Basics of Netwo

5/23/2018 Basics of Netwo

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CP2073 - Networking

Introduction to Module

Setting the scene for Networking


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CP2073 - Networking 2

Module Guide

Tutors are Peter Burden and Chas Marwaha

1Hr Lecture, 1Hr Tutorial, 1Hr Workshop plus1Hr Surgery

Assessment

Case Study (Group Work) 60%Report (40%) and Presentation (20%)

Practical Coursework (Individual) 40%


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AssessmentsCase StudyAn extension of that used in

Communications Technology.Group ReportMore detailed than last

semester. More technically oriented.Individual ReportTo be based upon research

findings. Must contain a substantialamount oforiginalcontent. A Viva will be used to confirmthese attributes.


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TimetableLecture MU206

Tutorial Groups 3pm

Group A MU206 Group B MU403 Group C MU416Workshop Groups 4pmGroup A MU115 Group B MU029 Group C MU403

Surgery Hour 5pm MU515Contact - 4 Hours, Self Study 6Hours


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Resources (Books)ESSENTIAL

Tanenbaum A. S., (1997) , Computer Networks,Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-394248-1DESIRABLEStallings W & Slyke R, (1998) Business Data

Communications Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-761230-3Sloane A, (1999), Computer Communications

McGraw-Hill, ISBN0-07-709443-3


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Week Plan1 JPHB - Introduction to Module, Networking

basics, Types of networks, Origins of firstnetworks, The internet2 CM - Purpose of the OSI model and its

seven layers, Function of each layer, Process

for communication between devices3 CM - Selecting a network architecture,

Peer-to-Peer networks, Client-server networks,Hybrid networks


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Week Plan (2)4 JPHB - Types of network operating systems,

Configuring network clients, Testing Connections5 CM - Physical vs. logical topology, Characteristics of

each physical topology, Comparison of most commontopologies, Topology affect upon network andperformance

6 JPHB - Analogue vs. Digital signals, D/A and A/D

conversion, Types of transmission, How transmissionsflow over media, Types of networking media,Characteristics of each type, Connectors for eachmedia, Advantages/disadvantages of each media,Distance limitations


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Week Plan (3)7 JPHB - How and why we extend networks,

What are network segments and collisiondomains, Types of devices found on networks,

Advantages and disadvantages of each device8 CM - Importance of protocols, Foundations

and features of the three main protocol suites,Individual protocols within the suites9 JPHB - LAN design the planning process,

Needs assessment, Architecture, topology anddevice selection, Implementation considerations


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Week Plan (4)10 CM - Importance of network management,

Basic support backups, UPS, redundancy,

Performance monitoring techniques and tools,Network management system and networkmanagement protocol, Layered approach totroubleshooting11 JPHB - What is Wide Area Networking?,

How Internet access works, Types oftelecommunications services, How to determineInternet access needs, Steps in implementing aWAN connection


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Week Plan (5)12 CM - Network software, Directory

structures, File and directory attributes,Inherited rights management, Login scripts,Print options

13 JPHB/CM - Completion of Assessment 2.

Staff are available for consultation14 JPHB/CM - Vivas


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Networking basicsA networkis, fundamentally, a system of

senders and receivers a common feature ofany communication system.The sender, or source, is a computer which

sends information to another.

The receiver, or destination computer, is thecomputer to which the information is sent.Any machine capable of communicating on the

network is a deviceor node.


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Networking Basics (2)In order to communicate the devices must

be connected to each other.

Most networks are connected by cable.Cables can use either copper or optical fibre

to carry the signalsRadio and microwave transmission are

becoming increasingly common.If two or more networks are connected to

each other this is known as an internetwork.


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Types of NetworksA network which covers a single floor, or perhaps

an entire building, is known as a Local AreaNetwork (LAN).

LANs connected using high speed links across ametropolitan area is known as a MAN.If the public switched telephone network is used

to connect the networks this is known as a Wide

Area Network, or WAN.If a number of LANs are connected to a larger

central network this is known as a BackboneNetwork, or BN (eg University of Wolverhampton).


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Local Area NetworksHUB

Workstations


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Local Area Networks (2)Now an essential part of everyday functioning

in schools, business, government etcSaves time, resources, allows information to be

held securely and centrally

Improves collaboration between colleagues

May be used for training capable of carryingaudio and video


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Local Area Networks (3)Several devices connected via cable to a

hub

Hubs are the most common device foundon a networkSome organisations will have LANs on

each floor of a building connected by abridgeor routerAll devices on the LAN communicate via

network interface cards (NICs)


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Local Area Networks (4)Characteristics include:

Used in small geographical areasOffer high-speed communications(>10Mbps)Provide access to many devicesUse LAN-specific devices such as

repeaters, hubs and network interfacecards


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Metropolitan Area Networks


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MANs (2)Made up of LANs which are interconnected across a

metropolitan area

Have become increasingly popular, eg among localgovernmentAllows sharing of resources, plus the provision of a

large-scale private phone service

Expensive to implement, provides high speed service(compared to WANs)Requires use of high-performance cable and equipment

to implement them


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MANs (3)

Also may appeal to regional businesses

Can span up to 75 milesGives access speeds in hundreds of megabits

per second (or even gigabits speeds)

Uses a single connection point to connect LANsAs well as using routers will also use switches


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Comparative Communication Speeds (Mbps)

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 1600000 1800000

Modem

Cable

Megastream


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Comparative Communication Speeds (Mbps)

0 100000000 200000000 300000000 400000000 500000000 600000000 700000000 800000000 900000000 1000000000 1100000000

Modem

Cable

Megastream

MAN

Gigabit

Mbps


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Wide Area NetworksTokyo

Paris

NairobiMexico City

New York

Cable or Radio

Connections


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WANs (2)Interconnects two or more LANs or WANs

Uses slow connections leased from a TelcoSpans cities, countries or even continentsRequires co-ordination and expensive equipmentSpeeds may be 56Kbps to 1.5 Mbps (speeds of

45Mbs are available)Slow is comparative faster speeds are

emerging for use in WANs


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WANs (3)Characteristics include:

Cover large areas may span the worldCompared to LANs slow speed communicationAccess to WANs is limited a LAN will access

a WAN through a single point (often a

bottleneck)Will use devices such as routers, modemsand

WAN switches


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Brief History of UK Telecomms1876 March 10 The telephone is inventedBefore 1969 - The General Post Office (GPO), granted

a monopoly in UK telecoms and postal services.This included the operation of the network and supply

of all equipment.1969 - October The Post Office Act 1969 established

the GPO as a statutory corporation headed by aChairman appointed by the Government.

1980 - July Government announces intention torestructure the GPO and relax the monopoly overterminal equipment and value-added services.


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Brief History of UK Telecomms (2) 1980 November - Government proposes split of GPO in to Posts and British

Telecom. 1982 January - BT began to sell telephones and install plug in master sockets (as

opposed to hard-wired installations).

1982 February - The Mercury consortium received a licence to build and operate anindependent network to compete across the full range of telecoms services.

1982 June - BT telephone suppliers were permitted to sell in competition to BT. 1983 April - Mercury launched its first telecoms services in the City of London.

May Licences were granted to Cellnet and Vodafone to provide national cellularradio networks.

1984 November - 51% of BT shares were sold to the public a total of 3,012 millionordinary shares.

1985January - BTs monopoly on the supply and maintenance of the prime (first)telephone ended. The two cellular operators, Cellnet and Vodafone, begancommercial service.

1986 May - Mercury began offering basic network services


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Brief History of UK Telecomms (3) 1990 June - New mobile operators (such as PCN licensees) were told they would be

able to sell direct to customers with safeguards for service providers. Steps beganto allow existing mobile operators to market direct in the future.

1993 September - Mercury One2One began offering a PCN service.Vodafone started offering GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) digitalservices.

1994 April - Orange launched its personal communications network (PCN) services.Cellnet launched its GSM (digital) service.

1994 SMS Services launched

1997 A new agreement to put schools on the information superhighway wasannounced on 7 October. It means that every school in the UK can have internetaccess with predictable bills, at low levels for all-day usage.


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Brief History of UK Telecomms (4) 2000 Licenses for 3G services auctioned

2000 Unbundling of local loop proposed by Oftel

2000 January GPRS launched (2.5 G) 2000 May Vodafone launch worlds first WAP trial

2001 March - 43,612,878 subscribers to mobile services

2001 July ADSL customers reaches 70 000 (there are over 1 million in

Germany)

2002 130 Licensed operators now compete in the market 2002/2003 Launch of 3G services (some uncertainty)


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Networks The BeginningFirst networks were terminals to mainframesSemi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) in

1958 linked military establishments in the USAand CanadaCompatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)

invented by MIT for IBM

1964 IBMs SABRE system linked 2000machines in 64 citiesFirst network protocols were Token Ring,

ARCNET and Ethernet


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Networks The Beginning (2)1971 First people communicate over a network

(15 nodes)1972 Telnet specification. People can now

communicate more freely

1973 Ethernet standard proposed by a student

1973 Global networking becomes a reality

1982 TCP/IP defines future communications


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The InternetEarly 1960s Advanced Research ProjectsAgency (ARPA) begins work on ARPAnetFirst nodes connected to University of

California1971 23 nodes now connected1974 - Packets and TCP established

1976 - The queen sends her first email1979 - First MUD games played acrossInternet1980s - sees rapid growth


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The Internet (2)TCP/IP defines future communications

1986 - sees 5000 hosts and 241 newsgroups1987 - sees 28000 hosts1988 - Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed1989 - Military portion split off as DARPAnet,

leaving public infrastructure now known asInternetSuccess of Internet due to BSD UNIX


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The Internet (3)Major American universities form first

backbone for the Internet known as NSFNET1989 - hosts now over 100 000

1990 - First ISP The World comes on line

1991 - sees first commercial use of Internet1991 - A Briton (Tim Berners-Lee) establishes

World Wide Web (released by CERN)


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The Internet (4)1994 - Commercialisation Begins (3 millionhosts, 10 000 WWW sites, 10 000 News Groups1994 - First pizza from Pizza Hut online in US

1995 - 6.5 Million hosts, 100 000 web sites1995 - Search Engines1996 - Microsoft enter. Browser war begins

1997 - 20 Million hosts, 1 1 Million WWW sites1997 onwards growth is exponential .The Abilene Project (Internet 2), 95

universities, 12 regional gigaPOPs


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SummaryIntroduction to Module

Networking basicsTypes of networks

Origins of first networks

The Internet

Questions and Answers

Documents

Basics of Netwo