Basic Chemistry VVladimíra Kvasnicová

Exercise

methane ethane hexane

3-methylpentane

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Exercise

trans but-2-ene cis but-2-ene

Exercise

http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Geometric_isomerism

trans 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane

cis 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane

Exercise

Call the compound using the general rule of naming:

locant-substituent(s)-prefix-locant of multiple bond-suffix

CH3-CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH=CH-C(CH3)2-CH3

5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloct-3-ene

other substituents than alkyls:

F = fluoro, Cl = chloro, Br = bromo, I = iodo

NO2 = nitro

Hydrocarbon derivatives

carboxylic acid R-COOH

• aliphatic / -oic acid (-dioic acid)

/ - tricarboxylic acid

• cyclic / - carboxylic acid

1. hydrocarbon –oic acid (propanoic acid)

2. common names (propionic acid)

reactions:dissociation → carboxylate (= anion)

reduction → aldehyde

Hydrocarbon derivatives

sulfonic acid R-SO3H

• sulfo- / sulfonic acid

1. hydrocarbon sulfonic acid (methane sulfonic acid)

reactions: dissociation → sulfonate (= anion)

reduction → thiol

Hydrocarbon derivatives

aldehyde R-CHO

• aliphatic formyl- / -al

• cyclic - carbaldehyde

1. hydrocarbon –al (methanal)

2. common names (formaldehyde)

reactions:oxidation → carboxylic acid

reduction → primary alcohol

Hydrocarbon derivatives

ketone R1-CO-R2

• aliphatic oxo- or keto- / -one

• cyclic unsaturated diketones = quinones

1. hydrocarbon –one (propanone)

2. hydrocarbon rests ketone (dimethyl ketone)

3. common names (acetone)

reactions:reduction → secondary alcohol

Hydrocarbon derivatives

alcohol R-OH

• aliphatic hydroxy- / -ol (-diol, -triol)

• aromatic = phenols common names

• sulfur-containing = thiols sulfanyl- / -thiol

1. hydrocarbon –ol (methanol)

2. hydrocarbon rest alcohol (methyl alcohol)

reactions:oxidation → aldehyde or ketone

dehydration → unsaturated hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon derivatives

amine R-NH2 R1-NH-R2 R1-N(R2)-R3

• amino- / -amine (-diamine)

1. hydrocarbon rest(s) –amine (propylamine)

2. hydrocarbon -amine (propaneamine)

reactions:oxidation → nitro compound

protonation → ammonium cation

Hydrocarbon derivatives

ether R1-O-R2

• alk(yl)oxy- / -ether

• sulfur-containing = sulfide / - sulfide R1-S-R2

1. hydrocarbon rests ether (ethyl propyl ether)

Hydrocarbon derivatives

halogen derivative R-X X = F, Cl, Br, I

halogeno- / (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)

1. halogeno- hydrocarbon (chloromethane)

nitro derivative R-NO2

nitro- /

1. nitro- hydrocarbon (nitromethane)

Important terms

oxidation: dehydrogenation (-2 H), oxygenation(+O)

CH3-CH(OH)-COOH → CH3-CO-COOH + 2 H

reduction: hydrogenation (+2 H)

CH3-CO-COOH + 2 H → CH3-CH(OH)-COOH

hydration /dehydration

HOOC-CH=CH-COOH +H2O HOOC-CH2-CH(OH)-COOH

Important carboxylic acids - C2

1. CH3-COOH

2. CH3-COO-

3. CH3-CO-

4. CH2(NH2)-COOH

acetic acid

acetate

acetyl

glycine

Important carboxylic acids – C3

1. CH3-CH2-COOH

2. CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH

3. CH3-CH(OH)-COOH

4. CH3-CO-COOH

5. HOOC-CH2-COOH

propionic acid

alanine

lactic acid

pyruvic acid

malonic acid

1. CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH C4

2. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH

3. CH3-CO-CH2-COOH

4. HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH

5. HOOC-CH=CH-COOH trans

6. HOOC-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH

7. HOOC-CO-CH2-COOH

8. HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-COOH

9. HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-CONH2

butyric ac.

-hydroxybutyric

acetoacetic acid

succinic acid

fumaric acid

malic acid

oxaloacetic acid

aspartic acid

asparagine

1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

2. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOH

3. HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

4. HOOC-CO-CH2-CH2-COOH

5. HOOC-CH(NH2)-(CH2)2-COOH

6. HOOC-CH(NH2)-(CH2)2-CONH2

valeric acid

valine

glutaric acid

2-oxoglutaric

glutamic acid

glutamine

C5