Basic Inorganic Basic Inorganic ChemistryChemistry

Leyton Prentice Leyton Prentice

Whitney RumseyWhitney Rumsey

AtomsAtomsAtoms are the smallest Atoms are the smallest

particle that retains its special particle that retains its special properties. They are the properties. They are the

building block of an element building block of an element and are incapable of being and are incapable of being

divided.divided.

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

Atoms consist of a dense nucleus in Atoms consist of a dense nucleus in their center (which is made up of their center (which is made up of protons and neutrons). protons and neutrons).

The nucleus is surrounded an electron The nucleus is surrounded an electron cloud full of tiny, active electrons cloud full of tiny, active electrons moving within their fixed orbital. moving within their fixed orbital.

Protons are positively charged, Protons are positively charged, electrons are negative, and neutrons electrons are negative, and neutrons are neutral. are neutral.

Atomic NumberAtomic Number

Each atom has a set number of protons, Each atom has a set number of protons, neutrons, and electrons (at least to begin neutrons, and electrons (at least to begin with). with).

The number of protons an atom contains is The number of protons an atom contains is called the atomic number (this is also the called the atomic number (this is also the number of electrons that the atom contains. number of electrons that the atom contains.

Each element has a different atomic number Each element has a different atomic number and a difference of just one proton and and a difference of just one proton and electron completely changes the properties electron completely changes the properties of the atom.of the atom.

Atomic Mass NumberAtomic Mass Number

Atomic Mass Number is the sum of Atomic Mass Number is the sum of the proton and neutron weight in the the proton and neutron weight in the atom (electron are so tiny that their atom (electron are so tiny that their mass is ignored)mass is ignored) Each proton/neutron has a mass of 1 Each proton/neutron has a mass of 1

atomic mass unit (amu)atomic mass unit (amu) Using the Atomic Number and Atomic Using the Atomic Number and Atomic

Mass Number you can determine Mass Number you can determine how many neutrons are in a how many neutrons are in a particular atomparticular atom

IsotopesIsotopes Not all atoms of one element have the same Not all atoms of one element have the same

Atomic Mass NumberAtomic Mass Number Since ALL atoms within an element have the same Since ALL atoms within an element have the same

number of protons and electrons, what does vary is number of protons and electrons, what does vary is the number of neutrons. the number of neutrons.

These atoms are called IsotopesThese atoms are called Isotopes Because of the variation in neutron count, not all Because of the variation in neutron count, not all

atoms of an element have the same Atomic Massatoms of an element have the same Atomic Mass The Atomic weight of an element takes into The Atomic weight of an element takes into

account the varying weight and also the frequency account the varying weight and also the frequency with which they appearwith which they appear

The element hydrogen has atoms with three The element hydrogen has atoms with three different atomic masses (1, 2, and 3). Therefore, different atomic masses (1, 2, and 3). Therefore, Hydrogen’s Atomic weight is 1.0079 (showing that Hydrogen’s Atomic weight is 1.0079 (showing that the hydrogen atom with an Atomic mass of 1 the hydrogen atom with an Atomic mass of 1 appears much more often than that of 2 or 3) appears much more often than that of 2 or 3)

BondsBonds Bonds are formed when atoms unite chemicallyBonds are formed when atoms unite chemically A bond is not an actual structure, but more of an A bond is not an actual structure, but more of an

energy relationship between the electrons of the energy relationship between the electrons of the atoms involvedatoms involved

Around an atom, electron occupy fixed regions, Around an atom, electron occupy fixed regions, which are called energy levels or shellswhich are called energy levels or shells

These levels surround the nucleus and are These levels surround the nucleus and are numbered from one to seven (not all atoms contain numbered from one to seven (not all atoms contain all 7)all 7)

They electrons in the outermost levels usually They electrons in the outermost levels usually react with other atoms because their own nucleus react with other atoms because their own nucleus has less control over themhas less control over them

This outermost level is called the Valence ShellThis outermost level is called the Valence Shell

Valence Electrons and Atom Valence Electrons and Atom StabilityStability

The valence shell is special because its The valence shell is special because its electrons determine the chemical behavior electrons determine the chemical behavior of the atomof the atom

The atom is “full” when it has 8 electrons in The atom is “full” when it has 8 electrons in the valence shellthe valence shell

The atom is then considered stable, and is The atom is then considered stable, and is then inactive then inactive

All atoms are striving to be stable, so they All atoms are striving to be stable, so they will either lose, gain, or share their valence will either lose, gain, or share their valence electrons to achieve a total of 8electrons to achieve a total of 8

Then this occurs, a chemical bond is formedThen this occurs, a chemical bond is formed

Ionic BondsIonic Bonds These are formed when electrons transfer from These are formed when electrons transfer from

one atom to anotherone atom to another One loses to achieve 8, and one gainsOne loses to achieve 8, and one gains

Since the original atoms have no charge, losing or Since the original atoms have no charge, losing or gaining electrons (which are negative) affects the gaining electrons (which are negative) affects the atoms overall chargeatoms overall charge Gaining electrons makes an atom negative, while losing Gaining electrons makes an atom negative, while losing

them makes it positivethem makes it positive These unbalanced particles are called ionsThese unbalanced particles are called ions

Negative ions are called anions, while positive ones are Negative ions are called anions, while positive ones are called cationscalled cations

Once these newly formed particles are set loose, Once these newly formed particles are set loose, they tend to stick close together since the they tend to stick close together since the negative and positives attractnegative and positives attract

Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds

These are formed when atoms share their These are formed when atoms share their electrons instead of losing or gainingelectrons instead of losing or gaining

The atoms usually share a pair of electron The atoms usually share a pair of electron which then satisfy both of the atoms by which then satisfy both of the atoms by giving them a total of 8 valence electronsgiving them a total of 8 valence electrons

The sharing atoms are linked together by The sharing atoms are linked together by a very strong chemical bonda very strong chemical bond

The new particle is called a moleculeThe new particle is called a molecule When these bonds are formed, the When these bonds are formed, the

molecule has a definite 3-d shapemolecule has a definite 3-d shape

PolarityPolarity A covalent molecule’s A covalent molecule’s

shape plays a major role in shape plays a major role in its polarityits polarity

Polarity means whether an Polarity means whether an atom is polar or not (has a atom is polar or not (has a positively charged side and positively charged side and a negatively charged side)a negatively charged side)

If the positive and negative If the positive and negative values within the molecule values within the molecule are balanced equally across are balanced equally across it, then the molecule is non-it, then the molecule is non-polar polar

If the molecule’s structure If the molecule’s structure is off balance, each end will is off balance, each end will have a definite chargehave a definite charge

This is important because This is important because polar molecules tend to polar molecules tend to stick togetherstick together

Acids and Bases Acids and Bases

AcidAcid- A compound that donates a proton or - A compound that donates a proton or H+ ion. Also known as a substance that H+ ion. Also known as a substance that dissolves in Hdissolves in H22O to produce hydrogen ions.O to produce hydrogen ions.

{EX. Vinegar, oranges, apples, paint,}{EX. Vinegar, oranges, apples, paint,}

BaseBase- A compound that accepts a proton or - A compound that accepts a proton or H+ ionH+ ion

{bicarbonate ion (HCO{bicarbonate ion (HCO33) ) is an important is an important base in the blood and is a fairly weak base in the blood and is a fairly weak base.}base.}

Acids and Bases cont’Acids and Bases cont’

Acid- Base TitrationAcid- Base Titration

A procedure that determines the A procedure that determines the acidity or basicity of a solution by acidity or basicity of a solution by adding a controlled amount of a adding a controlled amount of a solution of know concentration to a solution of know concentration to a measure amount of a solution of measure amount of a solution of unknown concentration. unknown concentration.

pH basicspH basics

pH- An acid-base concentration pH- An acid-base concentration

The pH scale is based on the # of The pH scale is based on the # of hydrogen ions in a solution.hydrogen ions in a solution.

1pH unit= 10 fold change in 1pH unit= 10 fold change in hydrogen concentration. hydrogen concentration.

pH basicspH basics

“ “ A solution with a pH of 6 has 10 times as A solution with a pH of 6 has 10 times as many hydrogen ions as a solution with a pH many hydrogen ions as a solution with a pH of 7.”of 7.”

pH of 3 =10,000 (pH of 3 =10,000 (10)(10)(10)(1010)(10)(10)(10)) The body is sensitive to changes in pH and The body is sensitive to changes in pH and

homeostasis of an acid-base balance is homeostasis of an acid-base balance is regulated by the kidneys, lungs, and regulated by the kidneys, lungs, and chemicals called buffers (chemicals called buffers (present in bodily fluidspresent in bodily fluids) )

Normal blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45 changes of Normal blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45 changes of more than a 10more than a 10thth could cause death could cause death

Salts and Solubility Salts and Solubility No not just edible salts but also the salts that are No not just edible salts but also the salts that are

found in the body such as those containing calcium found in the body such as those containing calcium and phosphorus found in bones and teeth.and phosphorus found in bones and teeth.

Salts are ionic compounds that break down into Salts are ionic compounds that break down into ions in bodily fluids.ions in bodily fluids.

Salts in the ionic and in combination with other Salts in the ionic and in combination with other elements are essential to the functioning of the elements are essential to the functioning of the body. body.

{Ex. Sodium and Potassium ions are essential for {Ex. Sodium and Potassium ions are essential for nerve impulses and iron will form to be part of the nerve impulses and iron will form to be part of the hemoglobin molecule which transports oxygen into hemoglobin molecule which transports oxygen into the red blood cells.} the red blood cells.}

Salts and Solubility cont’Salts and Solubility cont’

Ions’ are charged particles, Ions’ are charged particles, therefore, salts are electrolytes therefore, salts are electrolytes which means that they can conduct which means that they can conduct an electrical current in a solution.\an electrical current in a solution.\

Solubility is the amount of a solute Solubility is the amount of a solute that will dissolve in a specific solvent that will dissolve in a specific solvent under given conditions (such as heat, under given conditions (such as heat, or solution). or solution).

Energy Energy

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Energy is measured by its effects on matter.Energy is measured by its effects on matter. There are two types of energy (Kinetic and There are two types of energy (Kinetic and

Potential Energy).Potential Energy). There are also many different Forms of There are also many different Forms of

energy. (Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, energy. (Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, and Radiant energy).and Radiant energy).

There are also many other forms of energy There are also many other forms of energy such as thermal, Nuclear, gravitational, and such as thermal, Nuclear, gravitational, and sound. sound.

Chemical EnergyChemical Energy

Chemical Energy is energy that is stored in Chemical Energy is energy that is stored in chemical bonds and molecules such as chemical bonds and molecules such as gas, and food. ( Therefore Chemical gas, and food. ( Therefore Chemical Energy is Potential Energy.)Energy is Potential Energy.)

When bonds are broken the energy is then When bonds are broken the energy is then released and turned into kinetic energy (or released and turned into kinetic energy (or energy of motion).energy of motion).

In the body chemical energy of foods is In the body chemical energy of foods is trapped in the bones of a high energy trapped in the bones of a high energy molecule called ATP.molecule called ATP.

Chemical Energy cont’Chemical Energy cont’

An example of Chemical EnergyAn example of Chemical Energy::

When gas is put into your car the When gas is put into your car the molecules (the particles the energy molecules (the particles the energy was holding together) break down in was holding together) break down in the engine and the energy that was the engine and the energy that was released from the broken down bonds released from the broken down bonds powers up the engine.powers up the engine.

Electrical EnergyElectrical Energy

Electrical Energy is a result of Electrical Energy is a result of movement between charged particles.movement between charged particles.

All things are made up of tiny All things are made up of tiny particles called atoms and the atoms particles called atoms and the atoms are made up of even smaller particles are made up of even smaller particles called electrons, neutrons, and called electrons, neutrons, and protons. protons.

When a force of energy combines with When a force of energy combines with the electrons it can cause movement the electrons it can cause movement and result in Electrical Energy! and result in Electrical Energy!

Electrical Energy cont’Electrical Energy cont’

An examples of Electrical Energy:An examples of Electrical Energy:

Electrical charges moving through a wire Electrical charges moving through a wire is electricity.is electricity.

Lighting is also a form of electrical energy.Lighting is also a form of electrical energy.

Electrical energy would be another type of Electrical energy would be another type of kinetic energy kinetic energy

Mechanical EnergyMechanical Energy

Mechanical energy is directly Mechanical energy is directly involved with moving matter. involved with moving matter.

It (Mechanical Energy) is stored in It (Mechanical Energy) is stored in objects by application of a force.objects by application of a force.

Mechanical Energy is also under Mechanical Energy is also under Potential Energy.Potential Energy.

Mechanical Energy cont’Mechanical Energy cont’

Examples of Mechanical energy include:Examples of Mechanical energy include:

Stretched rubber bands Stretched rubber bands Compressed springsCompressed springs Even when you ride your bikeEven when you ride your bike

( Your legs provide the mechanical energy to ( Your legs provide the mechanical energy to pedal.)pedal.)

As the muscles in your legs shorten they pull As the muscles in your legs shorten they pull against your bones causing them to move.against your bones causing them to move.

Radiant EnergyRadiant Energy

Radiant energy is the energy that Radiant energy is the energy that travels through/in transverse waves travels through/in transverse waves which includes the energy of the which includes the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum.electromagnetic spectrum.

Radiant Energy cont’Radiant Energy cont’ Examples of Radiant Energy include:Examples of Radiant Energy include: X-Rays and infrared X-Rays and infrared LightLight Radio Radio

Light Energy is important to the to the Light Energy is important to the to the eyes because it stimulates the retinas eyes because it stimulates the retinas which is vital to your vision. which is vital to your vision.

The Ultraviolet waves are what cause your The Ultraviolet waves are what cause your suntan and it is also responsible for our suntan and it is also responsible for our body producing vitamin D.body producing vitamin D.

ATPATP ATP- defined as Active Transport Place ATP- defined as Active Transport Place Characteristics of ATP are:Characteristics of ATP are: ATP has high energy bonds that are coiled together ATP has high energy bonds that are coiled together

and when they are broken then release energy to and when they are broken then release energy to be used by the cell.be used by the cell.

ATP transports certain solutes such as ATP transports certain solutes such as amino acids amino acids across the call membrane.across the call membrane.

ATP activates contractile proteins in the muscles ATP activates contractile proteins in the muscles which will account for mechanical energy. which will account for mechanical energy. (pedaling your bike)(pedaling your bike)

ATP also provides the energy that is needed in ATP also provides the energy that is needed in order to perform chemical reactions.order to perform chemical reactions.

Citations Citations

Books/References:Books/References: Marieb, Elaine N. Marieb, Elaine N. Essebtials of Human Anatomy and Essebtials of Human Anatomy and

Physiology Physiology . 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin/Cummings . 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing , 1999. Science Publishing , 1999.

Prentice Hall . Prentice Hall . Chemistry Connections to Our Changing Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World World . 1st ed. Upper Saddle River : Prentice-Hall, Inc., . 1st ed. Upper Saddle River : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1999.1999.

Web sites:Web sites: , . "Forms of Energy ." Online posting. . . 23 Aug 2004. , . "Forms of Energy ." Online posting. . . 23 Aug 2004.

<http://www.need.org/needpdf/FormsofEnergy.pdf>. <http://www.need.org/needpdf/FormsofEnergy.pdf>.

"Scientific Forms of Energy." "Scientific Forms of Energy." Energy kids Page Energy kids Page . 23 Aug . 23 Aug 2004 <www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/ 2004 <www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/ science/formsofenergy.html - 18k - >. science/formsofenergy.html - 18k - >.