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Basic Chemistry VVladimíra Kvasnicová
Exercise
methane ethane hexane
3-methylpentane
http://www.gunthersclass.com/24_10.jpg
Exercise
trans but-2-ene cis but-2-ene
Exercise
http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Geometric_isomerism
trans 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane
cis 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane
Exercise
Call the compound using the general rule of naming:
locant-substituent(s)-prefix-locant of multiple bond-suffix
CH3-CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH=CH-C(CH3)2-CH3
5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloct-3-ene
other substituents than alkyls:
F = fluoro, Cl = chloro, Br = bromo, I = iodo
NO2 = nitro
Hydrocarbon derivatives
carboxylic acid R-COOH
• aliphatic / -oic acid (-dioic acid)
/ - tricarboxylic acid
• cyclic / - carboxylic acid
1. hydrocarbon –oic acid (propanoic acid)
2. common names (propionic acid)
reactions:dissociation → carboxylate (= anion)
reduction → aldehyde
Hydrocarbon derivatives
sulfonic acid R-SO3H
• sulfo- / sulfonic acid
1. hydrocarbon sulfonic acid (methane sulfonic acid)
reactions: dissociation → sulfonate (= anion)
reduction → thiol
Hydrocarbon derivatives
aldehyde R-CHO
• aliphatic formyl- / -al
• cyclic - carbaldehyde
1. hydrocarbon –al (methanal)
2. common names (formaldehyde)
reactions:oxidation → carboxylic acid
reduction → primary alcohol
Hydrocarbon derivatives
ketone R1-CO-R2
• aliphatic oxo- or keto- / -one
• cyclic unsaturated diketones = quinones
1. hydrocarbon –one (propanone)
2. hydrocarbon rests ketone (dimethyl ketone)
3. common names (acetone)
reactions:reduction → secondary alcohol
Hydrocarbon derivatives
alcohol R-OH
• aliphatic hydroxy- / -ol (-diol, -triol)
• aromatic = phenols common names
• sulfur-containing = thiols sulfanyl- / -thiol
1. hydrocarbon –ol (methanol)
2. hydrocarbon rest alcohol (methyl alcohol)
reactions:oxidation → aldehyde or ketone
dehydration → unsaturated hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon derivatives
amine R-NH2 R1-NH-R2 R1-N(R2)-R3
• amino- / -amine (-diamine)
1. hydrocarbon rest(s) –amine (propylamine)
2. hydrocarbon -amine (propaneamine)
reactions:oxidation → nitro compound
protonation → ammonium cation
Hydrocarbon derivatives
ether R1-O-R2
• alk(yl)oxy- / -ether
• sulfur-containing = sulfide / - sulfide R1-S-R2
1. hydrocarbon rests ether (ethyl propyl ether)
Hydrocarbon derivatives
halogen derivative R-X X = F, Cl, Br, I
halogeno- / (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)
1. halogeno- hydrocarbon (chloromethane)
nitro derivative R-NO2
nitro- /
1. nitro- hydrocarbon (nitromethane)
Important terms
oxidation: dehydrogenation (-2 H), oxygenation(+O)
CH3-CH(OH)-COOH → CH3-CO-COOH + 2 H
reduction: hydrogenation (+2 H)
CH3-CO-COOH + 2 H → CH3-CH(OH)-COOH
hydration /dehydration
HOOC-CH=CH-COOH +H2O HOOC-CH2-CH(OH)-COOH
Important carboxylic acids - C2
1. CH3-COOH
2. CH3-COO-
3. CH3-CO-
4. CH2(NH2)-COOH
acetic acid
acetate
acetyl
glycine
Important carboxylic acids – C3
1. CH3-CH2-COOH
2. CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH
3. CH3-CH(OH)-COOH
4. CH3-CO-COOH
5. HOOC-CH2-COOH
propionic acid
alanine
lactic acid
pyruvic acid
malonic acid
1. CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH C4
2. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH
3. CH3-CO-CH2-COOH
4. HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH
5. HOOC-CH=CH-COOH trans
6. HOOC-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH
7. HOOC-CO-CH2-COOH
8. HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-COOH
9. HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-CONH2
butyric ac.
-hydroxybutyric
acetoacetic acid
succinic acid
fumaric acid
malic acid
oxaloacetic acid
aspartic acid
asparagine
1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
2. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOH
3. HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
4. HOOC-CO-CH2-CH2-COOH
5. HOOC-CH(NH2)-(CH2)2-COOH
6. HOOC-CH(NH2)-(CH2)2-CONH2
valeric acid
valine
glutaric acid
2-oxoglutaric
glutamic acid
glutamine
C5