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LANGUAGE

The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.Introduction to English

Englishis one of the most important languages in the world. There are many reasons why English is so important. One of the reasons is that English is spoken as the first language in many countries. There are 104 countries where English is spoken as the first language.Even in countries where English is not the native language, people use it for business and tourism. English is used for these purposes in most countries. English is considered the business language. English is also the official language of airlines and airports. All airline pilots that fly to other countries must be able to speak English.

Grammaris the structure of a language, like its skeleton. It is important for language learners to understand the rules of grammar, because if you use or order words incorrectly, your sentences will not make sense. There are two methods of learning grammar - by using language or by learning the rules one by one and then applying them. Most people use both methods together. Grammar tells us how to put a sentence together and the order a sentence should have.

VOVELS

CONSONANTS

What is a Phrase or a Sentence?A phrase or a Sentence is one or more words functioning as a unit in a Sentence with a complete meaning and Theme.Basic Parts of A Phrase Or A SentenceMr. XXXXXXX, is the Dean of HTI, he is working efficiently.NounPronounVerbAdverbPrepositionAdjectiveArticleHURRAY Mr. X and Mr. Y Won the RaceInterjectionConjunctionPunctuation MarkSubjectPredicateNOUN

A noun is a word for a person, place, or thing. (You might like to think of nouns as naming words.)

Everything we can see or talk about is represented by a word which names it. That "naming word" is called anoun.

Sometimes a noun will be the name for something we can touch (e.g., lion, cake, computer), and sometimes a noun will be the name for something we cannot touch (e.g., bravery, mile, joy).

Everything is represented by a word that lets us talk about it. This includes people (e.g., man, scientist), animals (e.g., dog, lizard), places (e.g., town, street), objects (e.g., vase, pencil), substances (e.g., copper, glass), qualities (e.g., heroism, sorrow), actions (e.g., swimming, dancing), and measures (e.g., inch, ounce).EXAMPLES OF NOUNS

soldier - Alan - cousin - Frenchman (< names forpeople)

rat - zebra - lion - aardvark (< names foranimals)

house - London - factory - shelter (< names forplaces)

table - frame - printer - chisel (< names forobjects)

lead - nitrogen - water - ice (< names forsubstances)

kindness - beauty - bravery - wealth - faith (< names forqualities)

rowing - cooking - barking - reading - listening (< names foractions)

month - inch - day - pound - ounce (< names formeasures)

PRONOUNS

Most of the time, a pronoun is used to replace anoun. These are all pronouns:he,she,they,none, andwhich. There are lots more. Pronouns are usually short words. They are used to make sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.Pronouns replace nouns. If we didn't have pronouns, we'd have to keep repeating our nouns and that would make our sentences very cumbersome and repetitive. Pronouns are usually short words.

EXAMPLES OF PRONOUNS

Clutching the coin, Maria ran to the shops. She went straight to the counter and bought the sweets.

(Sheis a pronoun. In this example, it replaces the nounMaria. More Than Just the Personal Pronouns

I,you,he,she,it,we,they, andwhoare all pronouns. There areseveral different types of pronouns, including: Personal pronouns (e.g.,he,they)Demonstrative pronouns (e.g.,this,these)Interrogative pronouns (e.g.,which,who)Indefinite pronouns (e.g.,none,several)Possessive pronouns (e.g.,his,your)Reciprocal pronouns (e.g.,each other,one another)Relative pronouns (e.g.,which,where)Reflexive pronouns (e.g.,itself,himself)Intensive pronouns (e.g.,itself,himself)

VERB

Verbs Express Actions. Verbs are doing words. A verb can express:

A physical action (e.g., to swim, to write, to climb).

A mental action (e.g., to think, to guess, to consider).

A state of being (e.g., to be, to exist, to appear).

The verbs which express a state of being are the ones which take a little practice to spot, but, actually, they are the most common. The most common verb is the verb to be. That's the one which goes:

ADVERBS

Adverbs are used to modify verbs. They tell us when, where, how, in what manner, or to what extent an action is performed. An adverb can be added to averbtomodifyits meaning. Usually, an adverb tells you when, where, how, in what manner, or to what extent an action is performed. Some examples:

Examples: Anita placed the vasecarefullyon the shelf.(The wordcarefullyis an adverb. It shows how the vase was placed.)Tara walksgracefully.(The wordgracefullyis an adverb. It modifies the verbto walk.)He runsfast.(The wordfastis an adverb. It modifies the verbto run.)You can set your watch by him. Healwaysleaves at 5 o'clock.(The wordalwaysis an adverb. It modifies the verbto leave.)Prepositions

Aprepositionis a word which precedes anoun(or apronoun) to show the noun's (or the pronoun's) relationship to another word in the sentence. (The wordprepositioncomes from the idea of beingpositioned before. It is not true to say that a preposition always precedes a noun or a pronoun, but it does most of the time.)

The following are all prepositions:

above, about, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, since, to, toward, through, under, until, up, upon, withandwithin.

Example:It is a containerforbutter.(The prepositionforshows the relationship betweenbutterandcontainer.)

Adjective

Adjectives are describing words. Large, grey, and friendly are all examples of adjectives. In the examples below, these adjectives are used to describe an elephant.

Examples:Large elephant; Grey elephant; Friendly elephant

Adjectives Modify NounsThe word elephant is a noun. Adjectives are added to nouns to state what kind, what colour, which one or how many. Adjectives are said to modify nouns and are necessary to make the meanings of sentences clearer or more exact.

Examples:Follow the yellow cab.Craig caught a large bass.The principal words should be in bold.The rusty nail he stood on was the cause of the infection.Articles

An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two articles a and the, but they are used very often and are important for using English accurately.

The word a (which becomes an when the next word begins with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u) is called the indefinite article because the noun it goes with is indefinite or general. The meaning of the article a is similar to the number one, but one is stronger and gives more emphasis. It is possible to say I have a book or I have one book, but the second sentence emphasizes that I do not have two or three or some other number of books.

The word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing. The difference between the sentences I sat on a chair and I sat on the chair is that the second sentence refers to a particular, specific chair, not just any chair.

When do I use HAVE and HAS?

"Have" and "has" are both present tense conjugations of the verb "to have," and we use "have" or "has" depending on the subject.

If the subject is 3rd person, singular, then you use "has." All other subjects take on "have". See below:

Singular Plural

1st Person I have We have2nd Person You have You have3rd Person He/She/It has They have

Shehasa doctor's appointment tomorrow.Theyhavea long day ahead of them.My doghasa good temperament.We bothhavean iPhone.My sisterhasa hybrid car.

A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than a few sentences should be organized into paragraphs. This is because paragraphs show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help the reader see the organization of the essay and grasp its main points.

Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A paragraph could contain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a general point. It might describe a place, character, or process; narrate a series of events; compare or contrast two or more things; classify items into categories; or describe causes and effects. Regardless of the kind of information they contain, all paragraphs share certain characteristics. One of the most important of these is a topic sentence.ParagraphParts of a ParagraphTopic Sentence

What is the topic sentence? The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph.What does it do? It introduces the main idea of the paragraph.

How do I write one? Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about.

Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.Supporting Details

What are supporting sentences? They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph.What do they do? They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.

Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.Closing Sentence

What is the closing sentence? The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph.What does it do? It restates the main idea of your paragraph.

Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.Prewriting Paragraphs

What is the prewriting stage?The prewriting stage is when you think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before you begin writing.

Six Prewriting Steps:

1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Ask yourself: What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer? How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer? What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? Where can I find more facts on this topic?

2. Open your notebook. Write out your answers to the above questions. You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay.

3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic. Look for and write down facts that will help you to answer your question. Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay.4. Write down your own ideas. Ask yourself: What else do I want to say about this topic? Why should people be interested in this topic? Why is this topic important?

5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay. Choose the most important point you are going to present. If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay.

6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it. Look at the facts you have written. Look at your own ideas on the topic. Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your paragraph. Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the paragraph. Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your paragraph or essay.Writing Paragraphs

What is the writing stage?The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences.Five Writing Steps:1. Open your notebook and word processor.2. Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence.3. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning.4. Focus on the main idea of your paragraph.5. Use the dictionary to help you find additional words to express your ideas.Editing Paragraphs

What is the editing stage?The editing stage is when you check your paragraph for mistakes and correct them.Grammar and Spelling1. Check your spelling.2. Check your grammar.3. Read your essay again.4. Make sure each sentence has a subject.5. See if your subjects and verbs agree with each other.6. Check the verb tenses of each sentence.7. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.

Style and Organization1. Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence.2. Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea.3. Make sure you have a closing sentence.4. Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea.5. See if your paragraph is interesting.Publishing Paragraphs

What is the publishing stage?The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your paragraph to hand in.Three Publishing Steps:1. Make a paper copy of your paragraph.2. Show your work to your teacher, tutor, or parents.3. Ask them for hints on how to improve your writing.

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