Batch i i in f Asset Capability

MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Infrastructure and CapabilityBlock A: Basic of Infrastructure and

Community DevelopmentMICD A601 (2 credits)

Network Enabling Infrastructure Systems

Ir. Arif Wismadi, M.Sc.


Contents

Reintroduction: Infrastructure toward transformation NETS (Tiffin and Kissling, 2007) NETS to NEIS as the concept of integrated infrastructure Examples


SYSTEMS NETWORKS

ICT for public service

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SYSTEMS NETWORKS and VALUES to determine three level of the objective of infrastructure utilization: public services, promoting

transaction, transformation

Ideological Values

Pragmatics Values

VALUES

Simple networks

Complex networks

Function asinteraction& transaction

ICT for Socio-Cultural-Economic

Transformation

State centred

Interorganizational-relationships

Transnational-practices

ICT

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Infrastructure Development and Transformation

(Usman et al, 2010)


Systems Networks for Integrated Infrastructure Analysis

Infra means underneath: an infrastructure is the underlying structure that supports an activity

NETS (Networks Enable Transport System) a tool that integrates transport system and communication

system to be unified in network theory to visualize supply chain activities to find the optimum path

of transport. The NETS recognize six types of systems networks

3 actual system networks (infrastructure networks: fixed facility, traffic networks: floating nodes, auxiliary service networks: support for efficient service)

3 abstract system networks (regulatory networks, communication networks, and skill networks)

(Tiffin and Kissling, 2007)


Systems Networks for Enabling Community to get benefit of infrastructure development

NETS (Network Enabling Transport System) approach to describe the characteristics of rural demand for ICT service.


Actual Systems in NETS for Analyzing Integrated Infrastructure


Concept 1: Integrated Infrastructures

Infrastructure Integration Analysis: new emerging subject Focus: Interdependency Issue: Vulnerability Background: terrorism, disasters, malfunctioning of critical

infrastructure Measure: The decreasing infrastructure performance due

to perturbation from other infrastructures Infrastructure Integration Analysis in this discussion

Focus: Interdependency Issue: Enabling infrastructure Background: community development, economic

opportunity Measure: increasing infrastructure performance supported

by other infrastructures


Dependency and Interdependency

Pederson et al (2006): Internal dependency Infrastructure interdependency

Interdependency (Rinaldi et al 2001, Pederson et al 2006): Physical: output - input Cyber/Informational: information

dependency Geographic/Geospatial:

environment event and spatial proximity

Logical: dependency that does not fall into the above

(Rinaldi et al 2001, Pederson et al 2006)


Integrated Infrastructure Concept

Interconnected System Networks

Interdependent Infrastructure

{water, energy, transport, telecommunication, etc}

System

Physical Cyber/ Informational Geographic/ Geospatial Logical (incl. Policy and

Societal)

{infrastructure, traffic, auxiliary service, etc}

Sub-System

NA (suggested by Rinaldi, 2001)

{fixed facility, floating nodes} Unit

NA (suggested by Rinaldi, 2001)

{atom, information} Part

Types of Interdependency(Rinaldi et al 2001) and

(Pederson , 2006)

Systems Networks(Tiffin and Kissling, 2007)

Elements (PerrowsTaxonomi)


Conceptual Diagram of Integrated Infrastructure Model

SUB-SYSTEMS:TRAFFICe.g.: water delivery via transport infrastructure

SUB-SYSTEMS:AUXILIARY SERVICE: e.g. Energy support for Water

SUB-SYSTEMS:INFRASTRUCTURE e.g. transport network should exist in the location to expand electricity network,

Conceptual Diagram of Integrated Infrastructure (Developed based on Perrows Taxonomi, Rinaldi(2001), Pederson (2006), Tiffin and Kissling (2007)

SYSTEMS:

INTERDEPENDENT INFRASTRUCTURE

Geospatial Interdependency

Physical Interdependency

Informational Interdependency

SUB-SYSTEMS:COMMUNICATION: e.g.: support for O/M


Conceptual Diagram of Integrated Infrastructure Model

SUB-SYSTEMS:TRAFFICe.g.: water delivery via transport infrastructure

SUB-SYSTEMS:AUXILIARY SERVICE: e.g. Energy support for Water

SUB-SYSTEMS:INFRASTRUCTURE e.g. transport network should exist in the location to expand electricity network,

Conceptual Diagram of Integrated Infrastructure (Developed based on PerrowsTaxonomi, Rinaldi (2001), Pederson (2006), Tiffin and Kissling (2007)

SYSTEMS:

INTERDEPENDENT INFRASTRUCTURE

Geospatial Interdependency

Physical Interdependency

Informational Interdependency

SUB-SYSTEMS:COMMUNICATION: e.g.: support for O/M


Ex. Infrastructure Systems Networks

Geospatial Interdependency:Telecommunication network development/expansion requires transport network


http://www.tzuchi.or.id/majalah/majalah%20dunia%20tzu%20chi%2022%20okt-des05/10.mata%20air%20yang%20menakjubkan/2004061975.jpg

http://www.pu.go.id/Humas/news2003/ppw170708rnd3.jpg

Ex. Traffic Systems Networks (1)

Physical Interdependency:Water delivery via transport infrastructures


Ex. Traffic Systems Network (2)

Physical Interdependency:Energy delivery via transport infrastructures


http://www.ee.itb.ac.id/~waskita/files/images/dsc_2108-pompa-air-shimizu-ps-130-bit.preview.jpg

Ex. Auxiliary Service Systems Networks (1)

Physical Interdependency:Energy infrastructures to support efficient water service



Physical Interdependency:Queuing to Gas Station: transport dependency to energy


Physical Interdependency:Transport to support telecommunication, electricity or water for efficient service (maintenance,

invoice, customer service etc)



The Outcomes: Economic Opportunities

Basic Service Domestic Activity

Internet Cafe

Home Industry

Workshop

Laundry Service

Home officeEducation

Cooking

Washing

Illumination

Information

Ingestion

Income Generating


Enabling the community:Beyond Actual Systems Networks!


NEIS, ICT, an Example

Rural Capacity and ICT, Upstream-Delivery -Downstream


A = Existing capacityB = Expected capacityC = Capacity with-out (WO) infrastuctureD = Capaciy with (W) infrastructure provision and utilization

Time frame

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Existing capacity

New Capacity(supported by infrastructure)

Existing condition future condition

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DProvision and

utilization of ICT infrastructure

Objectives:Improving public servicesIncreasing incomeStrengthening social capital

XX

Eg: 2010 2014

Business as usual

Rural Capacity W/WO ICT


Upstream-Delivery-Downstream

Upstream Rational, motivation, reason, aim, objective, expected use

of ICT Delivery

governance, player, stakeholder, mechanism, rule of the game

Downstream Impacts, benefit distribution


SYSTEMS NETWORKS


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Ideological Values

Pragmatics Values

VALUES

Simple networks

Complex networks



Transformation

State centred



ICT

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Upstream: motivation for rural ICT

(Usman et al, 2010)


Policy RegulationInstitutional SettingFinancing MechanismResourcesMonitoring Evaluation

Output

hardware

software

Process

Variation of roles and positions

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Input

Infrastructure Service

Community

PrivatePublic

Economic Sectors

Delivery Process: Governance

(Usman, 2010)


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Entry point(social setting)

Strategic Output

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Improving the quality of basic servicesImproving incomeImproving Social Capital

ParticipationAccessibility Inclusion Institutional Empowerment

Constraints

Social Impacts

Outcome

Analytical Targets

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Downstream: outcomes and impacts


ICT access, inclusion, transformation

Bonding Bridging

Exclusion

Inclusion:Rural ASEAN community with strong structural interconnectedness, creative and outward looking orientation to be part of global information society

Tensions:chauvinism, narrow nationalism

ASEAN solidarity >>>>

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OutwardLooking

InwardLooking

Tensions:Exclusivist


ICT, participation, empowerment

Bonding Bridging

Exclusion

Inclusion:Self-reliant Rural ASEAN community that able to manage and exchange resources within and between region


Resources exchanges >>>

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OutwardLooking

InwardLooking



ICT, social capital, security

Bonding Bridging

Exclusion

Inclusion:Tolerant rural ASEAN community with trust, reciprocity, strong and extensive structural interconnectedness society


Structural interconnectedness of the network >>>

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InwardLooking



How does Rural ICT enable us to interconnecting:

Fixed facility networks: Systems networks of the fixed facilities that constitute physical infrastructures (Bank, School, Hospital etc).

Fixed facility networks: Systems networks of the fixed facilities that constitute physical infrastructures (Bank, School, Hospital etc).

Mobile subject networks:systems networks of the floating nodes (doctors, teachers, parents, etc.), the movements of which in relation to each other constitute the dynamic networks.

Mobile subject networks:systems networks of the floating nodes (doctors, teachers, parents, etc.), the movements of which in relation to each other constitute the dynamic networks.

CONTINUE



Auxialiary service networks: Systems networks of the supporting services needed to ensure and maintain the efficient and correct use of the other networks (access to finance/credit, transport for trading etc).

Auxialiary service networks: Systems networks of the supporting services needed to ensure and maintain the efficient and correct use of the other networks (access to finance/credit, transport for trading etc).

Skill networks: Systems networks of the skill needed to maximise the benefit of certain activity (training centers, on-line consultancy, field instructors etc).

Skill networks: Systems networks of the skill needed to maximise the benefit of certain activity (training centers, on-line consultancy, field instructors etc).

CONTINUE



Regulatory networks: Systems networks of the rules and regulations (procedure for investment, minimum quality of commodity etc).

Regulatory networks: Systems networks of the rules and regulations (procedure for investment, minimum quality of commodity etc).

Communications networks: Systems networks of information to ensure all the system networks enable to function properly (schedule of services, type of services, pricing etc).

Communications networks: Systems networks of information to ensure all the system networks enable to function properly (schedule of services, type of services, pricing etc).


System Networks Complexity: from bonding to bridging interconnectedness

Bonding Bridging

Solidarity >>>>Resources exchanges >>>

Structural interconnectedness of the network >>>


SYSTEMS NETWORKS


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Ideological Values

Pragmatics Values

VALUES

Simple networks

Complex networks



Transformation

State centred



ICT

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Object

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Infras

tructu

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Identification demand characteristics of rural ICT utilization

(Usman et al, 2010)


Media Convergence toward Outward-looking characteristics

Bonding Bridging

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Finding at Education Sector

Respondent: teachers Location: School under Jardiknas program

SMP 3 Pengasih, Wates, Yogyakarta SMP 2 Temon, Kulon

Purpose : to observe the use of ICT for information and resources

exchange involving inter-sectoral and inter-institutional interconnectivity

to observe the level demand for media convergence among Internet, newspaper, TV, radio broadcasting, telephony service.


ICT FOR CONNECTING NETWORKS OF PHYSICAL ACCESS

Networks of institution, civil societies, and citizens are support by ICT enabled flows of people, materials, information, capital, services, and media.

Educational sector easily get access information regarding public physical facilities (government office, educational office, public health, etc) through various media (newspaper, poster, radio broadcasting , tv and internet).

One of the most efficient of ICT approaches to physical access. It has also helped the public save time, effort and money.


ICT FOR CONNECTING NETWORKS OF MOVING SUBJECTS

ICT helps teacher to easily get contact and make information exchange with student parents/other teachers using phone SMS, or email

Teacher needs to easily get contact and make information exchange with others services (by phone, SMS, or email).


ICT FOR CONNECTING NETWORKS OF INFORMATION

ICT make information on schedule of services, type of services, and tariff of service available to public. ICTs can facilitate the improvement of existing information management processes by improving ease of access,

transparency, accountability, efficiency, speed of delivery and providing new information sharing opportunities through affordability, availability and ease of use.

ICTs can help empower the teachers to take control of their knowledge environment. This can lead to improved sharing of information locally resulting in greater choices for teach strategies e.g. cataloguing and sharing experience between teachers.


ICT FOR CONNECTING NETWORKS OF AUXILIARY SERVICE

ICT has been facilitating communication between school and educational, government office, publicfacilities, library, etc.

The availability of information regarding the supporting facilities improves the performance of teacher capability.


ICT FOR CONNECTING SKILL NETWORKS

Teacher used ICT to obtain knowledge resources to solve educational problems (training facility, online library, and online consultation) to solve problem related to the institution activity.

Besides, teacher need information exchange among the staff to find solution for the problem related to the institution. Teacher have used ICT to support the development of the schools values and goals. Furthermore ICT provides

online practical training to use ICT based materials, peer learning, securing a reliable infrastructure and easy access to research findings.

Overall teachers are generally positive and the vast majority want to develop their ICT skills and knowledge.


ICT FOR CONNECTING REGULATORY NETWORK

ICT provide access for regulation and laws related to school services (e.g. standard of competence defined by government, academic accreditation).

The availability of information regarding education-related regulation expected can improve the quality of education.

ICT providing all needed information to stakeholder and for efficient and transparent services and to create an information environment and enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, dynamism in school agencies and to ensure their accountability.


Example 2: Milk Industry


Jaringan Sistem Transportasi Perdesaan Untuk Mendukung Industri SusuKab. Boyolali

Semarang 28-29 Oktober 2008Prof. Dr. Sunyoto Usman, MA.

Ir. Arif Wismadi, M. Sc.PUSTRAL-UGM

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Outline

Sistem Jaringan VS Jaringan Sistem NETS (Jaringan Sistem) Kasus Industri Susu Boyolali Diskusi

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Sistem Jaringan VS Jaringan Sistem

SISTEM JARINGAN : Sistem jaringan (jalan) lebih

mendominasi PerencanaanTransportasi

Pendekatan Enggineering(keteknikan) dominan

JARINGAN SISTEM : Layanan transportasi tidak

didominasi oleh jaringan jalan, namun melingkupi keterkaitan(jaringan) sistem jaringan jalandengan sistem lainnya (sistemtrafik, sistem regulasi, sistemkomunikasi, sistem layananpendukung, sistem keahlian-skill

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NETS

Infrastructure Network-Jaringan Prasarana Traffic Network-Jaringan Trafik Regulatory Network Jaringan Regulasi Communication Network- Jaringan Komunikasi Auxiliary Service Network Jaringan Layanan Pendukung Skill Networks- Jaringan Keahlian

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Infrastructure Network-Jaringan Prasarana

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Traffic Network-Jaringan Trafik

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Regulatory Network Jaringan Regulasi

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Communication Network-Jaringan Komunikasi

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Auxiliary Service Networks-Jaringan Layanan Pendukung

SPBU Rest Area Bengkel Pos Polisi

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Skill Networks-Jaringan Keahlian

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Kasus:

Industri Susu Boyolali

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Mengapa Susu ? (ABC)

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Regulatory VS Traffic Network

Terjadi Pergeseran Model Bisnis Susu dari Monopoli menuju Pasar Bebas

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Tata Niaga Susu (dulu, era kejayaan Koperasi)

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Tata Niaga Susu (sekarang, era pasar bebas)

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Communication Network : Informasi Parameter Kualitas, Harga

DULU Harga susu ditentukan oleh

Koperasi dengan parameter KEMURNIAN. Semakin murni, semakin tinggi harganya .

Peternak menjual susu murni dengan ukuran volume.

SEKARANG Harga susu ditentukan IPS dng

paramater kualitas/ kandungan nutrisi :

1. Protein2. Fat/lemak3. Lactus Diukur dengan Lactoscan (alat

pengukur kandungan nutrisi susu)

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Implikasi Pada Kualitas dan Harga

DULU Kemurnian/keaslian Susu lebih

terjamin, koperasi hanya menerima susu yang berkualitas baik

Peternak menjual susu dengan harga yang ditentukanoleh koperasi (seringkali terlalu rendah)

Harga yang rendah membuat produktifitas menurun.

SEKARANG Kemurnian susu tidak menjadi

parameter (bahkan oleh IPS), brokermau menerima susu berkualitas rendah dan langsung mengirim ke IPS

Peternak menjual susu kepada brokeruntuk mendapatkan harga yang lebih baik.

Tawaran harga yang lebih baik menggairahkan industri peternakan susu.

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Skill Network : Implikasi Sikap Peternak

DULU

Kadang-kadang untuk meningkatkan keuntungan petani menambahkan Air (menambah volume, tidak merusak kualitas)

Peternak menjual susu ke koperasi Koperasi menjadi mediator

penentuan harga antara peternak dengan IPS

SEKARANG

Kadang-kadang untuk meningkatkan keuntungan peternak menambahkan zat asing untuk meningkatkan kadar nutrisi pada saat pengukuran (bisa merusak kualitas) dan mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri

Peternak bisa menjual susu kepada koperasi atau broker

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Skill and Traffic : Sistem Jemput Bola VS Pemerahan Terjadual

Era Kejayaan Koperasi Peternak memerah susu sesuai

jadwal yang ditentukan (jam 4-5 pagi dan jam 4-5 sore)

Susu diantar ke Tempat Penampungan Sementara (TPS) atau diambil oleh loper KUD

Pembayaran kadang tidak langsung

Era Pasar Bebas

Peternak bisa memerah susu kapan saja

Susu diambil/dijemput ke kandang oleh broker

Pembayaran bahkan dilakukan diawal sebelum pemerahan (sistem ijon)

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Auxiliary Network : Hulu-Hilir

Kemampuan Budidaya (kesehatan ternak & mutu bibit) Rendah

Lahan Hijauan Untuk Pakan sedikit Pertumbuhan Produksi Susu Lambat Kualitas Produk Bermasalah, Rendah Skala Usaha Kecil

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Pricing, Comodity, Traffic

Pada saat harga susu terlalu rendah petani memilih mengalihkan usaha ke usah penggemukan sapi

Produksi Susu diberikan kepada pedhet Perubahan pola trafik dari komoditas susu ke komoditas

ternak sapi dan atau sapi potong Industri sapi potong sensitif terhadap isu kualitas daging

(antrax, gelonggongan, campuran)

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Traffic, Regulatory, Auxiliary

Tata niaga baru menciptakan trafik yang lebih dinamis Pola penarikan retribusi tidak bisa dilaksanakan

sebagaimana mestinya Pola redistribusi penerimaan retribusi untuk pembinaan

peternak belum menemukan bentuk yang sesuai dengan pola trafik baru yang sangat dinamis.

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Masalah Di Tingkat Peternak Perdesaan

Peternak dengan akses informasi terbatas, menjadi semakin tidak memiliki posisi tawar

Peternak tidak bisa bernegosiasi karena berhadapan dengan pengusaha besar, bahkan PMA

Penetapan harga menjadi menjadi kompleks karena ditentukan oleh parameter kualitas

Skala bisnis peternak masih kecil (2-3 ekor sapi) Konsep NETS belum disadari untuk mendukung usaha susu

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Peternak

KUD

Broker

GKSI

IPS

1 2 3 4 5

NETS VS Skala Bisnis

Level knowledge dan kemampuan NETS


Peternak

Peternak Tradisional Kualitas didasarkan pada

kemurnian Harga ditentukan oleh KUD Mengikuti Tata Niaga Lama

Peternak Modern Melakukan upaya pemenhan

parameter kualitas Mencari harga terbaik Lebih responsif terhadap tata

niaga baru Delivery susu lebih dinamis

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Peternak

IPS

1 2 3 4 5


KUD

KUD Bermodal Kecil

Tidak memiliki Auxiliary Service (cooling unit)

Tergantung pada IPS Jadual pemerahan penting

KUD Bermodal Besar

Memiliki Auxiliary Service (cooling unit, Lactoscan)

Sensitif terhadap parameter kualitas

Difersifikasi produk

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Peternak

IPS

1 2 3 4 5


Broker

Broker Lokal

jemput bola Tidak menetapkan jadwal

pemerahan Harga ditingkat peternak lebih

tinggi sistem ijon

Broker Komparador

Memiliki jaringan regional Memiliki jaringan informasi dengan

IPS (kualitas, kuota, harga) Bisa memanfaatkan subsidi

transportasi dari IPS dilevel regional

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Peternak

IPS

1 2 3 4 5


GKSI

GKSI Pasif

Menggunakan pola bisnis lama Tergantung pada peran

pemerintah

GKSI Progresif

Mengusahakan IPS Memberikan pembinaan pada KUD Responsif terhadap mekanisme

pasar

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Peternak

IPS

1 2 3 4 5


IPS

IPS Lokal/Skala Kecil

Pengelolaan resiko ditingkat IPS dengan penetapan harga berdasarkan parameter kemurnian

IPS Skala Besar

Pengelolaan resiko ditingkat peternak dengan penetapan harga berdasarkan parameter

Melakukan upaya untuk menjamin kontinuitas pasokan susu untuk mencapai kuota produksi dengan cara : penyediaan subsidi transport, toleransi terhadap kualitas.

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Peternak

IPS

1 2 3 4 5


Observasi and Kontemplasi

Tujuan :1. Untuk mengimplementasikan konsep NETS dalam upaya

peningkatan ekonomi perdesaan2. Identifikasi kebutuhan perbaikan masing- masing sistem

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Kebutuhan Untuk Perbaikan Infrastructure Network

Disisi mana infrastructure network mempersulit upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

Disisi mana infrastructure network mempermudah upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

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Kebutuhan Untuk PerbaikanTraffic Network

Disisi mana traffic network mempersulit upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

Disisi mana traffic network mempermudah upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

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Kebutuhan Untuk PerbaikanRegulatory Network

Disisi mana regulatory network mempersulit upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

Disisi mana regulatory network mempermudah upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

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Kebutuhan Untuk PerbaikanCommuniation Network

Disisi mana communication network mempersulit upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

Disisi mana communication network mempermudah upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

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Kebutuhan Untuk PerbaikanAuxiliary Service Network

Disisi mana auxiliary network mempersulit upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

Disisi mana auxiliary network mempermudah upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

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Kebutuhan Untuk PerbaikanSkill Network

Disisi mana skill network mempersulit upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

Disisi mana skill network mempermudah upaya peningkatan ekonomi perdesaaan??

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SELAMAT BERKONTEMPLASI....

Terimakasih...

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Documents

Batch i i in f Asset Capability