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ISO PUBLIC
COPYRIGHT © 2020 by California ISO. All Rights Reserved
ISO PUBLIC
COPYRIGHT © 2020 by California ISO. All Rights Reserved
Battery Storage Overview
Brad Bouillon
CAISO
August 18, 2020
Page 1
ISO PUBLIC
COPYRIGHT © 2020 by California ISO. All Rights Reserved
Outline
• Background on Energy Storage Types
• Batteries
– How are they used in energy markets
– How much capacity exists
– What are average build out rates
– Installed cost trends
– Background on actual installations
• Conclusions/Questions
Page 2
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Classification of Energy Storage Systems
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Energy Storage Technologies
Max Power
Rating (MW)
Discharge
time
Max cycles or lifetime Energy density
(watt-hour per liter)
Efficienc
y
Pumped hydro 3,000 4h – 16h 30 – 60 years 0.2 – 2 70 – 85%
Compressed air 1,000 2h – 30h 20 – 40 years 2 – 6 40 – 70%
Molten salt (thermal) 150 hours 30 years 70 – 210 80 – 90%
Li-ion battery 100 1 min – 8h 1,000 – 10,000 200 – 400 85 – 95%
Lead-acid battery 100 1 min – 8h 6 – 40 years 50 – 80 80 – 90%
Flow battery 100 hours 12,000 – 14,000 20 – 70 60 – 85%
Hydrogen 100 mins – week 5 – 30 years 600 (at 200bar) 25 – 45%
Flywheel 20 secs - mins 20,000 – 100,000 20 – 80 70 – 95%
Characteristics of selected energy storage systems (source: The World Energy Council)
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Storage Technology Deployment
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Pumped-Storage Hydropower
Pumped-storage hydro (PSH) facilities are large-scale energy storage plants that
use gravitational force to generate electricity. Water is pumped to a higher
elevation for storage during low-cost energy periods and high renewable energy
generation periods. When electricity is needed, water is released back to the
lower pool, generating power through turbines.
Comparison between PSH vs. Li-Ion Batteries
According to the Electric Power Research Institute, the installed cost for pumped-
storage hydropower varies between $1,700 and $5,100/kW, compared to
$2,500/kW to 3,900/kW for lithium-ion batteries. Pumped-storage hydropower is
more than 80 percent energy efficient through a full cycle, and PSH facilities can
typically provide 10 hours of electricity, compared to about 6 hours for lithium-ion
batteries
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Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
With compressed air storage, air is pumped into an underground hole, most likely
a salt cavern, during off-peak hours when electricity is cheaper. When energy is
needed, the air from the underground cave is released back up into the facility,
where it is heated and the resulting expansion turns an electricity generator.
Thermal (including Molten Salt)
Thermal energy storage facilities use temperature to store energy. When energy
needs to be stored, rocks, salts, water, or other materials are heated and kept in
insulated environments. When energy needs to be generated, the thermal energy
is released by pumping cold water onto the hot rocks, salts, or hot water in order
to produce steam, which spins turbines.
Lithium-ion BatteriesLithium-ion batteries are by far the most popular battery storage option today and
control more than 90 percent of the global grid battery storage market. Compared
to other battery options, lithium-ion batteries have high energy density and are
lightweight
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Flywheels
Flywheels are not suitable for long-term energy storage, but are very effective for
load-leveling and load-shifting applications. Flywheels are known for their long-life
cycle, high-energy density, low maintenance costs, and quick response speeds.
Motors store energy into flywheels by accelerating their spins to very high rates
(up to 50,000 rpm). The motor can later use that stored kinetic energy to generate
electricity by going into reverse.
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How Batteries help Reliability
• Batteries are versatile devices that can help energy
markets manage operational challenges due to higher
penetrations of renewable resources
– Absorb excess solar supply during the day and help reduce peak
loads in the afternoon and evening
– Respond to alleviate solar ramps
– Firm and fill renewable generation intermittencies
– Provide fast frequency response capabilities
– Utilized through transmission planning as transmission assets
Page 9
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The ISO non-generator resource (NGR) modelResource can move seamlessly between load and generation
Slide 10
0 MW
20 MW
- 20 MW
NGR Generation Load
Ram
p
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Battery Types
Page 11
Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries
After Exxon chemist Stanley Whittingham developed the concept of lithium-ion batteries in the 1970s, Sony and Asahi Kasei created the first commercial product in 1991. The first
batteries were used for consumer electronics and now, building on the success of these Li-ion batteries, many companies are developing larger-format cells for use in energy-storage
applications. Many also expect there to be significant synergies with the emergence of electric vehicles (EVs) powered by Li-ion batteries. The flexibility of Li-ion technology in EV
applications, from small high-power batteries for power buffering in hybrids, to medium-power batteries providing both electric-only range and power buffering in plug-in hybrids, to
high-energy batteries in electric-only vehicles, has similar value in stationary energy storage.
Li-ion batteries have been deployed in a wide range of energy-storage applications, ranging from energy-type batteries of a few kilowatt-hours in residential systems with rooftop
photovoltaic arrays to multi-megawatt containerized batteries for the provision of grid ancillary services.
Lead Batteries
Lead batteries are the most extensively used rechargeable battery technology in the world. They have an unrivalled track record for reliability and safety, which together with a well-
established worldwide supplier base, make them the dominant battery in terms of MWh of production. Lead batteries are widely used in cars and trucks, being used in virtually all
vehicles, supporting increased vehicle hybridization and electrification, all the way from start-stop technology to full electric vehicles. In addition, lead batteries are widely used in
industrial applications, where they provide energy for telecommunications, uninterrupted power supply, secure power, electric traction and for energy storage for utilities as well as
domestic and commercial applications.
Redox Flow Batteries
Redox flow batteries (RFB) represent one class of electrochemical energy storage devices. The name “redox” refers to chemical reduction and oxidation reactions employed in the
RFB to store energy in liquid electrolyte solutions which flow through a battery of electrochemical cells during charge and discharge.
Vanadium Redox (VRB) Flow Batteries
The Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB®)¹ is a true redox flow battery (RFB), which stores energy by employing vanadium redox couples (V2+/V3+ in the negative and V4+/V5+ in the
positive half-cells). These active chemical species are fully dissolved at all times in sulfuric acid electrolyte solutions. Like other true RFBs, the power and energy ratings of Vanadium
Redox Batteries are independent of each other and each may be optimized separately for a specific application. All the other benefits and distinctions of true RFBs compared to
other energy storage systems are realized by VRBs. The first operational vanadium redox battery was successfully demonstrated at the University of New South Wales in the late
1980s and commercial versions have been operating on scale for over 8 years.
Nickel-Cadmium (NI-CD) Batteries
In commercial production since the 1910s, nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) is a traditional battery type that has seen periodic advances in electrode technology and packaging in order to
remain viable. While not exceling in typical measures such as energy density or first cost, Ni-Cd batteries remain relevant by providing simple implementation without complex
management systems, while providing long life and reliable service.
Sodium Sulfur (NaS) Batteries
Sodium Sulfur (NaS) Batteries were originally developed by Ford Motor Company in the 1960s and subsequently the technology was sold to the Japanese company NGK. NGK now
manufactures the battery systems for stationary applications. The systems operate at a high temperature, 300 to 350 °C, which can be an operational issue for intermittent operation.
Significant installations for energy storage have been used to facilitate distribution line construction deferral. The round trip efficiency is in the 90% range so provides an efficient use
of energy.
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Battery Types (cont.)
Electrochemical Capacitors
Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) – sometimes referred to as “electric double-layer” capacitors – also appear under trade names like “Supercapacitor” or “Ultracapacitor.” The
phrase “double-layer” refers to their physically storing electrical charge at a surface-electrolyte interface of high-surface-area carbon electrodes. There are two types of ECs,
symmetric and asymmetric, with different properties suitable for different applications. Markets and applications for electrochemical capacitors are growing rapidly and applications
related to electricity grid will be part of that growth.
Iron-Chromium (ICB) Flow Batteries
Iron-chromium flow batteries were pioneered and studied extensively by NASA in the 1970s – 1980s and by Mitsui in Japan. The iron-chromium flow battery is a redox flow battery
(RFB). Energy is stored by employing the Fe2+ – Fe3+ and Cr2+ – Cr3+ redox couples. The active chemical species are fully dissolved in the aqueous electrolyte at all times. Like
other true RFBs, the power and energy ratings of the iron-chromium system are independent of each other, and each may be optimized separately for each application. All the
other benefits and distinctions of true RFBs compared to other energy storage systems are realized by iron-chromium RFBs.
Zinc-Bromine (ZNBR) Flow Batteries
The zinc-bromine battery is a hybrid redox flow battery, because much of the energy is stored by plating zinc metal as a solid onto the anode plates in the electrochemical stack
during charge. Thus, the total energy storage capacity of the system is dependent on both the stack size (electrode area) and the size of the electrolyte storage reservoirs. As such,
the power and energy ratings of the zinc-bromine flow battery are not fully decoupled. The zinc-bromine flow battery was developed by Exxon as a hybrid flow battery system in the
early 1970s.
Source: Energy Storage Association (2020)
Page 12
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Today California has about 150 MW of storage that is
primarily providing ancillary, not energy, services
Page 13
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The ISO is developing a tool to ensure that there is
enough energy in storage resources to meet peaks
Page 14
7.8 GWh
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Cumulative Utility Scale Battery Storage Capacity
Page 15
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Annual Battery Storage Additions by Region
Page 16
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Total Installation Cost of Utility Scale Battery Systems
Page 17
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• Southern California Edison
plans to build seven storage
projects in a total of 770MW
• Pacific Gas and Electric also
plans the 300-megawatt Moss
Landing project, located in
central California, and it will be
the largest battery storage
project in the state, to date
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Questions?
Page 20