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dir Briefly list directory contentsdircolors Colour setup for ls'dirname Convert a full pathname to just a pathdirs Display list of remembered directories

dmesg Print kernel & driver messagesdu Estimate file space usagee

echo Display message on screen egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended

expressioneject Eject removable mediaenable Enable and disable builtin shell commands env Environment variablesethtool Ethernet card settingseval Evaluate several commands/arguments

exec Execute a commandexit Exit the shellexpect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a

terminalexpand Convert tabs to spacesexport Set an environment variableexpr Evaluate expressions

ffalse Do nothing, unsuccessfullyfdformat Low-level format a floppy diskfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux

fg Send job to foregroundfgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed stringfile Determine file typefind Search for files that meet a desired criteriafmt Reformat paragraph textfold Wrap text to fit a specified width.for Expand words , and execute commands format Format disks or tapesfree Display memory usagefsck File system consistency check and repairftp File Transfer Protocol

function Define Function Macrosfuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file

ggawk Find and Replace text within file(s)getopts Parse positional parametersgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a given patterngroupadd Add a user security groupgroupdel Delete a groupgroupmod Modify a groupgroups Print group names a user is ingzip Compress or decompress named file(s)

hhash Remember the full pathname of a name argumenthead Output the first part of file(s)

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help Display help for a built- in command history Command Historyhostname Print or set system name

i

iconv Convert the character set of a fileid Print user and group id'sif Conditionally perform a commandifconfig Configure a network interfaceifdown Stop a network interfaceifup Start a network interface upimport Capture an X server screen and save the image to fileinstall Copy files and set attributes

jjobs List active jobs join Join lines on a common field

kkill Stop a process from runningkillall Kill processes by name

lless Display output one screen at a timelet Perform arithmetic on shell varia bles link Create a link to a fileln Create a symbolic link to a filelocal Create variables locate Find fileslogname Print current login name

logout Exit a login shell look Display lines beginning with a given stringlpc Line printer control programlpr Off line printlprint Print a filelprintd Abort a print joblprintq List the print queuelprm Remove jobs from the print queuels List information about file(s)lsof List open files

m

make Recompile a group of programsman Help manualmkdir Create new folder(s)mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystemmknod Make block or character special filesmore Display output one screen at a timemount Mount a file systemmtools Manipulate MS-DOS filesmtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)mv Move or rename files or directories

mmv Mass Move and rename (files)n

netstat Networking information

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nice Set the priority of a command or jobnl Number lines and write filesnohup Run a command immune to hangupsnotify-send Send desktop notifications

nslookup Query Internet name servers interactivelyoopen Open a file in its default applicationop Operator access

ppasswd Modify a user passwordpaste Merge lines of filespathchk Check file name portabilityping Test a network connectionpkill Stop processes from runningpopd Restore the previous value of the current directory

pr Prepare files for printingprintcap Printer capability databaseprintenv Print environment variablesprintf Format and print data ps Process statuspushd Save and then change the current directorypv Monitor the progress of data through a pipepwd Print Working Directory

qquota Display disk usage and limitsquotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage

quotactl Set disk quotasr

ram ram disk devicercp Copy files between two machinesread Read a line from standard input readarray Read from stdin into an array variable readonly Mark variables/functions as readonlyreboot Reboot the systemrename Rename filesrenice Alter priority of running processesremsync Synchronize remote files via email

return Exit a shell functionrev Reverse lines of a filerm Remove filesrmdir Remove folder(s)rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)

sscreen Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via sshscp Secure copy (remote file copy)sdiff Merge two files interactivelysed Stream Editorselect Accept keyboard input

seq Print numeric sequencesset Manipulate shell variables and functionssftp Secure File Transfer Program

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shift Shift positional parametersshopt Shell Optionsshutdown Shutdown or restart linuxsleep Delay for a specified time

slocate Find filessort Sort text filessource Run commands from a file '.'split Split a file into fixed-size piecesssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)strace Trace system calls and signalssu Substitute user identitysudo Execute a command as another usersum Print a checksum for a filesuspend Suspend execution of this shell sync Synchronize data on disk with memory

ttail Output the last part of filetar Store, list or extract files in an archivetee Redirect output to multiple filestest Evaluate a conditional expressiontime Measure Program running timetimeout Run a command with a time limittimes User and system timestouch Change file timestampstop List processes running on the systemtraceroute Trace Route to Host

trap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characterstrue Do nothing, successfullytsort Topological sorttty Print filename of terminal on stdintype Describe a command

uulimit Limit user resources umask Users file creation maskumount Unmount a deviceunalias Remove an alias

uname Print system informationunexpand Convert spaces to tabsuniq Uniquify filesunits Convert units from one scale to anotherunset Remove variable or function namesunshar Unpack shell archive scriptsuntil Execute commands (until error)uptime Show uptimeuseradd Create new user accountuserdel Delete a user accountusermod Modify user account

users List users currently logged inuuencode Encode a binary fileuudecode Decode a file created by uuencode

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vv Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')vi Text Editor

vmstat Report virtual memory statisticswwait Wait for a process to complete watch Execute/display a program periodicallywc Print byte, word, and line countswhereis Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for

a programwhich Search the user's $path for a program filewhile Execute commandswho Print all usernames currently logged inwhoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')

wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTPwrite Send a message to another user

xxargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)xdg-open Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.yes Print a string until interruptedzip Package and compress (archive) files.. Run a command script in the current shell!! Run the last command again### Comment / Remark

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