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BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR KAMULU MUCHEENE
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION PROJECT
2013
2
This report was submitted to:
KAMULU COMMUNITY FOREST ASSOCIATION
P.O BOX 95-60201 KIBIRICHIA-MERU
CELL-0720437 220
Prepared by:
KRYPTONE CONSULTING LIMITED
ENVIRONMENT/PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
P.O BOX 202-0615 RUARAKA, NAIROBI, KENYA
Site-http://kryptoneneconsultingltd.weebly.com
Twitter: @KryptoneConsult
CELL-0720209595
Kryptone Consulting limited is a firm of consultants offering professional services in
environment/ project planning and management. We focus on promoting effective utilization
and management of natural resources in order to support both sustainable economic growth and
environmental conservation. We offer consultancy services in research and analysis, project
management, capacity building and work with a range of clients to research, plan, implement and
evaluate initiatives.
The facts of this report are believed to be correct at the time of production but cannot be
guaranteed.Kindly note that the findings, conclusions and recommendations that we deliver will
be based on the information gathered in good faith from both primary and secondary sources,
whose accuracy we are not always in a position to guarantee. As such Kryptone Consulting
Limited can accept no liability whatever for actions taken based on any information that may
subsequently prove to be incorrect.
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been funded by the Community Environmental Facility, CDTF, DANIDA and EU
through the Kamulu Community Forest Association. We would like to thank them for their
financial support.
Kryptone Consulting limited would like to express its sincere thanks to the management, PIC
and staff of Kamulu Community Forest Association for their valuable technical inputs. We are
grateful to the project manager Mrs Lynette Mwari for her technical inputs provided at different
stages of the survey and facilitating our fieldwork.
Many people participated in data collection for this study. They included researchers and
enumerators. Researchers and enumerators were accompanied by local guides in all of the CBOs
villages surveyed. Our sincere appreciation to all respondents in the surveyed areas for sharing
information and the invaluable ideas and also for their heartiest coopering during field visits.
Special thanks to our survey team for their devotion even amidst their busy schedules. Without
your support, efforts to make this survey a success would have been elusive. The team included:
Winrose Karimi, Francis Kiogora, Paul Murithi, Silas Mburugu, Murewa Charles and Raphael
Mutuma.
4
Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 3
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ 6
List of figures ........................................................................................................................................ 7
List of photographs ................................................................................................................................... 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 11
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 13
1.0 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 13
1.2 Objective of the survey ..................................................................................................................... 14
1.3 Expected outputs ............................................................................................................................... 15
2.0 SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS ............................................................................. 16
2.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 Sampling Procedure .......................................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Data collections methods .................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.1 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................................ 17
2.2.2 Focused group discussions ............................................................................................................. 18
2.3 Data processing and analysis ............................................................................................................ 18
2.4 Quality control .................................................................................................................................. 18
2.5 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 18
3.0 KEY SURVEY FINDINGS .................................................................................................................. 20
3.0 Existence of Kamulu CFA ................................................................................................................ 20
3.2 Social Characteristics ........................................................................................................................ 20
3.2.1 Household setup ............................................................................................................................. 20
3.2.2 Access to water for domestic use ................................................................................................... 22
3.2.3 Access to the source of energy ....................................................................................................... 23
3.2.4 Sources of Livelihoods .................................................................................................................. 24
3.3 Level of environmental awareness .................................................................................................... 26
3.3.1 Benefits of good forest management ............................................................................................. 26
3.32 Awareness of environmental problems ........................................................................................... 27
4.0 BASELINE FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................... 29
5.0 INTERVENTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE WAY FORWARD ............................. 31
5.1 Forest regulations .............................................................................................................................. 31
5.2 Forest related activities ..................................................................................................................... 31
5
5.3 Community training needs .................................................................................................................... 32
5.4 Develop Forest Management Plan (FMP) ............................................................................................ 32
5.5 Intensify awareness creation ................................................................................................................. 32
5.6 Factor in rural poverty .......................................................................................................................... 32
ANNEX 1: HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................................... 34
6
List of Tables
Table 1: Showing the name and registered number of members in each CBO forming the CFA
Table 2: Showing different percentages of food crops as grown by different households
Table 3: Showing baseline monitoring and evaluation logical-framework
7
List of figures
Fig 1: Showing the sampling frame and the household sampled in each CBO
Fig 2: Showing different levels of education to the surveyed households
Fig 3: Showing rates at which household surveyed access to source of water
Fig 4: Showing different sources of water accessed by households surveyed
Fig 5: Showing the rates at which different alternative sources of energy are accessed by the
households
Fig 6: Showing difference access of livelihoods to employment and business
8
List of photographs
Cover photo: Showing forests clearance for agricultural activities especially farming
Photo 1: Showing the effects of the forests for cutting timber for construction
Photo 2: Showing the effects of the forests for cutting timber for construction
Photo 3: Showing PIC members during inception and feedback sessions
9
List of abbreviations
CDTF - Community Development Trust Fund
CEF - Community Environment Facility
PIC - Project Implementation Committee
CFA - Community Forest Association
CBO - Community Based Organization
HHs - House Holds
KII - Key Informant Interviews
EU - European Union
MENR - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
FGD - Focused Group Discussions
RAs - Research Assistants
CFMP - Community Forest Management Plan
IGAs - Income Generating Activities
TOT - Trainer of Trainees
BLS - Baseline Survey
WRMA- Water Resources Management Authority
NEMA - National Environmental Management Authority
KARI - Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
MOA - Ministry Of Agriculture
10
PELIS - Plantation Establishment for Livestock Improvement Scheme
KFS - Kenya Forest Service
11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report summarizes the main preliminary finding of the baseline survey carried out
for Kamulu Mucheene Environmental Conservation project.
This survey was undertaken to identify and analyze the socio-economic aspects of the
communities with the project implementation sites. As such data was collected in 6 CBOs
which operate under Kamulu CFA namely: Mujujune, Nchoro, Muruguma, Katheri,
Kimbo and Kirukuru. Following these CBOs several households were randomly sampled
and questionnaires administered. Random sampling was used in each CBO to get
possible respondents. A sample size of 300 respondents was considered a representative
enough to this survey.
The aim of the survey was to describe the source of income for the selected CBOs and
compare the level of awareness and support for the existing forest regulations and the
level of knowledge about the biological importance of the forests.
Research amongst communities was carried out in 6 CBOs. These CBOs were chosen to
represent the total area under assessment, being comprised of villages surrounding the
Mucheene forests. The research was divided into both qualitative and quantitative in
order to gain a detailed understanding. The Key findings are summarized below:
People perceive the surrounding natural environment as being a source of natural
capital. The level of direct dependency on the natural assets by communities from
all sampled CBOs is highly significant and in the view of many, not sustainable
without changes in usage patterns.
Agriculture is the principal livelihood activity generating food and income and is
essential to people survival. Agriculture brings in food for everyone and money
for 97.7% of the responds. Secondary activities are also important as people with
small business having 72.2% of the respondents.
The degree of fuel wood dependency in the areas is usually high. There is need
for urgent alternative energy source.
12
There is lack of knowledge about villages and county level institutions that relate
to management of the environment, the forests, water and land. Capacity building
is required towards these institutions and the services
This is a preliminary report; subsequent reports will attempt to look at how changes in socio-
demographic variables such as respondents’ gender, Livelihood strategies, Level of education
and wealth influence both the socio-economies of households in the study.
13
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
The project will be implemented Meru County, the project will cover Kibirichia, Kiamogo,
Ntugi, Naari and Katheri locations and Kibirichia, Buuri and Abothuguchi West divisions of
Central Imenti and Buuri district. The projects seeks to rehabilitate 48.9 ha Mucheene forest.
The project is to support communities and aimed at poverty reduction through improved
livelihoods systems and conservation of community natural resources and initiatives for
enhanced environmental management and governance. The project has the following specific
objectives:
To rehabilitate degraded forest areas and establish plantation under PELIS
programme by planting 80,000 indigenous and 120,000 exotic tree seedlings
rehabilitation of degraded forest areas will have a dual effect of regulating water recharge
capacity from the catchment areas and also contribute to climate change mitigation. This
will also control extraction pressure from the indigenous forest which is crucial
sequestration, the project will also plant fast growing exotic species on the areas
designated by the KFS under a special programme (Plantation Establishment for
Livelihood Improvement Scheme), and community members will be able to contribute to
plantation establishment while benefiting from cultivating in the forest. This will ensure
food production by community members while addressing the country’s need for wood in
medium term.
To reduce pressure from the forest through adoption of 900 energy saving cooking
stoves and 900 fireless baskets achievement of this will have double effect on the
livelihoods of the community by one having to reduce a lot of time wasted in collecting
firewood for cooking with ordinary jikos. It will also ease pressure on forest from
reduced firewood extraction thus ensuring sustainability in its utilization while reducing
respiratory diseases associated with smoke in the ordinary kitchen.
To improve community livelihoods through adoption of 100 units of drip irrigation
and capacity building of 250 community members. Results of this will be efficient
14
utilization of the scarce water resource, improvement in food productivity and therefore
food secure. The incomes realized will have a multiplier effects by increasing members,
savings, and investments and better their life quality.
The project will have four main components in its implementation namely: forest management
and rehabilitation, energy saving technologies, livelihood improvement and capacity building.
With these components the project will address three environmental problems namely:
Over –exploitation of forest resources – this has been caused by the over-dependence by
the forest adjacent communities on the forest leading to extraction rates that are higher
that the natural and man-made regeneration. The resultant is the disappearance of forest
cover and thus contributing to climate change hence scarcity of ecosystem goods and
services.
Ignorance and lack of Knowledge in natural resources management and livelihood issues
– this has led to natural resources degradation. Because majority of the community
members in the target area depend on natural resources for their livelihood, this problem
has greatly impacted on their livelihoods. For instance, there is overgrazing in the forest
beyond its carrying capacity because community members lack sufficient knowledge and
capacity on how to upgrade their local breeds of livestock.
Over abstraction of water and unsustainable utilization - this creates artificial scarcity
leading to conflicts between different users as a result of inequitable distribution of water
resources
1.2 Objective of the survey
The overall objective of this survey is to establish the pre-intervention situation prior to project
start up hereby preparing the ground for project performance measurement. The principal focus
of the baseline is to collect and analyze pre-intervention data relating to the objectively verifiable
indicators (OVIs) for the project goal and objectives. The baseline is done to establish
benchmarks for the chosen indicators, i.e., to provide data on their initial status so that
subsequent monitoring and evaluation can assess the effects and impacts of the project for the
target population. The baseline also has the purpose of assessing the measurability of the
selected indicators and will, if necessary, be used to fine tune them for future follow-up. Overall
15
the baseline study establishes the benchmarks for monitoring and evaluation of the project aimed
at ensuring realistic assessment of the project performance as indicated in the logical framework
analysis of the project.
1.3 Expected outputs
The survey is expected to generate the following output
The current baseline status of the proposed interventions was to be determined and
documented
Clear indicators on ecological, socio-economic and gender aspects developed
Participatory methodologies for measuring changes of various interventions during the
project implementation period developed
Revised log frame with clearly defined indicators
Strategies for mainstreaming cross cutting issues developed
16
2.0 SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS
2.0 Introduction
The survey used both primary and secondary data sources. It blended qualitative and quantitative
methods buttressed by participatory research/ survey techniques. The study then goes onto show
the results of the research of both consultations with communities living adjacent to the
Mucheene forests and stakeholders with important role in the management or guidance of the
areas natural resources.
Research amongst communities was carried out in six CBOs. These were chosen to best
represent the total area under assessment. The research was divided into both quantitative and
qualitative data in order to gain a detailed overall understanding; the former allows for specific
data, percentages and numbers to be gathered. The latter allows for a more generalized view over
a greater number of people.
Quantitative survey was gathered by use of questionnaires where 300 questionnaires were
administered. The data presented includes household profiles, resource ownership, standard of
living and livelihood priorities. Qualitative survey was chosen because it uses participatory and
targeted research methods to gather objective viewpoints of different groups within a certain
society.
2.1 Sampling Procedure
The survey was conducted in Kibirichia, Kiamiogo, Ntugi, Maitei and Naari of Buuri district,
Katheri and Gathiranga locations of Central Imenti in Meru County. The methodology used in
this work was especially guided by the terms of reference and available documentation on
environmental conservation project in the above division of the survey consideration. A
multistage purposive sampling procedure was employed in the selection of survey population.
The main sampling unit of the survey was the household. The team relied on the opinion of local
leadership to select a truly representative. The purposive sampling method employed in this
survey was based on the understanding that communities are homogenous particularly in terms
of levels of environmental conservation challenges, socio-economic values attached and
development concerns and threats.
17
Random sampling was done in the CBO st level to select the group to participate in this survey
as respondents. A total of 50 questionnaires were administered in each CBO randomly giving a
total of 300 administered questionnaires.
Overall a total of 300 households were considered a representative enough within the project
area for this survey. The figure below illustrates a summary of sampling procedure.
Fig 1: Showing the sampling frame and the household sampled in each CBO
2.2 Data collections methods
2.2.1 Questionnaires
The basic method used by this survey was qualitative/ key informant interviews. Using these
methods the researchers held interviews with various teams; project implementation committee,
project manager and other key stakeholders in the project sites. Although respondents were
randomly selected, every attempt was made to get a balanced opinion of the socio-economic
issues in survey areas and how they affect environmental management, putting issues of gender,
age and disability into consideration.
18
2.2.2 Focused group discussions
Group discussions were conducted as a follow up to the content analysis and individual
interactions in interviews. These discussions were conducted at community level mainly with
people who depend largely on the environment. This helped the researchers to identify,
enumerate and analyze occurrences and developments of the environment sector and also in
corroborating information in the different reports reviewed.
2.3 Data processing and analysis
The data was entered and analyzed using the SPSS program. Ms Excel was also used for data
analysis. The research team specified the most crucial questions to be analyzed and the kind of
analysis they needed. Some of the survey questions allowed the respondent to give more than
one response. The advantage is that it offered possible responses to the issue in question. The
analysis of such data used the method of aggregating the various responses according to their
frequencies.
2.4 Quality control
Interviewers were instructed to check questionnaires completeness and accuracy on interview
site. At the end of each day, questionnaire debriefing sessions were held between the supervisors
and all interviewers, the interviews were asked to write daily qualitative information noted.
Agreement for common definitions was done to maintain uniformity. This was important in
capturing important data that would have been left out by the restrictive design of the research
instruments.
The assessment of socio-economic conditions involved identification of frontline stakeholders,
competing uses, forests based economic activities, social interactions and overall contribution to
the forests systems management to the local socio-economic conditions of the households.
2.5 Limitations
Ideally it would have been better if both surveys covered 100% of all households covered by all
CBOs where the project is to take place. However this was constrained by limited time and the
limited number of research assistants available.
19
With the assurances, when the interviewers introduced themselves, that data collected would be
treated with utmost confidentiality, some people feared that the data would be used to identify
those illegally obtaining products from the forest.
Income generating activities carried out by households’ member are likely to have been
overlooked, since the household head was usually interviewed in the absence of other members
20
3.0 KEY SURVEY FINDINGS
3.0 Existence of Kamulu CFA
Data obtained from the surveyed households from all groups gave different answers about the
whether organization existed and there different activities. Most of the households surveyed
knew that the organization exists. With over 97% of the households sampled supporting this.
Most of the surveyed households gave planting trees, management of nursery bed for trees
seedlings, pruning of trees as some of the activities carried by the organization.
This implies that the organization’s project will receive warm implementation in all the locations
simply because most of the households know the existence of the organization and its activities.
This will help boost the success of the project as there is some sense of ownership of the project
by the community
The CFA is an umbrella of 6 CBOs which operate under it with the same mandate and objective.
Below is a table showing the CBO name and registered number of members
CBO NAME NUMBER OF REGISTERED MEMBERS
Mujujune CBO
Nchoro CBO
Muruguma CBO
Katheri CBO
Kimbo CBO
Kirukuru CBO
Table 1: Showing the name and registered number of members in each CBO forming the CFA
3.2 Social Characteristics
3.2.1 Household setup
The survey revealed that all members living around the project area are Meru by tribe. The
survey also revealed on family structures with 72.9% being married. It was agreed within the
norms of the community that men are usually the household heads. This shows that marriage is
21
very much respected as there are no cases of divorces indicated in the survey. There was
deliberate effort to interview the household head in this survey and this formed 64%.
It was found that most of the sampled households had 8-12 residents 70.3%. This shows that
majority of the households are large, implying high demand for food and other households’
sustenance needs. Again this implied increasing pressure on the resources to satisfy basic human
needs.
Majority of the sampled households were headed by people who are educated up to primary level
52.8%. About 28% had no formal education at all while 17.2% were educated up to secondary
level. Only 2% had attained tertiary education. Similarly, the respondents were mainly primary
level educated people 65.7%. This demonstrates that the formal education levels of the
communities are not very high in general.
Fig 2: Showing different levels of education to the surveyed households
In terms of gender respondents, the survey revealed most of the community members available
in Kamulu and Mucheene forests adjacent area homesteads for interviews were male. This
brought the ration to which the genders have their impacts in their surrounding within that area
as 20:7 males and females respectively. This implied that males have large impetus on the local
22
natural resources than females in the same area. It also important therefore to consider the fact
those males should form majority of community members to be involved in the management
Kamulu and Mucheene forest. The organizations working within the area should largely involve
youths both males and females not necessarily the household heads in their undertakings.
There has not been any effort to quantify community wealth status. The survey team agreed on a
simple criterion upon which judgment was made to qualify a particular household to be well off,
moderate, poor, or very poor. However given the detailed wealth ranking was not carried out,
determination, determination of the wealth of individual households could have been influenced
by personal biases to the research team members. There are a number of differences in terms of
natural, physical, financial and social and human capital. The most important finding under this
aspect as revealed by the results is that more than half of all households assessed are poor with
great implication on forest management. The major indicators of poverty to quality assessment of
the survey team included poor housing status and lack of sanitary facilities among others.
3.2.2 Access to water for domestic use
The survey also revealed that most of the main sources of water for the households are from a
permanent source with 83% of households and 17% have no permanent access.
Fig 3: Showing rates at which household surveyed access to source of water
23
The survey showed that the households get water from different areas with 57% from rivers,
29% from the borehole and 14% from the tap.
Fig 4: Showing different sources of water accessed by households surveyed
3.2.3 Access to the source of energy
Surveyed household mainly use fire wood as their main source of power with 98.3% using it for
cooking purposes and this have a huge negative impact to the environment and especially forests.
According to the focused group discussion the responsibility of fetching firewood mainly falls on
children especially the females. Mothers also participate in collecting firewood. Majority of the
households’ surveyed used 3 head loads per week (57.5%), 34.2% indicated two head loads per
week and 8.3% indicated one head load per house hold per week.
24
Data obtained showed that there are other different alternative sources of energy for the
households with 68% using paraffin, 25% using charcoal, and 7% using solar.
Fig 5: Showing the rates at which different alternative sources of energy are accessed by
the households
3.2.4 Sources of Livelihoods
Results of the household income data indicate that agricultural activities form one of the
mainstays of the economies of the majority of the households studied having 97.7% and
secondary activities getting 72.2%.
The main source of livelihood is farming with at least each respondents interviewed mention it.
The level of dependence on each source of livelihood differed within each source. The major
source of livelihood was noted to be causal as indicated by 36% of all the respondents who
specified the source of livelihood. Other major sources highlighted were business, employment
and farming. For example, among those communities depending on casual work for their
livelihood only 14% of them depend entirely on it 23% depend on it partly 85% for their
livelihood. The respondents who indicated business as their major source livelihood are only
12% and who depend entirely on it. Further analysis showed that casual work was a major source
25
for the only poor at 65.5% and the very poor at 35.5%. Most of the rich people were either in
employment or business with employment at 62.7% and business at 37.3%
Fig 6: Showing difference access of livelihoods to employment and business
Most of the farmers in the area have small pieces of land. For most of the respondents the farms
are divided into homestead sections
26
Photo 2: Showing the effects of the forests for cutting timber for construction
Further analysis depicted that the community grow food crops such as maize, beans, bananas,
pigeon peas and cassava some of which are sold as cash crops. The table below shows the
percentages involved
Food Crop Percentage
Maize 98.4%
Beans 96.6%
Cassava 53.3%
Table 2: Showing different percentages of food crops as grown by different households
3.3 Level of environmental awareness
3.3.1 Benefits of good forest management
A series of questions were then posed to assess peoples’ perceptions of the importance of forests.
In general, respondents appeared to have a sound knowledge of the importance of forests in
27
providing water, preventing soil erosion and moderating temperatures. When questioned about
the importance of forests for water supplies, climate and soils, the majority (over 80%) of
respondents indicated that forests played an essential and beneficial role in maintaining water
supplies, moderating the climate and maintaining soil fertility and preventing soil erosion.
Respondents were also generally supportive of the need to conserve forest because they exist.
Over 80% of respondents agreed that forests should be conserved purely because they exist
3.32 Awareness of environmental problems
The environmental awareness surveys aim to examine the attitudes of communities towards the
natural environment in order to provide the means of assessing the impact of the Kamulu
Mucheene forests conservation. Results of the environmental awareness surveys indicate that
people generally have relatively limited knowledge about the rules and regulations relating to the
forests reserve.
Respondents’ knowledge relating to timber was relatively better than their knowledge of hunting
and firewood collection regulations. Knowledge about the location of forest boundaries and the
different zones within the forest appears to be limited in most settlements.
When asked to report their feelings about the control of the forests the majority (87%) of
respondents said they were happy with the fact that the State controlled the Forest Reserve.
Reasons why respondents were happy with State control included the fact that it meant that the
Forest Reserve would be conserved for future generations because the illegal exploitation of
timber would be reduced. The reasons most commonly offered for unhappiness included the fact
that people were short of farm land and that the Government took the land away from the people
to create the Reserve, leaving them with no choice in the matter. Land shortage appears to be
particularly acute problem in an area with relatively high population density.
When asked who should control the forest, nearly half (48%) of respondents said that the forest
should be controlled by both the State and the communities. This finding indicates that the many
respondents are supportive of the idea of community forestry, which in turn bodes well for the
development of community forest management.
28
In general, respondents appeared to have a sound knowledge of the importance of forest in
providing water, preventing soil erosion and moderating temperatures and were supportive of the
need to conserve forests.
Results of the Environmental Awareness survey indicate that, overall, the majorities of those
interviewed currently express positive attitudes towards the Kamulu Mucheene forests and forest
conservation. 80% of those interviewed expressed positive or very positive attitudes. These
results, however, should be treated with some caution. The positive attitudes expressed by the
majority of respondents may simply reflect respondents’ reluctance to report their true feelings.
Photo 3: Showing PIC members during inception and feedback sessions
29
4.0 BASELINE FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION
The main objective of BLS if to facilitate monitoring and evaluation of activities of the project
by establishing benchmarks based on the project log frame
Objectiv
es
Proposed
Interventions
Responsibility Measure Indicators/Resul
ts
To
rehabilita
te
degraded
forest
areas and
establish
plantatio
n under
PELIS
program
me by
planting
80000
indigeno
us and
12000
exotic
tree
seedlings
Restrict
activities of
logging in
the forests
Educate the
community
on different
sources of
livelihood
other than
depending
on the
forests
Tree
planting
Project
manager
PIC
NEMA
Community
MOA
KFS
Provincial
Administrat
ion
Site visits
Monitoring
reports
Records of
list of
participants
in the
training
Records of
trees
planted
Allowance
register for
training
Raised
awareness
on
deforestati
on
Improved
vegetation
cover
Improved
income
levels
To
reduce
pressure
from the
forest
through
adoption
of 900
energy
saving
cooking
stoves
and 900
fireless
baskets
Purchase of
energy
saving
devices
Distribution
of the
cooking
stoves
Training on
the use of
the devices
Project
manager
PIC
Community
MENR
KFS
Provincial
Administrat
ion
NEMA
Site visits
Records on
devices
purchased
e.g.
receipts,
invoices
List/records
of the
community
members
who are
given the
cooking
stoves
Records of
list of
Increase
forest
cover
Reduced
pressure
on forests
resources
Improved
awareness
on how to
use
energy
saving
cooking
stoves
30
participants
on training
Register for
training
To
improve
communi
ty
livelihoo
ds
through
adoption
of 100
units of
drip
irrigation
and
capacity
building
of 250
Purchase of
100 drip
irrigation
units
Distribution
of the
purchased
units
Capacity
building of
250 staffs
Project
manager
PIC
MOA
TOT
Provincial
Administrat
ion
Records on
the drip
units
purchased
e.g.
receipts,
invoices
List of
community
members
whose
shambas are
fitted with
drip
irrigation
units
List of
participant
in the
training
Improved
income
generation
through
productiv
e
agricultur
e
Efficient
use of
water
Improved
knowledg
e on drip
irrigation
among the
communit
ies
Table 3: Showing baseline monitoring and evaluation logical-framework
31
5.0 INTERVENTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE WAY FORWARD
Considering an in-depth assessment of the communities’ social-economics, their interactions,
their problems, community expectation of the project and their limitations, the survey gave the
respondents an opportunity to input on the way forward for wise resource conservation. This
gave participants an opportunity to make recommendations from their own perspective. The
survey team used these and their general understanding of the project sites to advance a number
of next steps in an effort to advice the PIC members for their success implementation.
5.1 Forest regulations
Possible repercussions of tightening the forest regulations and denying access to forest resources
may result in increased forest clearance and planting perennial crops which farmers perceive
they have more claim to.
It is also of importance to note that tightening of the regulations may also affect a wide range of
different households, including some of the poorest of the poor, for such households these forest
related activities may provide one of their only sources of income. It is therefore essential that
the project ensures that such people are not forgotten particularly because of their opinions may
not be heard at CBO meetings.
5.2 Forest related activities
Results of the households surveyed indicated that agricultural activities form one of the
mainstays of the economies of the majority. This has a considerable implication on Mucheene
forest conservation. This may be reduced by increasing the rate of productivity in the existing
farms.
Agroforestry maybe an appropriate way to intensify agricultural production, increase incomes,
diversify farming and reduce risks while at the same time reducing forest clearance especially
where soil fertility is a problem. Intercropping could also be used to improve agricultural
production.
There is a potential to make better use of waste timber and generate income at the same time by
developing wood working enterprises to make bowls and other wooden items for tourists.
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5.3 Community training needs
Respondents revealed that they would like to be trained on effective resource management and
conservation methods which should be adopted within their locality. Most of the training needs
to look into aspects like best farming methods (conservation agriculture), bee keeping, brick
making, sisal farming, livestock management (Dairy cattle and goats), local poultry, rabbit
keeping and craft making. Participation of women and youth in agro-based and other income
generation activities must be encouraged. In order to provide skill development trainings to rural
men, women and children, training centers and other needed facilities should be provided.
5.4 Develop Forest Management Plan (FMP)
The process of coming up with FMP is usually participatory in nature and this will give an
opportunity for the implementers to instill and strengthen a sense of ownership in communities
project outcomes. Traditional, out of date and outmoded agricultural practices should be replaced
by the modern and more productive practices.
5.5 Intensify awareness creation
Community participation is being achieved by FMP, sensitization and educational programs to
empower local communities with knowledge and awareness particularly on ecological roles need
to be scaled up to influence a positive shift of attitude and practices towards forests ecosystems.
Peace and security need to be promoted and assured to attract substantial investments for
infrastructure development and research, without which a sustainable development process
cannot be started and continued in the area.
5.6 Factor in rural poverty
We have labored to demonstrate majority of the communities are low income earners, perhaps
due to limited alternative sources of income, low levels of education and cultural influence.
Because of this communities only see the forest resources as only means of getting out poverty.
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6.0 CONCLUSIONS
The importance of environmental conservation cannot be underrated and as evidence, almost all
households surveyed in the area benefit from their surrounding in various ways. These findings
show the role the environment play in the lives of these communities. On other hand this gives
an idea on the extent of the pressure being exerted on the natural resources in the area.
Community training needs must be met, awareness raising on environmental values intensified
and laws, guidelines for environment utilization followed to the later.
The project has raised the expectation of the stakeholders in the different capacities. A
participatory approach to the implementation of the project will go a long way in ironing
conflicts of interests and giving opportunities to stakeholders to decide on the next step at
different phases of the project implementation. This will also concretize implementation the
sustainability plan, especially if target frontline communities get a sense that it is for their own
good.
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ANNEX 1: HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
Q1. Background Information: Base tool
Please fill in the information required in the tables below.
a) 1. No Education 2.Nursery 3.Primary 4.Secondary 5.College 6.University 7.Don’t Know
HH
Member,
Number
Relationship
to HH Head
Sex:
1.Male
Age
(Years)
Place
of
Period
lived in
the
Education
Level
Attained
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, and 7
(Indicate
number as
appropriate)
Professional
Training
List all major
Economic
Activities/ income
bracket.
Explain the objective of the survey:
This baseline survey is conducted by Kamulu Community Forest Association and Kryptone Consulting
Limited. The answers of the interviewees will facilitate the design and implementation of a new conservation
project. We are establishing the current status of the ecological,socio-economic and gender dimension and
assist the project in developing a strong monitoring and evaluation framework.
DO NOT INSIST IF THE PERSON REFUSES TO ANSWER THE QUESTION.
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE:
35
of HH
members
2.Femle Birth area
Do you know Kamulu CFA? Yes No
What are the activities done by Kamulu CFA ………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
How are the above activities beneficial to
you………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..
1. What do you understand by the term environment?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. List the five major environmental risks you are worried about.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Which level do you think is the most effective for making decisions about protecting the environment?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. In order to contribute to protecting our environment which three things would you be ready to do first?
............................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................ ............................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
5. What benefits do you obtain by using the forests habitats which are?
i) Ecological ………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Economical ………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
iii) Cultural
………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………....................................................................
...........................................................................................
Aesthetics
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. a) Are their activities which affect forest habitat around your area?
i............................................................................................................................ ..................................
ii..............................................................................................................................................................
iii.......................................................................................................................... ...................................
b) How do you manage the above activities?
Section 2 – Water
Q1. What is main source of water for the members of your household?
…………………………………………………………………………………
Q2. a) How far is it from your household? ………………………………………….
b) Is it a permanent source? Yes No
Q3. a) Is water from the source safe for consumption? Yes No (IF YES SKIP TO Q4).
b) If no what do you do to make it safe for drinking?
………………………………………………………………………………....................................................
37
............................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Q4. What are the other uses of that water?
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Q5. How effective can water be used both in household and agricultural activities?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Section 3: Energy
Q1. What is the main source of energy in your house hold?
i) Cooking ………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Lighting………………………………………………………………………………………..
Q2. What are other alternative sources? ……………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
Q3. Where do you get your main source from?
………………………………………………………………………………………
Q4. Is your source sustainable? Yes No
Q5. Are there any problems are you aware of that are associated with the following energy sources
i. Paraffin.................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................
ii. Cooking gas
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
iii. Wood
charcoal..................................................................................................................... ...........................
..............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................