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http://video.nytimes.com/video/playlist/ny-region/lens-
photojournalism/1194811622243/index.html
Jeff Jacobson
http://www.jeffjacobsonphotography.com
http://video.nytimes.com/video/playlist/ny-
region/lensphotojournalism/1194811622243/ind
ex.html
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Consciously viewing/seeing
Not Passively consuming
Dont just point, shoot, and hope for the best!
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Here comesthe
LIGHT
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Photo = light
Graph = draw or write
Photography = light writingor light drawing
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Camera Obscura
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Lenses and Optics - 17th century: Isaac Newton and
Christian Huygens perfected the understanding of
optics and the process of making high quality glass
lenses.
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Soon there were small, portable camera obscuras,
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William Henry Fox-Talbot invented light sensitive
photographic paper in 1839.
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Abelardo Morrell, Camera Obscura: View of Central Park Looking North-Fall, 2008
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Abelardo Morrell, Camera Obscura: View of Manhattan, 2008
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Color negative film,
also called print
film, The process
used to develop
these is called C-41, and so these
are sometimes
called "C-41 films".
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Slide film, or reversal film,
gives a positive image.
Use the E-6 process todevelop.
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Traditional black-and-white films are usually negative films, but
they're black-and-white. These, again, use a very different
process to all the other types of film. There's a special subset of
black-and-white films: those that can be developed in the sameC-41 process used for color negatives. Ilford XP2 and Kodak
BW400CN are two of them. These have all the properties of
color negatives, except for the color part.
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ISO = International Standard Organization number. ISO is a
numerical rating that describes the sensitivity to light of film or of a
digital cameras sensor. The ISO rating doubles as the sensitivity to
light doubles. increase in ISO will be noisier shots. A digital
camera usually have several ISO options.
100 3200
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Faster films (high ISO) will allow you to capture a subject in lowlight but more grain in your pictures)
Slower films (low ISO) have less grain, but require more light.
This isn't a problem for landscapes in daytime through to
sunset, but it does become a problem indoors, or shootingthings that move quickly.
Choose film speed according to the condition you want to take.
For beginner choose ISO 100 or 200 for outdoor and ISO 400
for indoor.
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You can use a chart sometimes packaged with film. Decide what kind of light is
on the scene, and set the shutter speed and aperture accordingly. The chart is based
on SUNNY 16 rule = on sunny day set aperture to f/16 and use the shutter speed
closet to ISO number. (example above)
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Situations where you might need to push ISO to higher settings
include:
* Indoor Sports Events where your subject is moving fast yet you
may have limited light available.
* Concerts also low in light and often no-flash zones
* Art Galleries, Churches etc- many galleries have rules against
using a flash and of course being indoors are not well lit.
* Birthday Parties blowing out the candles in a dark room can give
you a nice moody shot which would be ruined by a bright flash.Increasing the ISO can help capture the scene.
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The Shutter or exposure time
(think - eyelid) You adjust the length oftime the shutter remains open to control
the amount of light that reach the light-
sensitive surface.
Each full stop shutter setting is half or double the time of
The next one.
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The Leaf or between-the-lens-shutter
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The Focal-Plane Shutter
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The Term Stop in photography refers to a change in
illumination, whether the shutter speed or the aperture
Is change to achieve it.
Actual timein seconds
1
1.5
2
3
4
6
8
11
15
20
1
1.3
1.6
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
13
15
20
25
1
2
4
8
15
1 sec
1/2 sec
1/4 sec
1/8 sec
1/15 sec
1/2 stop1/3 stopFull stop
Shutter speeds your camera may display
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The agreed standards for shutter speeds are:
* 1/1000 s* 1/500 s
* 1/250 s
* 1/125 s
* 1/60 s
* 1/30 s
* 1/15 s
* 1/8 s
* 1/4 s
* 1/2 s
* 1 s
Each standard increment either
doubles the amount of light
(longer time) or halves the
amount of light (shorter time).
For example, if you move from 1sec to 1/2 second, you have
effectively halved the amount of
light entering the shutter.
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_london_photo_9/68/17418/4459
072.cw/index.html
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TIP: Think about what is GOING to happen, rather than
trying to catch up to what has already happened.
Motion slows at the peak
Of an action that reverses
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Shutter speeds to stop action parallel to the image
plane
Type of Motion Speed Camera-to-subject distance
1/301/60
1/125
1/250
1/1000
1/601/125
1/250
1/500
1/1251/250
1/500
1/1000
-----
5 mph10 mph
20 mph
50 mph
----
Very fast walkerChild running
Good sprinter
Speeding car
airplane
100 feet50 feet25 feet
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Additional setting:
Bulb setting (B) Keeps the shutter open as long as the release button is held down.
Time setting (T) opens the shutter with one press of the release, and close it with another.
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Additional setting:Bulb setting (B) Keeps the shutter open as long as the release button is held down.
Time setting (T) opens the shutter with one press of the release, and close it with another.
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Left: 1/3200" Right 1/6400" - an important difference in sharpness
Fast Shutter Speed = Freeze the action
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Slow shutter speedsuggested movement -
motion (blur).
- a longer time passes
from the moment theshutter opens till the
moment it closes. More
time is available for
movement in the
subject to be recordedby the camera.
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Oliver Follmi, Pilgrimage to Bodghaya, India, 2002
Slow shutter speed (long exposure)
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Simon Bruty, Turin Winter Olympics
Panning (moving the camera to follow the subject) & use slow shutter speed (long exposure).
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Stefan Newell, Coloured Lights in Gran CanariaLong exposure (slow shutter speed) & move camera against stationary objects
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The Aperture is the size of the lens opening that control
the brightness of the light that reaches the sensor or film.
(think pupil of an eye) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Eye_dilate.gif
The size of an aperture is indicate by its f-number or f-stop.
Lens is said to be stopped down when the size of the
aperture is decrease.
Fast lenses allow you to shoot more easily in low light
or at higher shutter speeds. (large aperture)
The faster the lenses = the more expensive
(f/1.4 is faster than f/2)
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f/1.4f/1.6
f/1.8
f/2
f/2.2
f/2.5
f/2.8
f/3.2
f/3.5f/4
f/4.5
f/5
f/1.4f/1.7
f/2
f/2.3
f/2.8
f/3.4
f/4
f/4.7
f/1.4
f/2
f/2.8
f/4
1/3 stop1/2 stopAperture in full
stop
Aperture setting your camera may display
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_london_photo_9/68/17418/4
459072.cw/index.html
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Depth of field is the area from near to far
In a scene that is acceptably sharp in a photograph.
This lens has depth-of-field scale
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Depth of field increases as the lens stoppeddown to smallest aperture (here at f/16)
Tip: check your camera manual.
It may have depth of field preview button!
Most camera will automaticallyShow the scene through the
widest aperture
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Oliver Follmi
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Large aperture, less depth of field blur the background--good for portrait
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Small aperture = more depth of field > good for detail.
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Using Shutter and Aperture together
Both shutter speed & Aperture affect the
amount of light entering the camera.Shutter Speed = Time
Aperture = Amount
Light Compensation
You can change one setting as long as youChange the other in the opposite way.
You can use a larger aperture if you need a
faster shutter speed or smaller aperture if you
Need a slower shutter speed.Remember!Shutter Speed affects the sharpness of moving objects
Aperture affects depth of field-sharpness from
near to far.
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F/16 > small aperture = Deep depth of field
1/8 sec> slow shutter speed = motion burred
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F/4 > medium aperture = less sharp background
1/125 sec> medium shutter speed = freeze some motion but the exposure is still too long
to show the motion of the birds wings sharply.
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F/2 > large aperture = Shallow depth of field = out of focus background.
1/500 sec > fast shutter speed = freeze all motion & produced motion sharp.
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-------------l---l---l---I---l---l----------------1-2 +1 +2
I = standard exposure level
Shutter Priority = you set the desired shutter speed
the camera sets the aperture
Aperture Priority = you set the desired aperture
the camera sets the shutter speed
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Exposure Compensation
-Bright situations
-Dark situations
"bracketing your exposure or use AEB (Automatic ExposureBracketing )
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0 compensation + 1.5 compensation
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James Nachwey, Alabama, 1994 - Prisoner on the chain gang
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Oliver Follmi
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Wrong trainhttp://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/wrong-station-
right-image/?scp=2&sq=lens&st=cse