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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
““BasicsBasics in in motionmotion analysisanalysis ““
KinematicsKinematics of GAITof GAIT
MilanMilan, , SeptemberSeptember 1010--21 21 SeptSept 20072007
2
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Video
Gait Analysis
Scheletro
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3
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
4
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Fig.44
HEEL STRIKE HEEL STRIKETOE OFF
LEFT
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
The report analysis
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
The spatial and temporal parameters
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
The gait cycle
Stance phase : 60% Swing phase : 40%
Normal values
5
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Stance o
appoggio Swing o
volo
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
The gait cycle
Stance phase o fase di
appoggio:
First double support
Single limb stance
Second double supportSwing phase
6
11
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Fase di stance
FOOT-FLAT (LOADING RESPONSE): la pianta del piede ècompletamente in contatto con il
terreno
(NORMALI: 0% - 10% gait cycle)
MIDSTANCE: inizia con lo stacco del
piede controlaterale. Il COG è
direttamente sopra il piede e
raggiunge il suo punto più alto (NORMALI: 10% - 30% gait cycle)
HEEL-OFF (TERMINAL STANCE) : il tallone si solleva dal terreno e inizia la fase propulsiva
causata dai muscoli posteriori
della gamba che flettono la
caviglia
(NORMALI: 30% - 50% gait cycle)
HEEL-STRIKE (INITIAL CONTACT): inizia il ciclo del
passo. Il COG
assume la posizione
più vicina al terreno
TOE-OFF (PRESWING): termina
la fase di stance e il piede si stacca dal terreno
(NORMALI: 50% - 60% gait cycle)
12
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
INITIAL SWING: l’arto si sposta in avanti
appena dopo lo stacco del piede; viene impressa all’arto un’accelerazione nella
direzione dell’avanzamento
NORMALI: 60% - 70% gait cycle)
MIDSWING: l’arto passa sotto il corpo. L’arto
controlaterale è in midstance(NORMALI: 70% - 85% gait cycle)
TERMINAL SWING: l’arto continua il
movimento in avanti e subisce una
decelerazione per stabilizzarsi e prepararsi al successivo appoggio
(NORMALI: 85% - 100% gait cycle)
Fase di swing
7
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Other quantities
Stridelength = = = = StepStepStepStepRightRightRightRight + + + + StepStepStepStepLeftLeftLeftLeft
Left steplengthRight steplength[cm]
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Nomalization on subject high.
8
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Step width
Step width [mm]
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Walking speed
Number of step per unit time
[step/min]
Cadence
Cadence *step lenght = Vel [m/s]
9
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
First sheet: Temporal parameters
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
10
19
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
20
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Clinical example
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Stance phase right: 65%
Swing phase dx: 35%
Step width 159 mm vs 130 mm norm
Vel:0.80 m/sec vs 1,15 m/sec
Stance phase left: 56%
Swing phase sx: 44%
Step lenght 846 mm a dx 852 mm a sx vs 1100 norm
H=123 cm
Right hemiplegia
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Diplegia (1922)
12
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Principali alterazioni dei parametri spazio/temporali
VIDEO Pdf
24
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Senza tutori
13
25
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Senza tutori
26
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Con tutori
14
27
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
From marker…….
Flexion/estention abdo/adduzione
esternal internal rotation
2^ pag of REPORT
28
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Marker “real” (on the patient)
Marker “Virtual” (Computed with a Mathematical computation)
Zg
15
29
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
30
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
PELVIS
HIP
KNEE
ANKLE
Frontal Sagittal Horizontal
16
31
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Main alterations
32
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
PELVIS
POSTERIOR TILT
GLUTEUS ,ischiocrurali, LUBAR CIFOSIS
17
33
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
PELVIS
ANTERIOR PELVIC TILT
Tension of hip flexors
Weakness of hip extensors
Weakness of abdominals
Deficit in maintaining equilibrum
34
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
PELVIS: shape
SINGLE BUMP (EMIPLEGIA)
DOUBLE BUMP (DIPLEGIA)
18
35
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Scheletro
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Anca
Alterazioni della funzione flessoria/debolezza estensori
Gait pdf
19
37
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Anca abdotta
Scheletro Video
38
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
KNE
INCREASED FLEXION AT INITIAL CONTACT
Co-contraction quads e ischiocrurali
Equinus
Increased hip joint flexion
20
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
KNEE JOINT
RIDUCED FLEXION IN SWING
Rectus femoris spasticity
40
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Diplegia
Hemiplegia
Skeleton
21
41
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
ANKLE JOINT
INCREASED DORSIFLEXION IN STANCE
Triceps weakness
Over lengthening of Achille Tendos
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
ANKLE JOINT
Reduction of DORSIFLEXION IN STANCE
Triceps spasticity
22
43
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Ankle joint
INCREASED PLANTAL FLEXION IN SWING
Triceps spasticity
Drop foot
44
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Hemiplegia Gait Scheletro
Diplegia
23
45
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Foot progression
Video Gait Scheletro
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Valutazione dello standing
Gait Scheletro
24
47
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
WHITWHITOUT
Con e senza tutori
48
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Thank you
25
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Pelvic obliquity- obliquità pelvica
-10
-5
0
5
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Ciclo del Passo
Gra
di
Media Media+Dev.St Media-Dev.St
Up
Dw n
NORMALI
IC: 0°
LOADING RESPONSE: 5°
MIDSTANCE: 0°
TERMINAL-STANCE/PRE-
SWING: -5°
TERMINAL-SWING: 0°
50
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
-10
0
10
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Ciclo del Passo
Gra
di
Media Media+Dev.St Media-Dev.St
Ant
Pos
Anterior Posterior Tilt- antiversione e retroversione pelvica
NORMALI
IC: 10°ROM: 5°
MEAN VALUE: 10°
26
51
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Ciclo del Passo
Gra
di
M edia M edia+Dev.St M edia-Dev.St
Int
Ext
Pelvic rotation – Rotazione pelvica
NORMALI
IC: 5°TERMINAL-STANCE/PRE-SWING: -5°TERMINAL-SWING: 5°
52
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Hip Abd/adduction –abdo/adduzione dell’anca
-10
-5
0
5
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Ciclo del Passo
Gra
di
Media Media+Dev.St Media-Dev.St
Add
Abd
NORMALIIC: 0°LOADING RESPONSE: 5°MIDSTANCE: 0°TERMINAL-STANCE/PRE-SWING: -5°TERMINAL-SWING: 0°
From Esmac/Siamoc course 2001
27
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Ciclo del Passo
Gra
di
Media Media+Dev.St Media-Dev.St
Flx
Ext
Hip flexion extension- flesso estensione dell’anca
NORMALIIC: 35°TERMINAL-STANCE: -5°; -10°TOE-OFF: 0°MID-SWING/TERMINAL-SWING: 35°
54
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
HIP ROTATION
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
% gait cycle
deg
rees
MEDIA MEDIA - DS MEDIA + DS
NORMALIROM <10°IC: -10°LOADING RESPONSE: 0°
28
55
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Ciclo del Passo
Gra
di
Media Media+Dev.St Media-Dev.St
Flx
Ext
Knee flexion estention – flesso estensione di ginocchio
NORMALIIC: 10°LOADING RESPONSE: 20°MIDSTANCE: 5°TOE-OFF: 40°- 50°EARLY-SWING: 60°TERMINAL-SWING: 5°ROM: 55°
56
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Ciclo del Passo
Gra
di
Media Media+Dev.St Media-Dev.St
Dor
Pla
Ankle plantar/dorsiflexion- dorsiflessione plantare
NORMALI
IC: -5°
MIDSTANCE: 10°- 15°
TOE-OFF: -25°
ROM: 35°
29
57
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
-25
-15
-5
5
15
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Ciclo del Passo
Gra
di
Media Media+Dev.St Media-Dev.St
Int
Ext
Foot progression- Rotazione del piede
NORMALI
IC: -10°
ROM STANCE PHASE: 5°TOE-OFF: -5°
ROM SWING PHASE: 5°
58
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
PELVIS WIDTH: Distanza tra le due
creste iliache (parti interne) [mm] PELVIS HEIGHT: Distanza verticale (a
paziente sdraiato) tra la cresta iliaca
anteriore e la linea orizzontale passante
per il grande trocantere parallela al piano
del lettino [mm]
30
59
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
KNEE DIAMETER: Distanza tra i
condili femorali [mm]ANKLE DIAMETER: Distanza tra il malleolo
esterno ed il malleolo interno [mm]
LEG LENGTH: Distanza tra le creste iliache anteriori
ed il punto intermedio tra il malleolo esterno ed il
malleolo interno [mm]
60
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Misure antropometriche per protocollo Davis
31
61
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
Glossario
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
FLESSIONE: avvicinamento di due segmenti adiacenti
ESTENSIONE: allontanamento di due segmenti adiacenti
ADDUZIONE: avvicinamento all’asse mediale
ABDUZIONE: allontanamento dall’asse mediale
INTRAROTAZIONE: avvicinamento all’asse mediale
EXTRAROTAZIONE: allontanamento dall’asse
mediale
Movimenti permessi e convenzioni
Piano sagittale
Piano frontale o coronale
Piano orizzontale o trasversale
32
63
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
64
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
33
65
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
66
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
PELVI
TILTING PELVICO ANTERIORE
Tensione flessori anca
Ipostenia estensori dell’anca
Ipostenia addominali
Deficit equilibrio
34
67
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
INTERVENTO NELLE PARALISI CEREBRALI INFANTILI
68
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
TENSIONE PSOAS
Crouch gait
Generatori di potenza
35
69
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
TENSIONE PSOAS
CINEMATICA:
Anterior pelvic tilt
Double bump pelvis
Ridotta estensione d’anca in terminal stance
70
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
TENSIONE PSOAS
CINETICA:
Pattern estensorio d’anca dominante
36
71
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
TENSIONE PSOAS
TRATTAMENTO:
Allungamento intramuscolare psoas
72
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
ISCHIOCRURALI
CINEMATICA:
Eccessiva flessione di ginocchio @ IC, MS, TS
Pelvic tilting posteriore
Limitata flessione d’anca in mid & terminal swing
37
73
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
ISCHIOCRURALI
CINETICA:
Costante momento estensorio in stance dovuta a crouch
(GRF cade posteriormente al ginocchio)
74
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
ISCHIOCRURALI
TRATTAMENTO:
Serial casting
Botox
Allungamento ischiocrurali
38
75
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
RETTO FEMORALE
CINEMATICA:
Diminuita flessione in swing e/o ritardo nel picco
76
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
RETTO
TRATTAMENTO:
Transfer del retto su gracile o sartorio
39
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Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
GASTROCNEMIO
CINEMATICA
Stance:
Equino
Limitato 2nd rocker
Anomala PF/KE couple
Swing:
•Drop foot
78
Course “Basics in Motion Analysis” TRAMA Project
September 10 - 12 th 2007
GASTROCNEMIO
CINETICA:
Anomalo momento precoce
Double bump
Generazione di potenza in MS
Diminuita generazione di potenza al push off
Aumentato momento flessorio al ginocchio