Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge

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Excellence in Execution


S c h l um b er g er P u b l i c


Introduction

to

E&PBasic

Logging

and

Petrophysics

Rob Leveridge

Schlumberger

Geological Society, Piccadilly W1J 0BG

17th November 2011


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Introduction

to

E&P

Basic

Logging

and

Petrophysics


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Wireline set up

LOGGING UNIT

8 Tons

Lower Sheave

Upper Sheave


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S c h l um b er g er P

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Wireline set up


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What is logging?


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Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution


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Wireline Log

What is logging?


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1927: Pechelbronn E‐Log

Geological

layers

Resistivity


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Why log?

Get information, make decisions,

understand what is there & will it move ?

1

2

3


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How does it relate to the rest of the

field?

1

2

3

A

B

C

Well A Well B


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Mother Nature is cruel …?

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2

3

A

B

C

Well A Well B


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What Geology is there ?

Imaging

tools• Calipers the borehole

• Determines “formation electrical

resistance”

• Finds which way the formations

dip (tilt) finds faults / fractures

1

2

3


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1

2

3

Imaging Tools

FMI tool (Fullbore

Formation

MicroImager )

Wh fl id i h ?


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• Examines if reservoirs are

connected

• Examines if reservoirs are

depleted

• Examines what fluid is present

What fluid is there ?

Formation pressure & sampling tools

1

2

3

Wh fl id i h ?


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Are the sands connected ?

MDT

1

2

3

Pressure

D e p t h

Wh fl id i h ?


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Are the sands depleted ?

MDT

1

2

3

Pressure

D e p t h

Wh t fl id i th ?


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Will the fluid flow?

Sample the fluid

1

2

3


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Variety of Viscous Oils

0 1

1

10

100

1 000

10 000

100 000

1 000 000

10 000 000

0

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

API Gravity

V

i

s

c

t

y

c

P

)

a

r

e

e

v

o

r

T

BitumenExtraheavy

Heavy

CanadaUSVenezuela/ColombiaChinaIndia/IndonesiaUS

Canada

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.guidaconsumatore.com/english/guides/food_beverage/honey.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.guidaconsumatore.com/english/guides/food_beverage/honey.html&usg=__vYChJ6SrdU3srvjEfOkt0ZkSEFE=&h=300&w=336&sz=30&hl=en&start=25&tbnid=mRAHUm-fZFeUiM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=119&prev=/images?q=honey&gbv=2&ndsp=18&hl=en&sa=N&start=18http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.delmontepacific.com/products/images/new/Tomato_juice.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.delmontepacific.com/products/beverages/index.html&usg=__kFyZfCz4G_8N43egzvhYta7F3VY=&h=779&w=736&sz=107&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=--wXW85BxvflAM:&tbnh=142&tbnw=134&prev=/images?q=tomato+juice&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.blisstree.com/chocolatebytes/files/2006/10/chocolate01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.blisstree.com/chocolatebytes/melting-chocolate/&usg=__qT14wL92pp9hKYlH3ZD7ZA05yGk=&h=768&w=800&sz=85&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=rucKnLceVUxHKM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=143&prev=/images?q=chocolate&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fortunecookiechronicles.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/peanutbutter.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fortunecookiechronicles.com/2007/09/29/peanut-butter-is-so-american-you-cant-even-really-find-it-in-the-uk/&usg=__PgVUIX40woq6wt96BepY-MP8Z6Y=&h=500&w=500&sz=44&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=7ioXBOiWPYotMM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q=peanut+butter&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~srs/Antiques/Radios/Heinz_Tomato_Ketchup.jpg&imgrefurl=http://nyyu.blogspot.com/2008/04/bob-watson-is-stooge.html&usg=__M283dH1y0RKUyG-3qOQVW3kQFjE=&h=550&w=343&sz=20&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=-zqZGPiSFkiN-M:&tbnh=133&tbnw=83&prev=/images?q=tomato+ketchup&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://fatquestion.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/olive-oil.jpg&imgrefurl=http://fatquestion.com/2008/07/10/is-it-simply-the-olive-oil/&usg=__57VQEefiwNWFNF09mju4l4g6FCo=&h=325&w=320&sz=29&hl=en&start=16&tbnid=2aaEVo18zP8dcM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=olive+oil&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://media.kcby.com/images/stock_glass_milk.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kcby.com/news/health/9313171.html&usg=__dN0Hj9zAdrZcHwZsXdsnIgmLxqk=&h=240&w=320&sz=5&hl=en&start=18&tbnid=el3I3oqd0ILpnM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images?q=glass+milk&gbv=2&hl=en


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Petrophysics Definition

Petrophysics

( petro is Latin for "rock" and physics is the study of nature) is the study of the physical and chemical

properties that describe the occurrence and

behavior of rocks, soils and fluids


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Common Logs for Petrophysics

Common Logs to acquire

– Gamma Ray

• How radioactive the rock is

• Rough guide to the type of rock

– Density

• How dense the rock + fluid is

• Guide to the rock porosity

– Neutron

• Guide to the rock porosity

– Resistivity

• What fluids present

– Spontaneous Potential

– Sonic

Properties to determine

– Porosity

• Where the fluids can reside

– Saturation

• Volume of each fluid present

– Fluid Properties• What is it? How will it flow?

Is it corrosive?

– Permeability

• How the fluid can move through the rocks

Plan How to get it out effectively


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Petrophysics Example

Caliper

Resistivity (deeper)

Resistivity

(Shallower)

Gamma Ray


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Petrophysics Example

Gamma Ray

Caliper

Resistivity (deeper)

Resistivity

(Shallower)


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How do you use Petrophysics to

quantify Hydrocarbon?

– Archie Equation (or variations) that link porosity φ and Resistivity

(Rw and Rt) to the water that is present in the rock

– Logging tools are used to provide the values for Rw, Rt, and φ , and guide on a, m and n.

– Hydrocarbon is then calculated all the fluids less the volume of water

n w

w m

t

Ra

S R= ×φ


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Effects of parameters

►Example of variations in the Archie parameters:

►The following are measurements:■φ = 25%, Rt = 5 ohm‐m, Rw = .02 ohm‐m

►Assuming a simple formation with:

■ a = 1, m = 2, n = 2 → Sw = 25% – Changing n to 2.5, changes Sw to 33%

– Changing m to 3, changes Sw to 50%

►Hence the choice of these constants is important.

n w

w m

t

RaSR

= ×φ


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•••••• •

•

Other Techniques – Cross plots

– This is a typical crossplot of density

vs porosity – There are many

others!

– The lines are the sandstone, limestone and dolomite lithology lines.

– Watch out for gas effect

D e n

s i t y

Porosity


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Spontaneous Potential (SP)?

• SP results from electric

currents flowing in the

drilling mud.

• There are three sources

of the currents

1) Membrane potential ‐

largest.

2) Liquid junction

potential.3) Streaming potential ‐

smallest.


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Why log? Get information, make decisions,

understand what is there & will it move ?

1

2

3

Pressure

D e p t h


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CASED

HOLE


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Cement Evaluation tools

Imaging Tools

• Ultra sonic – Examines casing &

cement

Cement Bond Logs

• Sonic Cement Bond Log – Qualitative cement

examination


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USIT – Ultra Sonic Imaging Tool

Casing Integrity

• Internal diameter• Thickness

• Pin / bullet holes


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USIT – Ultra Sonic Imaging Tool


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Cement Integrity


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CBL – Cement Bond Low

VDL – Variable Sonic Density Log

50

Feet

Poor

GOOD

CBL VDL


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Summary Why wireline & Petrophysics ?

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2

3

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2

3

Is there Hydrocarbon there?

Will it economically produce?

What to complete ?

Adjustments to plan ?

Where

next?


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Documents

Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge