi d‡j Rxe‡bi ¯^v”Q›`¨ Av‡m wVKB, wKš‘ `xN©‡gqv†` Gi cwiYwZ nq fqven| cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y DbœZ †`k¸‡jv †h cwigvY m¤ú` wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki c‡¶ bvbv Kvi‡Y Zv m¤¢eci nq bv| `vwi`ª¨, RbmsL¨vi Pvc Ges m¤ú‡`i AcÖZzjZv I Amg e›Ub e¨e¯’vB Gi Rb¨ g~jZt `vqx| wKš‘ Zvic‡iI cÖvYx RM‡Zi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vi ¯^v‡_©, gvby‡li mf¨Zv‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi cÖ‡qvR‡b cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e mevB‡K|

cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi Dcvq ev KiYxq gvbyl Zvi ˆelwqK mg„w×i R‡b¨ `xN©Kvj a‡i cÖK…wZi Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i Avm‡Q| d‡j we‡k¦i cwi‡ek msKUvcbœ n†q D‡V‡Q| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j cwi‡ek cwiw¯’wZi `ªæZ AebwZ N‡U‡Q| Z‡e cwi‡e‡ki GB AebwZkxj †cÖ¶vc‡U cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvI Zxeª n‡q D‡V‡Q| G †cÖw¶‡Z cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi Dcvq wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv hvq| G †¶‡Î †hme KiYxq wPwýZ Kiv hvq Zv n‡jv t • e„nr Dbœqb cÖKí (iv¯Ív, euva, eo wkí) ev¯—evq‡bi Av‡M m¤¢ve¨ cwi‡ekMZ cÖfve m¤ú‡K©

cÖvK-wbiƒcb wbwðZ Kiv| • ‡`‡k mvgwMÖK f‚wg e¨envi cwi‡ek m¤§Zfv‡e mywbwðZ Kiv| • RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fv‡e Kgv‡bv Ges Zv b~¨bZg ch©v‡q bvwg‡q Avbv| • ‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœqb, we‡kl K‡i Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ weï× I

wbivc` Lvevi cvwbi mieivn I cqt wb¯‹vkb e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Kiv| • cwi‡ekm¤§Z Dbœqb I bMivq‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv| • cÖwZwU wkí-KviLvbvq eR©¨ cwi‡kvab e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjv| • Kv‡Vi weKí R¡vjvbx Avni‡Y m‡Pó nIqv Ges e¨vcK msL¨vq ev‡qvM¨vm cø¨v›U wbg©vY, we`y¨r

Drcv`b e„w×, †mŠikw³ evqykw³ Kvh©Kixfv‡e e¨envi| • e¨vcKfv‡e MvQ jvMv‡bv I msi¶Y Kiv Ges mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK ebvq‡bi Dci †Rvi

†`Iqv| • DcK‚jxq ebivwRi cwigvY e„w×i e¨e¯’v MÖnYmn DcK‚jxq cwi‡ek Kwg‡q f‚c„ô¯’ cvwb

e¨env‡ii Dci †Rvi †`Iqv| • K…wl Rwg‡Z ivmvqwbK mvi I KxU bvk‡Ki e¨envi Kwg‡q h_vm¤¢e ˆRemvi e¨envi I

ˆReKxU e¨e¯’vcbv cÖeZ©b Kiv| • eb¨cÖvYx msi¶Y Ges Av‡iv AiY¨ cÖwZôv Kiv| • hvbevnb †_‡K Kv‡jv †auvqv wbM©gb I D”P kãhy³ nY© e¨envi †iva Kiv| • `yB †÷ªvK-wewkó hvb wbqš¿Y I mxmv wgwkªZ †c‡Uªvj e¨envi wbwl× Kiv| • †cŠi, evwYwR¨K I M„n¯’vjx e‡R©¨i wbivc` AcmviY wbwðZ Kiv| • cvigvbweK cix¶v wbwl×KiYmn me ai‡bi †ZRw¯ŒqZvi we¯Ívi †iva Kiv| • wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b me ch©v‡q cwi‡ek wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv Ges cwi‡ek msµvšÍ mvgvwRK

wk¶v Kvh©µg MÖnY I cwiPvjbv Kiv|

mviK_vt mgMÖ we‡k¦B AvR cwi‡ek msKU Zxeª n‡q D‡V‡Q| RbmsL¨vi µgea©gvb Pvc †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z wM‡q K…wl‡Z hvwš¿K c×wZi cÖ‡qvM I e¨vcK wkívqb Kivi d‡j cÖK…wZi Dci cÖwZwµqv m„wó n‡q‡Q| evqy ~̀lY, kã ~̀lY Ges m‡e©vcwi MÖxY nvDm cÖwZwµqvi d‡j c„w_exi Aw¯ÍZ¡B wecbœ nevi Dcµg n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI cwi‡ek-wech©‡qi d‡j giægqZv e„w× cvevi Ges DcK‚j AÂj mvM‡ii wb‡P Zwj‡q hvevi Avk¼v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ebivwRi cwigvY e„w× Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb Ges Kv‡jv †auvqv I wkí eR©¨ wbqš¿‡bi c`‡¶c †bqv AZ¨šÍ Riæwi n‡q c‡o‡Q|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-105

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb wbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|

1. AvenvIqv gÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎv e„w×RwbZ cwi‡ek wech©q‡K wK e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq ? K. Gm.I.Gm L. †g †W wmcb¨vj; M. Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW; N. wMÖY nvDm cÖwZwµqv| 2. evsjv‡`‡ki mvgyw`ªK Rjfv‡Mi AvqZb KZ ? K. 16 bwUKvj gvBj; L. 12 bwUKvj gvBj; M. 20 bwUKvj gvBj; N. 18 bwUKvj gvBj| 3. evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Rjfv‡Mi cwigvY KZ? K. 2200 eM©gvBj| L. 3205 eM©gvBj| M. 3623 eM©gvBj| N. 4120 eM©gvBj| 4. 2100 mvj bvMv` mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv 1 wgUvi e„w×i d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki DcK‚jxq A‡ji KZ Ask Zwj‡q hv‡e? K. 10 nvRvi 2kZ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi ; L. 22 nvRvi 8kZ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi; M. 31 nvRvi 5kZ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi; N. 38 nvRvi 1kZ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. ˆRe I Ro cwi‡ek ej‡Z wK eySvq? 2. wek¦ cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖwZwµqvq evsjv‡`k wK wK ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q Ges n‡e? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviYmgyn eY©Yv Kiæb| 2. cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi Dcvq wK wK? DËigvjvt 1. N, 2. L, 3. M, 4. L| mnvqK MÖš’ 1. Avjx Avng` wRqvDÏxb I nvweeyi ingvb, cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I mf¨Zvi msKU? 2. †gvt Av‡bvqviæj Bmjvg, cwi‡ek cÖm½ I evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡ek?

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-106

†eKvi mgm¨v I Zvi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb Unemployment Problem and its Possible Solutions D‡Ïk

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb � †eKvi‡Z¡i aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � †eKvi‡Z¡i wewfbœ iƒc ev †kªYx wefvM D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi‡Z¡i KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � evsjv‡`‡k †eKviZ¡ wbim‡Yi Dcvq wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †eKvi‡Z¡i aviYv A_©kv‡¯¿ †eKviZ¡ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU cwiw¯’wZ‡K eySvq †hLv‡b kªwgK Kg©`¶ I eZ©gvb gRyix‡Z K‡g© †hvM`v‡b B”QyK nIqv m‡Ë¡I Kg© wb‡qvM jvf K‡i bv| †eKviZ¡ A‡bK mgq B”QvK…Z n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, A‡bK Kg©wegyL abxi mš—vb Av‡Q hviv wcZ…cyiæ‡li DcvwR©Z m¤ú‡`i gva¨‡gB Rxeb KvwU‡q †`q| G‡`i KvR Kievi B”QvI †bB, cÖ‡qvRbI †bB| Avevi GK †kªYxi †jvK Av‡Q hviv mv¤cÖwZK gRywii nvi Kg e‡j KvR MÖnY K‡i bv| Z‡e G ai‡bi †eKviZ¡ Lye GKUv †`Lv hvq bv|

†eKvi‡Z¡i cÖK…Z mgm¨v †`Lv †`q ZLb, hLb Kg©¶g my¯’ e¨w³ , hvi KvR Kievi eqm n‡q‡Q Ges KvR Kievi B”QvI Av‡Q A_P cÖPwjZ gRywii nv‡i †Kvb PvKwi cvq bv| GB ai‡bi †eKvi‡Z¡†K Awb”QvK…Z †eKviZ¡ e‡j| A_©kv¯¿ †eKviZ¡ ej‡Z GBiƒc Awb”QvK…Z †eKviZ¡‡K eySvq|

A_©bxwZwe` †R.Gg.†KBbm Ges mv¤cÖwZKKv‡ji KwZcq †jLK †eKviZ¡ ej‡Z Awb”QvK…Z ‡eKviZ¡‡KB eywS‡q _v‡Kb| Aa¨vcK wc¸ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h, hLb †Kvb †`‡k Kg©¶g e¨w³iv cÖPwjZ gRyix‡Z KvR Ki‡Z B”QyK _vKv m‡Ë¡I †hvM¨Zvbyhvqx KvR cvqbv ZLb †m Ae¯’v‡K †eKviZ¡ ejv nq|

†eKvi‡Z¡i wewfbœ iƒc ev †kªYxwefvM

†eKvi‡Z¡i wewfbœ iƒc ev †kªYx g~jZt Awb”QvK…Z †eKvi‡Z¡i iƒc ev †kªYxwefvM‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i| G †eKvi‡Z¡i †kªYxwefvM Ges G¸‡jvi cðv‡Z †hme KviY weivRgvb †m¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt

†gŠmygx †eKviZ¡ t Ggb A‡bK Kg©‡¶Î Av‡Q †hLv‡b mviv eQi KvR nq bv, †hgb-K…wl, wPwbwkí cÖf…wZ| K…l‡Kiv K‡qK gvm K…wlKv‡h© wbhy³ _v‡K, Ab¨ mgq Zv‡`i †Kvb KvR _v‡K bv| wPwb wk‡íi kªwgKMY eQ‡i gvÎ K‡qK gvm KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Av‡Li †gŠmyg †kl n‡q †M‡j Zv‡`i †Kvb KvR _v‡K bv| Gfv‡e †gŠmyg ev FZz cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †h †eKvi mgm¨v †`Lv †`q Zv‡K †gŠmygx †eKviZ¡ e‡j|

KvVv‡gvMZ †eKviZ¡ t `wi`ª iv󪸇jv‡Z RbmsL¨v †h nv‡i e„w× cvq cyuwRi cwigvY †m nv‡i ev‡o bv| d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq cyuwRi Afv‡e GB ewa©Z RbmsL¨v‡K Drcv`bkxj Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| †Kbbv, Drcv`‡bi DcKiY e¨ZxZ Kv‡iv c‡¶ wKQy Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e bq| dj¯^iƒc, ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi GK weivU Ask †eKviZ¡‡K †g‡b wb‡Z eva¨ nq|

msNvZRwbZ †eKviZ¡ t kªg mPjZvi Afve, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi Afve, kªwgK msMV‡bi ag©NU, hš¿cvwZi mvgwqK µwU ev weKj KuvPvgv†ji mvgwqK Afve cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y kªwg‡Kiv hw` mvgwqKfv‡e †eKvi n‡q c‡o Z‡e Zv‡K msNvZRwbZ †eKviZ¡ e‡j| GB ai‡bi †eKvi mgm¨v wbZvšÍB mvgwqK Ges DbœZ ev AbybœZ mKj †`‡kB Giƒc msNvZRwbZ †eKvi mgm¨v Aíwe¯Íi †`Lv hvq|

cvV-5

†eKvi‡Z¡i cÖK…Z mgm¨v †`Lv †`q ZLb, hLb Kg©¶g my¯’ e¨w³, hvi KvR Kievi eqm n‡q‡Q Ges KvR Kievi B”QvI Av‡Q A_P cÖPwjZ gRywii nv‡i †Kvb PvKwi cvq bv|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-107

cÖ”Qbœ †eKviZ¡ t hLb †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq AwaK Kg©Pvix wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K ZLb G AwZwi³ Kg©Pvix‡`i wb‡qvM cÖ”Qbœ ev QÙ †eKvi‡Z¡i m„wó K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv‡`‡ki K…wli K_v ejv P‡j| GLvbKvi K…wl‡¶‡Î hZ kªwg‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk †jvK K…wlKv‡R wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB Gme AwZwi³ kªwgK‡`i K…wl‡¶Î †_‡K Ab¨Î ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv Avek¨K| G ¯’vbvšÍi m‡Ë¡I K…wli Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e bv KviY Zviv wQj AwZwi³| G ai‡bi †eKviZ¡‡K ejv nq cÖ”Qbœ †eKviZ¡ |

evwYR¨-PµRwbZ †eKviZ¡ t evwYR¨-Pµ cyuwRev`x A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi GKwU we‡kl ˆewkó¨| Gi d‡jB e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ KL‡bv †ZRxfve Avevi KLbI g›`‡fve weivR K‡i| G ai‡bi †ZRx-g›`vi cÖfv‡ei Aek¨¤¢vex dj wM‡q c‡o Kg© I wb‡qv‡Mi Dci| Drcv`‡bi n«vm-e„w×i d‡j kªwgK-Kg©Pvixi msL¨vI n«vm-e„w× n‡q _v‡K| d‡j m„wó nq †eKvi mgm¨vi|

b~¨bZg gRywiRwbZ †eKviZ¡ t hLb kª‡gi ‡hvMvb Pvwn`vi †P‡q †ewk nq Ges gRywii nvi n«vm cvq bv ZLbB b~¨bZg gRywiRwbZ †eKviZ¡ †`Lv †`q| wØZxq gnvhy‡×i ci Ggb GKUv Ae¯’vi D™¢e N‡UwQj| ZLb b~¨bZg nv‡i gRywi w`‡q kªwgK wb‡qvM Ki‡Z e¨emvqxiv B”QyK wQj bv| GgZve¯’vq gRywii nvi n«vm Ki‡jB †Kej wb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY e„w× †c‡Z cviZ| wKš‘ ZLb gRywii nvi n«vm cvq wb e‡j AmsL¨ kªwgK †eKvi n‡q c‡owQj|

Kvh©Kix Pvwn`vi AfveRwbZ †eKviZ¡ t cuywRev`x mgvR e¨e¯’vq Av‡qi GKwU Ask mwÂZ _v‡K; wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM I cwigvY _v‡K A‡c¶vK…Z Kg| d‡j evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v n«vm cvq Ges g~j¨¯ÍiI K‡g hvq| G‡Z jv‡fi cwigvYI K‡g hvq Avi †m m‡½ wb‡qv‡Mi cwigvYI n«vm cvq| Gi Ae¨ewnZ dj¯^iƒc m„wó nq †eKvi‡Z¡i |

hš¿RwbZ †eKviZ¡ t mg‡qi weeZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ bZzb bZzb hš¿cvwZ I Kjv‡KŠkj Avwe¯‹…Z nq Ges Gi d‡j Drcv`b c×wZi †¶‡Î N‡U GK e¨vcK cwieZ©b| G‡Z A‡bK kªwgK‡K bZzb bZzb †KŠkj bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y Kg© †_‡K we`vq wb‡Z nq| Gfv‡e Zviv n‡q c‡o †eKvi| Bsj¨v‡Û wkí- -wec eKv‡j wewfbœ Kj-KviLvbv, wkí cÖwZôvb I d¨v±ix‡Z mbvZb hš¿cvwZi ¯’‡j AvaywbK ¯^qswµq hš¿cvwZ e¨env‡ii d‡j A‡bK kªwgK ‡eKv‡i cwiYZ nq| G ai‡bi †eKviZ¡‡K ejv nq hvwš¿K †eKviZ¡|

evsjv‡`‡k Dc‡i ewY©Z †eKvi‡Z¡i me¸‡jv iƒcB cwijw¶Z nq| GLv‡b †h †eKviZ¡ AZ¨šÍ cÖKUfv‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Zv mn‡RB Aby‡gq| e¯‘Z Avgv‡`i kªgkw³i GKUv weivU Ask †eKviZ¡ I Aa©-†eKviZ¡‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi‡Z¡i KviY evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 36% gvbyl †eKvi Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q| G msL¨v µ‡gB e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i| we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z Avgv‡`i †eKvi mgm¨v fwel¨‡Z Av‡iv e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× cv‡e| G ch©v‡q evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi‡Z¡i KviYmg~n D‡jøL Kiv nj|

ª̀æZ RbmsL¨v e„w×t `ªæZnv‡i RbmsL¨v e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki mgm¨vi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e `vqx| RbmsL¨v e„w×i m‡½ K‡g©i my‡hvM Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z cvi‡Q bv| d‡j K…wlmn Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡ÎI w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q DØ„Ë kªwg‡Ki msL¨v| wkí, Kj-KviLvbvq KvR jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ cjøx GjvKvi RbMY G‡m wfo Rgvq knivÂj¸‡jv‡Z, wKš‘ KvwiMwi I hš¿cvwZ Pvjbvi Áv‡bi Afv‡e Zviv wkí KviLvbvq †Kvb KvR jv‡f m¶g nq bv| d‡j Zviv †eKviB †_‡K hv‡”Q|

mvgvwRK I ag©xq cwi‡ekt evsjv‡`‡ki mbvZb mvgvwRK cÖ_v I ag©xq Abykvm‡bi d‡j RbmvaviY A‡bKvsk Kg©wegyL n‡q c‡o| ‡hŠ_ cwievi e¨e¯’v, bvix‡`i c`©v cÖ_v, eY© cÖ_v cÖf…wZ Dcv`vb Avgv‡`i Rb‡Mvôxi †eKvi‡Z¡i cðv‡Z KvR K‡i| Gme mvgvwRK I ag©xq cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y †hvM¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I A‡bK mgq me kªwgK me iKg KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 36% gvbyl †eKvi Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-108

we‡kl K‡i mvgvwRK I ag©xq euvavi Kvi‡Y bvix mgvR B”Qv _vKv m‡Ë¡I K‡g© wb‡qvM jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| K…wli Dci AZ¨waK wbf©ikxjZv t Avgv‡`i Rb‡Mvôx we‡kl K‡i cjøxi Rb‡Mvôx K…wl Kv‡Ri Dci AZ¨waK wbf©ikxj e‡j Zviv AwZ mn‡RB †eKvi n‡q c‡o| KviY K…wl Zv‡`i‡K eQ‡ii K‡qK gvm gvÎ KvR w`‡Z cv‡i| K…wl †gŠmy‡gB K…lKiv Kg© e¨¯— Ges Ab¨ mgq Zv‡`i nv‡Z †Zgb †Kvb KvR _v‡K bv ej‡jB P‡j| Gw`K ‡_‡K wePvi Ki‡j ejv P‡j †h, Avgv‡`i †`‡ki K…lKiv †gŠmygx †eKvi‡Z¡i AšÍf©y³|

wk‡í cðvrc`Zv t wk퇶‡Î cðvrc`Zv evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi‡Z¡i Aci GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KviY e‡j we‡ewPZ| wewfbœ wkí I KjKviLvbv Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Ab¨Zg †K›`ª wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Avgv‡`i †`‡k AwaK msL¨vq wkí cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v e„w× cvq wb e‡j Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †Zgb cÖmvi N‡Uwb|

µwUc~Y© wk¶ve¨e ’̄v t evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v e¨e¯’vI G †`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨vi Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| Avgv‡`i wk¶v e¨e¯’v miKvix Kg©Pvix I †Kivbx m„wó Kiv Qvov Ab¨fv‡e ev¯Íe Dc‡hvMx Kg©-my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mvaviY wk¶vq wkw¶Z RbM‡Yi msL¨v w`b w`bB e„w× cv‡”Q wKš‘ KvwiMix wk¶vi cÖmvi NU‡Q bv †m cwigv‡Y| d‡j A‡bK mvaviY wk¶vq wkw¶Z hyeK †eKvi n‡q co‡Q|

KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afve t evsjv‡`‡k wk‡ívbœq‡bi m‡½ m‡½ bZzb bZzb hš¿cvwZi e¨envi e„w× †c‡q‡Q A‡bK¸‡Y| †m m‡½ AvRKvj †¶Z-Lvgv‡iI cÖPzi cwigv‡Y hš¿cvwZ e¨eüZ n‡”Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i AwaKvsk K…lKB hš¿cvwZ e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î wbZvšÍB AÁ| d‡j GKw`‡K wk퇶‡Î Ges Aci w`‡K K…wl‡¶‡Î †eKvi mgm¨v e„w× cv‡”Q|

wb‡qv‡Mi mxgve× my‡hvM t evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi‡Z¡i Rb¨ wb‡qv‡Mi mxgve× my‡hvM we‡klfv‡e `vqx| GLv‡b ïay K…wl‡ZB bq AK…wl-Lv‡ZI RbMY‡K wb‡qvM Kivi my‡hvM AwZkq mxwgZ| d‡j †eKviZ¡ msKU we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡k †eKviZ¡ wbim‡bi Dcvq

evsjv‡`‡k †eKviZ¡ wbim‡bi †Kvb mnR c_ †bB| G mgm¨vi mgvavb Riæwi n‡jI mgqmv‡c¶| Z‡e Dchy³ c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv n‡j †eKviZ¡ wbimb m¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î †h me c`‡¶c †bqv hvq Zv n‡jv t

RbmsL¨v e„w×i MwZ †iva Kivi gva¨‡g t evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v †iva Ki‡Z n‡j me©v‡Mª cÖ‡qvRb RbmsL¨v e„w×i MwZ †iva Kiv| m¤ú‡`i Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v AwaK n‡j ¯^fveZB D³ RbmsL¨vi GKvsk †eKvi †_‡K hv‡e| Kv‡RB RbmsL¨vi nvi Kwg‡q m¤ú‡`i m‡½ Zvi mgZv Avbqb Ki‡Z n‡e|

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g t A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v `~i Kiv m¤¢e| †`‡k GL‡bv †hme m¤ú` Ae¨eüZ Ae¯’vq c‡o Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi c~Y© mبenv‡ii gva¨‡g Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Kiv hvq| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb myô cwiKíbv MÖnY| K…wl I wk‡íi cvkvcvwk mvwf©m †m±i m¤cÖmviY K‡iI Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Kiv hvq|

Kg© wewbgq †K› ª̀ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g t †eKvi mgm¨vi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †`‡k D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K Kg© wewbgq †K›`ª cÖwZôv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Gme cÖwZôvb †eKvi kªwgK I Ac~Y© Kg©¯’‡ji weeiY msMÖn K‡i weÁvcb I cÖPviYvi gva¨‡g †eKvi RbMY‡K Z_¨vw` cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j kª‡gi Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni g‡a¨ h_v_© mgš^q cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| †eKvi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î G cÖwµqvi ¸iæZ¡I Kg bq|

evsjv‡`‡ki †eKviZ¡ wbim‡bi †Kvb mnR c_ †bB| G mgm¨vi mgvavb mgq mv‡c¶, wKš‘ Dchy³ c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i †eKviZ¡ wbimb Kiv m¤¢e|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-109

K…wl e¨e ’̄v‡K AvaywbKxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g t evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl AbybœZ weavq †`‡ki µgea©gvb Rbkw³i Kg©ms¯’vb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv | wewb‡qv‡Mi Afv‡e K…wlLv‡Zi m¤¢vebv‡K cy‡ivcywi Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hv‡”Q bv| †mP myweavi AvIZv evwo‡q Ges ˆRe-ivmvqwbK cÖhyw³i m¤cÖmviY K‡i `yÔdmj ev wZb dmj Drcv`b Øviv K…wlLv‡Z AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

ª̀æZ wk‡ívbœq‡bi gva¨‡g t wkí †¶‡Î `ªæZ DbœwZ mva‡bi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AwaK gvÎvq wkí Kj-KviLvbv ¯’vcb| kªgNb wk‡íi cvkvcvwk KzwUi wk‡íi DbœwZ mvab Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KzwUi wk‡í AwaK cwigv‡Y †jvK wb‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e| G‡Z K‡i †eKviZ¡ mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e|

wk¶v e¨e ’̄vi Avg~j cwieZ©b mva‡bi gva¨‡g t evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb wk¶v e¨e¯’vi wfwË n‡”Q mvaviY wk¶v ; †Kvb cÖKvi †ckvMZ I KvwiMwi wk¶v bq| wKš‘ †ckvMZ I KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afv‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡k `¶ kªgkw³ M‡o DV‡Q bv| KvwiMix wk¶vi gva¨‡g `¶ kªgkw³ M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e n‡j †eKviZ¡I Kg‡e|

cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g t evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨vi `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZ cwieZ©b Kiv GKvšÍ Avek¨K| KviY, G¸‡jvi Kzdj Avgv‡`i Rb‡Mvôx‡K Kg©wegyL K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j Avgv‡`i kªgkw³i GK D‡ -j L‡hvM¨ Ask †eKvi †_‡K hvq| Gme cÖ_vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q eY© cÖ_v, i¶YkxjZv, c`©v cÖ_v Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi msKxY©Zv I †Muvovwg| Gme `~i K‡i RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Kg©gyLx ms¯‹…wZ M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|

RbmsL¨v‡K Rbkw³‡Z iƒcvš—‡ii gva¨‡gt evsjv‡`‡ki wecyj A`¶ RbmsL¨v‡K Dchy³ wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g `¶ Rbkw³‡Z cwiYZ Kiv n‡j RbmsL¨v †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kw³ n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| GQvov, `¶ Rbkw³ we‡`‡k ißvwbi gva¨‡g RbmsL¨vi Pvc GKw`‡K Kg‡e, Aciw`‡K wecyj cwigv‡Y ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Dbœqb cÖwµqv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|

mviK_vt Kg©`¶Zv _vKv Ges we`¨gvb gRyix‡Z K‡g© †hvM`v‡b B”QyK nIqv m‡Ë¡I KvR bv cvIqv‡K †eKviZ¡ ejv nq| †eKvi‡Z¡i wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` Av‡Q, †hgb-†gŠmygx †eKviZ¡, KvVv‡gvMZ †eKviZ¡, msNvZRwbZ †eKviZ¡, cÖ”Qbœ †eKviZ¡, evwYR¨-Pµ RwbZ †eKviZ¡, b~¨bZg gRyixRwbZ †eKviZ¡, Kvh©Kix †eKviZ¡| evsjv‡`‡k me ai‡bi †eKvi‡Z¡iB Aw¯—Z¡ Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi‡Z¡i KviYI eûwea| †hgb- ª̀æZ RbmsL¨v e„w×, mvgvwRK I agx©q cwi‡ek, K…wli Dci AZ¨vwaK wbf©ikxjZv, wk‡í cðvrc`Zv, µwUc~Y© wk¶v e¨e¯’v, KvwiMix Áv‡Yi Afve I wb‡qv‡Mi mxwgZ my‡hvM| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g, RbmsL¨v e„w×i MwZ †iva Kivi gva¨‡g, Kg©wewbgq †K› ª̀ ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g, K…wl e¨e¯’v‡K AvaywbKxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g, wk‡ívbœq‡bi gva¨‡g, wk¶v e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b mva‡bi gva¨‡g Ges mvgvwRK cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g †eKviZ¡ ~̀i Kiv m¤¢e|

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-110

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. Kg©¶g Ges Kg©-AvMÖnx e¨w³ cÖPwjZ gRyixi nv‡i PvKzix bv †c‡j Zv‡K wK ai‡bi †eKviZ¡ e‡j ? K. Awb”QvK…Z †eKviZ¡; L. †gŠmygx †eKviZ¡; M. B”QvK…Z †eKviZ¡; N. hš¿RwbZ †eKviZ¡; 2. `ªæZ †eKviZ¡ wbimb Ki‡Z n‡j evsjv‡`‡k wK ai‡bi wkí M‡o †Zvjv †ekx cÖ‡qvRb ? K. cu~wRNb wkí; L. kªgNb wkí; M. ivmvqwbK wkí; N. wegvb-wbg©vb wkí| 3. evwYR¨ Pµ †Kvb ai‡Yi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi GKwU ˆewkó¨? K. mvgšÍev`x e¨e¯’vi; L. mgvRev`x e¨e¯’vi; M. Avw`g mvg¨ev`x e¨e¯’vi; N. cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vi| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. †eKvi†Z¡i msÁv w`b| 2. †eKviZ¡ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi‡Z¡i KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 2. evsjv‡`‡ki †eKviZ¡ wbim‡bi Dcvqmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb| DËigvjvt 1. K, 2. L, 3. N| mnvqK MÖš’ Bangladesh Statistical Yearbook, 1997