BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES A1. A1. Basic Biological Principles 1.Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

A1

A1. Basic Biological Principles

1. Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

2. Compare cellular structures and their function in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

3. Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at the various levels of biological organization (organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms)

4. Define, describe and give examples of the various types of cells – prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, plant vs animal

A1. Vocabulary

Cell organelle Golgi apparatusCell theory vacuole chloroplastsCell membrane lysosome mitochondriaNucleus cytoskeleton cell wallEukaryote centriole lipid bilayerProkaryote ribosome selectively permeableCytoplasm endoplasmic reticulumTissue Organ organismOrgan system vesicle

Characteristics of Life

• Grow and Reproduce• Obtain and use materials for energy• Maintain a stable internal environment

(homeostasis)• Respond to the environment

ALL living things must be able to

1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

2. All living things are made of cells3. New cells are produced from existing cells


The CELL Theory

• Have DNA (genetic material)• Have a cell membrane (barrier)• Have cytoplasm (fluid)• Have ribosomes which make proteins– Proteins are essential for the function of ALL cells

• Grow, reproduce, obtain and use materials, maintain homeostasis and respond to the environment

ALL CELLS…


ALL CELLS can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.


• NO nucleus• NO specialized cell structure (organelles)• DNA found in cytoplasm• Small and simple cells• All prokaryotes are UNICELLULAR (single-celled)• a.k.a. bacteria

Prokaryotes…

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes


Notice• Ribosomes• DNA not contained

in nucleus• Pili and flagellum for

movement

• DNA in nucleus• Specialized cell structures (organelles)• Larger and more complex cells• Eukaryotes can be uni- or multi-cellular• a.k.a. plants, animals, fungi, protists

Eukaryotes…



Notice• Increased

complexity• Bigger in size• DNA in nucleus• Cellular structures

– Also called the plasma membrane– Phospholipid bilayer– Selectively permeable boundary– Regulates the movement of material into and out

of the cell

1. Cell Membrane

Cell Structure and Function

1. Cell Membrane


2. Ribosomes


– Manufacture proteins– Found in all cells• Evidence of the importance of proteins to ALL cells

3. Cytoplasm


– Fluid component of cells– Provide structure, support and stability– Aids in movement of material throughout cell– Found in all cells

4. Nucleus


– Contains the DNA in eukaryotic cells

5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


– Found alongside nucleus– Rough ER contains ribosomes; protein synthesis– Smooth ER does not contain ribosomes; membrane

lipid synthesis and drug detoxification

6. Golgi Apparatus


– Receives proteins from ER– Modifies, sorts and packages proteins for delivery

7. Vesicles


– Transport material such as proteins throughout cell

8. Vacuoles


– Storage facilities– In plants, a LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE fills with

water to maintain structure• When a plant goes without water, the central vacuole

empties and plant wilts

– In animals, several smaller vesicles– In freshwater protists, a contractile vacuole helps

pump water out of cell

8. Vacuoles


9. Lysosomes


– Contain enzymes– Digest large molecules, old cell parts, things that DO

NOT belong in the cell– “recycling center”

10. centrioles


– Found only in animal cells– Help organize cell division (???)

11. cytoskeleton


– Maintains shape of cell– Aids in movement of cell and movement of

organelles

12. chloroplasts


– Found in plant cells and some photosynthetic protists

– Convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

13. mitochondria


– Converts chemical energy (food) into useful cellular energy (ATP)

14. Cell wall


– Plant cells and prokaryotes– Rigid support and protection for cell

Organization of Multicellular Life

Levels of Biological Organization– Organelles (cell structures with specialized functions– Cell (basic unit of life)– Tissue (a group of cells)– Organ (a group of tissues)– Organ system (a group of organs)– Organism

Organization of Multicellular Life

Cell specialization– Cells develop in different ways to perform different

functions• Ex: pancreatic cells produce proteins and are therefore

loaded with ribosomes and rough ER• Ex: liver cells remove toxins from blood and are loaded

with smooth ER• Ex: muscle cells require a lot of energy and are loaded

with mitochondria

Keystone Prep Questions

Structure Nucleus? Genetic Material?

Cell wall? Cell membrane?

Organelles? Ribosomes?

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes


1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

a. Ability to store hereditary informationb. Use of organelles to control cell processesc. Use of cellular respiration for energy released. Ability to move in response to environmental

stimuli


2. Living things can be classified as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

a. Cell wall and nucleusb. Cell wall and chloroplastc. Plasma membrane and nucleusd. Plasma membrane and cytoplasm


3. If a cell of an organism contains a nucleus, the organism is a(n)

a. Plantb. Eukaryotec. Animald. prokaryotes


4. Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly?

a. They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood

b. They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation

c. They increase the volume of the lungs allowing more oxygen to be inhaled

d. They increase the surface area of the lungs allowing efficient gas exchange

Keystone Prep Questions5. Some human body cells are shown in the

diagrams below.

These groups of cells represent differenta. Tissues in which similar cells function togetherb. Organs that help to carry out a specific life activityc. Systems that are responsible for a specific life activityd. Organelles that carry out different functions


6. Which cell parts are found in plants but not animals?

a. Nucleus and cell membraneb. Cell wall and nucleusc. Mitochondriad. Cell wall and chloroplasts


7. Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?

a. Cells are the basic unit of lifeb. All living things are made of cellsc. Very few cells reproduced. All cells are produced by existing cells


8. Which order describes the organization of multicellular organisms from smallest to largest?

a. Cells, organs, tissues, organ systems, organismb. Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organismc. Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, celld. Cells, tissue, organ, organism


9. The diagram below represents a cell of a green plant. Solar energy is used to produce energy-rich compound sin structure

a. Ab. Bc. Cd. D


10.Which cell structure is correctly paired with its function?

a. Ribosome – protein synthesisb. Vacuole – production of genetic informationc. Nucleus – carbohydrate synthesisd. Mitochondrion – waste disposal


11.A pesticide that kills an insect by interfering with the production of proteins in the insect would most likely affect the activity of

a. Ribosomesb. Mineralsc. Chloroplastsd. mitochondria

Keystone Prep Questions12.The diagram below represents two cells, X and Y.

Which statement is correct concerning the structure labeled A?

a. It regulates movement of material into/out of both cellsb. It is involved in communication in cell X but not cell Yc. It prevents absorption of CO2 in cell X and O2 in cell Y

d. It represents the cell wall in cell X and the cell membrane in cell Y

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BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES A1. A1. Basic Biological Principles 1.Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms