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Basics in Information Literacy
MATHIEU UYTTEBROUCK
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORULIÈGE LIBRARY - LÉON GRAULICH
CONTACT: [email protected]
Why this course ?
Teacher’s request:
Gaps in students papers
Bad identification and use of science literacy
Students request:
Can’t meet properly to teachers requirements
Lack of effiency in searching, wasting of time
More quality, relevance, efficiency, autonomy
Why this course ?
GOALS:
Bring useful skills for your academic path
Better knowledge of the tools, methods and techniques
More autonomy and efficiency
Content of this intervention
1. What’s Information Literacy ?
Definition
Principles et pillars
2. What do we search? Literature
Definition of the proper literature
Gray literature
3. Where do we search? University tools
Catalogues and Discovery tools
Databases
4. How do we search ?
Limits et Facets
Booleans operators
Special characters
5. Citation and Plagiarism
1. What’s Information
Literacy ?
1. Information Literacy
«To be information literate, a person must be able to
recognize when information is needed and have
the ability to locate, evaluate and use effectively
the needed information.»
Source : Bernhard, P. (1998). Apprendre à « maîtriser » l’information : des habiletés indispensables dans une « société du savoir », Education et Francophonie, XXVI(1), 18.
(https://www.acelf.ca/c/revue/revuehtml/26-1/09-bernhard.html)
1.1 Information Literacy : Great Principles
Duty of Openness
« ἕν οἶδα ὅτι οὐδὲν οἶδα »
« I know only one thing, is that I know nothing »
Question our knowledge
Ask ourself the right questions (WHAT, WHO, WHEN, WHERE…)
Source: PLATON, Sokrates Apology
1.1 Information Literacy : Great Principles
Duty of rigour
Having clear ideas about the way to proceed
Take time to plan your search
What information i need ?
Where will i find it ?
What approach i will use ?
1.1 Information Literacy : Great Principles
Duty of exhaustivity
Not settle too quick
Always try to push further
Cross-reference tools between them
Find the limits
1.1 Information Literacy : Great Principles
Duty of relevance
Keep on sight your goals, problems and hypothesis
Critical sort according to your subjetFaire
Be rigorous : objectified eliminations
Be open-minded : don’t let bias shapeyour hypothesis!!!
1.2 Information Literacy : Pillars
Define
Access
Evaluate
Organise
Integrate
1.2 Information Literacy : Pillars
Define: formulation of the initial question, master the concepts, circumscribe the searching field…
Openness : Challenge your knowledge
Rigour : Tune the meaning of the used concepts
Exhaustivity : Master the lexical field associated to your subject
Relevance : establish a proper frame to your paper scale
Access
Evaluate
Organise
Integrate
1.2 Information Literacy : Pillars
Define
Access: plan your searching methods, Master the proper tools, find the references, then the documentation…
Openness : Consider all the tools at your disposal
Rigour : Plan your working sessions to gain time
Exhaustivity : do not settle on your first results
Relevance : Keep your subject on sight
Evaluate
Organise
Integrate
1.2 Information Literacy : Pillars
Define
Access
Evaluate: Indentifie the proper literature, the relevant sources, critic the information, apply rigorously the process of evaluation…
Openness : Do not use bias to filter your results
Rigour : Base your critic analyse on objectified criteria
Exhaustivity : Check the potential of all finded information
Relevance : test the validity of your hypothesis
Organise
Integrate
1.2 Information Literacy : Pillars
Define
Access
Evaluate
Organise: Manage your documentation, Watch the academicproduction…
Openness : Consider an evolution on new leads
Rigour : Organise your bibliography
Exhaustivity : Stay aware of the new releases
Relevance : Don’t let you drown in your watch
Integrate
1.2 Information Literacy : Pillars
Define
Access
Evaluate
Organise
Integrate: Use the information in your work, cite it properly and avoid plagiarism …
Openness : Take time to develop your reflexions
Rigour : Respect the bibliography norms
Exhaustivity : Be complete in your citations
Relevance : don’t burden your writing
2. What do we
search?
2.1 Work instruments
For Background and Overall informations
About a word > Dictionnary
Overall subject > encyclopedia
Geographical > Atlas
Good starting point, but not enough!
2.2 Scientific Literature
Also called Research
ESSENTIAL
Precise contextualization of the research
framework
Establishing a rigorous and proven
methodology
Confirmation of the results
Can help to throw yourself on new leads
2.2 Scientific Literature
Terminology
Livres Monographies Monographs
Actes de Congrès,
conférences
Actes de Colloque
Proceedings
Revues scientifiques
Périodiques Journals
Compte-rendus de recherche
Rapports de Recherches
Working Papers
2.2 Scientific Literature
Monographs
Plus de 48 pages
« Aboutissement » du travail de chercheur
Collective Publication
Joining of input on a common theme
Proceedings
Transcripts of oral interventions from the same seminar or colloquium
Scientific Articles
Less definitive, but more current
Working Papers
Assessment of a researcher
recommandations
2.2 Scientific Literature
Normatives criteria (Bibliographic Apparel)
Language quality
Abstract
Citations (foot notes, end notes…)
Bibliography!
Systemics criteria
Readers comity (Scientific members)
Peer reviewing
Peer citing (impact factor)
Author Affiliation
2.2 Scientific Literature
3. Abstract
2.2 Scientific Literature
4. Citations and footnotes
2.2 Scientific Literature
Footnotes and Summary
2.2 Scientific Literature
1. Journal and Reader Comity
2.2 Scientific Literature
2. Reader comity
2.2 Scientific Literature
5. Bibliography
2.2 Scientific Literature
Publisher
2.2 La littérature scientifique
Author Affiliation
2.3 Gray literature
Also called sources (of information)
Often non edited
Exemples:
Thesis and Students papers
Reports
Interviews
Official production from institutions (reports,
statistics)
Etc.
2.3 Gray literature
2.3 Gray literature
Articles and non scientifics journals
2.3 Gray literature
!! Lacking of:
- Citations
- Bibliography
- Readers
2.3 Gray literature
Worst of the worst
- Ghost-Writer
- Story-telling
- Pure subjectivity
- Purely commercial
3. Where do we
search?
3. Where do we search?
Les Catalogues
Library services
Search on the Uliège Discovery tool
Databases
Find the databases
Particularities
Get it at ULiège
Open Access
Roads to Open Access
Predatory Journals
3.1 Catalogues
Now more called Discovery tools
DEMONSTRATION
http://lib.uliege.be
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
Les ouvrages de stratégie marketing se trouvent
à la cote:
XXI-9423/….Économie
Gestion commerciale
Stratégie marketing
Cote de position
LIRE UNE COTE: système décimal
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
3.1 Catalogues
Catalogue from de Liege Province
(https://www.provincedeliege.be/fr/node/1021)
Public Libraries
May be useful
Unicat (https://www.unicat.be)
For all Academic and institutional Libraries of Belgium!
Checking availability
Worldcat (http://www.worldcat.org/)
For all libraries in the World
Only locations!
3.2 Databases Search engine
Computerized tools, usually for a fee
Questionable by web
Source of Information and documentation (references, summaries and sometimes content)
Searching by keywords or bibliographic data
Access to references
Often with an abstract
Sometimes with complete text
Access to all databases by the Uliège Library website (lib.ulg.ac.be)
!!!! Identify yourself
Not always stick to one’s own discipline
A subject can have many common ground with sociology, politics, economics, etc.
Complete research by interviewing other databases
3.2 Databases
3.2 Databases
3.2 Databases
3.2 Databases
3.2 Databases
CAIRN
Human and Social sciences
French
Journals and ebooks, sometimes only the reference available
From 2001
EBSCOHost
Directory of databases
En anglais
Includes CMMC (Communication and Mass Media Complete), Academic Search Premier, Business Source Premier etc.
Mainly Journals
Bureau Van Dijk
Directory of the databases (Bel-First et Orbis Europe)
French and English
Need a request at your teachers for the access
Mainly figures from Benelux and European business : balance sheets, SWOT, etc.
3.2 Databases
SCOPUS
Database from Elsevier, in english
« largest database of SEO and abstract scientific literature » (Journals and Monographs)
Searching by Impact Factor
OECD iLibrary
Bilingual french/english
Thematical or national searching
Scientific literature, but mainly figures and reports
COLUMBIA INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ONLINE (CIAO)
Centered around international relations
english
Mainly References of Journals
3.2 DatabasesExemple : Cairn.info
3.2 DatabasesExemple : Business Source Premier
3.2 DatabasesExemple : OECD iLibrary
3.2 DatabasesLe « Get it @ ULiège »
3.2 DatabasesLe « Get it @ ULiège »
Le « Get it @ ULiège »
Link between our different databases souscription
Allow access to the complete text via the
catalogue
Le « Get it @ ULiège »
Le « Get it @ ULiège »
3.2 DatabasesVirtual Private Network
Open the access to paid online ressource outside the Universitycampus
Module on your browser
Need identification
3.2 DatabasesVirtual Private Network
3.2 DatabasesVirtual Private Network
3.3 Open Access
Research
Writing
Peer-reviewing
Publishing
Access
?
3.3 Open Access
The two roads of Open Access
The Golden road : Open access for fees to an
independant platform
Authors pay the journal or the editor to ensure free to users
Can be the open door can be excessive, or even a scam
(predatory journals)
Ex : Scopus OA, Taylor & Francis OA, OpenEdition Journals…
The Green road : deposit in open archives
Most of the time linked to a scientific or academic institution
Often embargo from editors
Ex : Pascal et Francis, Gallica, Orbi…
3.3 L’Open Access
Where to find Open Access platform ?
BASE : « One of the most important searchengine in multidisciplinary research in Open
Access »
3.3 L’Open Access
Where to find Open Access platform ?
https://openaccess.couperin.org/ou-trouver-
des-ressources/
3.3 L’Open Access
Exemples of Open Access Databases
Pascal et Francis : CNRS Database (French)
Gallica : French National Library Database
DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) :
Community Management and Peer-reviewing
Persée : Free Journals archives (before 2001)
« Valorisation du patrimoine scientifique »
OpenEdition Journals : old Revues.org
Smaller, mainly French literature
SciELO : hispanic literature database
3.4 Predatory Journals
Predatory Journals : « Journals that publish work without
proper peer review and which charge scholars sometimes
huge fees to submit »
Source : predatoryjournals.com
3.4 Predatory Journals
3.4 Predatory Journals
3.4 Predatory Journals
How to identify Predatory Journals
As a reader : https://predatoryjournals.com/
Blacklist of the dangerous Journals
Highjacked list
As a scientist : https://thinkchecksubmit.org/
Good knowledge of the publishing process
Be skeptical in front of a spontaneous request
Warning of a short peer-reviewing process
4. Methods of
Searching
4. Méthodes de recherche
Limits and Facets
Booleans operators
Special characters
Thesaurus
4.1 Limits and Facets
Before = limits
After = facets
4.1 Limits and Facets
4.1 Limits and Facets
4.1 Limits and Facets
4.2 Booleans operators
Logical Algebra operators
AND – OR – EXCEPT
Utility:
- Refine or widen the search
- Include or exclude elements
- Relations between concepts in synonyms
4.2 Booleans operators
Multiplication > Conjonction > « And »
Addition > Disjonction > « OR »
Soustraction > Negation > « Except »
Car
Automobile
Women Work
VATTaxes
4.2 Booleans operators
4.2 Booleans operators
4.4 Special Characters
Troncation :
Enlarge the search to all the words with a
common root
Find singular or plural forms, or words with a poorly
knowed spelling
Troncation = signs who replace one or more
letters at the end or the beginning of the word
*
4.4 Special Characters
Migra*
Migration(s) Migratoire(s) Migrant(s)
Instituti*
Institutional Institution(s) Institutionnel(le)
4.4 Special Characters
Masks : « ? »
Allow to search a word with multiple spelling
Ex.1: Judg?ment
Judgement (GB)
Judgment (US)
Ex.2: Hono?r
Honour (GB)
Honor (US)
4.4 Special Characters
To research an EXACT EXPRESSION :
« Puissances émergentes »
« Anthropologie de l’enfance »
« Coopération internationale »
« Sociologie du travail »
« … »
4.4 Special Characters
Combination with Booleans operators
equations
Exemple : ((« Marché du travail » OU « Marché de
l’emploi ») ET migra*)
« Marché de l’emploi »
Migra* = migrants,
migrations, etc,
« Marché du travail »
4.5 Thesaurus
or Index, or directory
Standardised index of controled words
normalised concepts
Keywords / descriptors describing multiplethemes and concepts
4.5 Thesaurus
DescripteurTerme générique
auto Car
Car withoutpermit
break
Sports car
vehicles
Termes spécifiques
4.5 Thesaurus
5. Citations
and Plagiarism
Right or Wrong?
When you express in yours own words what is written on a web page, you don’t have to quote your sources.
WRONG!
Right or Wrong?
If I take up an idea or concept, spoken of orally, by a professor in his
or her course, I must mention it explicitly.
RIGHT!
Right or Wrong?
If I use, in a job, an image found freely on Google, I am not forced to
mention the source of this image.
WRONG!
Droits d’usage des images
Right or Wrong?
Plagier is to copy word for word a part from a book, magazine, or web page, without putting it in quotation marks and/or without mentioning the
source.
RIGHT! (but not just that)
5.1 Plagiarism
« Plagiarism is defined as submitting as one's own work,
irrespective of intent to deceive, that which derives in part or in
its entirety from the work of others without due
acknowledgement ».
(source : "Definition of plagiarism", in University of Cambridge Website )
PDF pamphlet
Conditions:
inserting an excerpt of a document into its text without placing it in quotation marks and without indicating the full reference (author, source, year). And this, regardless of the medium, the original language or the length of the extract taken. Italicizing or bolding is not enough. The quotation marks and the explicit and complete quotation from the source are essential
inserting in its text a reasoning, an analysis, an image, a graph... of others without giving the complete reference
paraphrasing in whole or in part a document without giving the full reference.
5.1 Plagiarism
ALWAYS CITE YOUR SOURCES!!!!!!
Yes but HOW?
Different ways to make a bibliography
Riguor and Coherence is the key!
Use an adapt way depending on the type of the document
Stay legible for your reader
5.2 Citations : Principles
Must appear fully and classified in your bibliography
In Author's name alphabetical order (Anonymous upfront)
Separate « Grey literacy » and scientific literacy
Must appear in full at their first mention in the text
In footnote, directly after the citation, or at the end
If new mention later, use a simplified reference
If new mention on the same page, indicated Idem or
Ibidem
5.2 Citations : Norms
APA : American Psychological Association
APA Guide from Montréal University(http://guides.bib.umontreal.ca/disciplines/20-Citer-selon-les-normes-de-l-APA?tab=108 )
Monograph : Author, A. A. (year). Title du livre (xe ed., vol. x). Place of publication : Publisher.
Journal Article : Author, A. A., Author, B. B. and Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal title, volume(number), starting page – ending page.
Online Article : mention the DOI at the end, of the URL.
Uliège Norms
Variation according to faculties, to do with your teacher/promoter.
Name of the Author in small capitals (Ctrl+Shift+K)
Article title or contribution between quotation marks
Add « in » before the Journal title or the collective publication reference, add « p. » before paging
[online]hypertext link (date of last consultation)
Can use Mendeley or Zotero
5.2 Cite a collective publication
Like a monograph, with an editor
Exemple
FERCHIOU Sophie, ed., 1996, L’islam pluriel au Maghreb,
CNRS éditions, Paris.
Contribution = « Article » in the collective publication
Exemple
BLILI Leïla, 1996, « le faqih entre ordre sacré et gestion du
profane », in FERCHIOU Sophie, ed., L’islam pluriel au
Maghreb, CNRS éditions, Paris, pp. 85-92.
5.2 Cite thesis
Mention « thesis», « unpublished », and the University
Can addthe disciplinand the promoter
Exemple :
ANDREETTA Sophie, 2016, « Saisir l’Etat ». Les conflits d’héritage, la justice et
la place du droit à Cotonou, Thèse de doctorat en sciences politiques et
socialesnon publiée, Université de Liège.
5.3 Citing tools
ZOTERO
Open Source : https://www.zotero.org/
MENDELEY
Free (Elsevier) : https://www.mendeley.com/
Operation
Install on the browser
Save citations, then upload on text files (Microsoft Office,
LibreOffice etc.)
Any
Questions?
CONSULTING HOURS IN OFFICE : MONDAY 10H-12H AND THURSDAY 14H-16H
MAIL : [email protected]
GOING FURTHER
Bernhard, P. (1998). Apprendre à « maîtriser » l’information : des habiletés indispensables dans une « société du savoir », Education et Francophonie, XXVI(1), 18. https://www.acelf.ca/c/revue/revuehtml/26-1/09-bernhard.html
5PMIS - Cinq piliers de la maîtrise de l’information scientifique - Présentation, http://infolit.be/5PMIS/
ISO/TC 46/SC 9 - Identification et description, https://www.iso.org/fr/committee/48836/x/catalogue/
CHEVILLOTTE S., Bibliothèques et Information Literacy, http://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2005-02-0042-007
POCHET B., Comprendre et maîtriser la littérature scientifique.,
Gembloux, Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2015.
POCHET B., Infolit.be : la maîtrise de l’information scientifique, http://infolit.be/wordpress/
