BASIC CHEMISTRY

BASIC CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOM, NUCLEUS, PROTON, NEUTRON, ELECTRON

ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC WEIGHT

CHEMCIAL BONDSCOVALENT, IONIC, HYDROGEN

FUNCTIONAL GROUPSHYDROXYL, CARBONYL, CARBOXYL, PHOSPHORYL,SULFHYDRYL, AMINO

CLASSES OF COMPOUNDALCOHOL, ALDEHYDE, KETONE, ACIDS (CARBOXYL& PHOSPHORYL), AMINE, THIOETHER, DISULFIDE,ANHYDRIDE, GLYCOSIDE, AMIDE PEPTIDES ARE AMIDES FORMED FROM AMINO ACIDS

NITROGEN

OXYGEN

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

CHEMICAL BONDS

COVALENT – SHARING ELECTRON PAIRSSINGLE, DOUBLE AND TRIPLE COVALENT BONDSE.G., CARBON-CARBON BOND

IONIC BONDS – ATTRACTION BETWEEN POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONSE.G., SODIUM CHLORIDE

HYDROGEN BONDS – ATTRACTION BETWEEN PARTIALPOSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED REGIONSOF MOLECULESE.G., WATER

CHEMICAL BONDS - COVALENT

HYDROGEN BONDS

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS –

PORTION OF A LARGER MOLECULE WHICH CONSISTS OF A SMALL NUMBER OF ATOMS THAT HAVE A CHARACTERISIC CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR.

ALWAYS REACT THE SAME WAY

GIVE THE COMPOUND ITS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY

CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS – BASED ON PRESENCEOF FUNCTIONAL GROUP

GROUP CLASS

HYDROXYL ALCOHOL CARBONYL (END OF CHAIN) ALDEHYDE CARBONYL (INTERNAL) KETONE CARBOXYL ACID – CARBOXYLIC PHOSPHORYL ACID - PHOSPHORIC AMINO AMINE SULFHYDRYL THIOL AMINO AND CARBOXYL AMINO ACIDS

CLASSES OF COMPOUND – BASED ON THE GROUPS WHICH REACTED TO FORM THE COMPOUND

REACTING GROUPS COMPOUND

HYDROXYLS (ALCOHOLS) ETHER SULFHYDRYLS (THIOLS) THIO-ETHER CARBOXYLS, PHOSPHORYLS ANHYDRIDES (ACIDS) CARBON ONE OF SUGAR &

HYDROXYL OF ANOTHERSUGAR O-GLYCOSIDE

CARBON ONE OF SUGAR & O-GLYCOSIDIC BONDNITROGEN OF NUCLEIC

ACID BASE N-GLYCOSIDE N-GLYCOSIDIC BOND

CARBOXYLIC & AMINO AMIDE (PEPTIDE BOND)

CLASSES OF COMPOUND- BASED ON REACTION WHICH FORMED THEM

SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONSAME FUNCTIONAL GROUPSHAVE DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS

ENANTIOMERS - ONE KIND OF STERIOISOMER

NON-IDENTICAL MIRROR IMAGES

E.G. D-GLYCERALDEHYDEL-GLYCERALDEHYDE

D - DEXTROROTATORY (ROTATES POLARIZED LIGHT TO RIGHT)L - LEVOROTATORY (ROTATES POLARIZED

LIGHT TO LEFT)

3STEREOISOMERS

WHAT? NATURE OF CHEMICAL BONDSFUNCTIONAL GROUPS/CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS

AND HOW THEY REACTNATURE OF ENANTIOMERS

WHY? ALL CREATURES MUST HAVE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PRECURSORS (AMINO ACIDS, MONONUCLEOTIDES,

FATTY ACIDS, MONOSACCHARIDES) WHICH WILL BE USED TO SYNTHESIZE HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGH MACROMOLECULES (PROTEINS, DNA, RNA, LIPIDS, POLYSACCHARIDES) WHICH FORM CELLS.

WHAT DISTINGUISHES THE PRECURSORS FROM EACH OTHER? DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND SHAPES