What Is Barcode ? A barcode is a way to display information in
a way that machines, rather than humans, can easily read. Barcodes
must always start and end with a special character, called a Start
Code and a Stop Code respectively. Originally, barcodes represented
data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, such as
in Linear or 1D. Later they evolved into rectangles, dots, hexagons
and other geometric patterns in 2 dimensions (2D).
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Modern Applications And Uses Of Barcodes Almost every item from
a grocery store, department store, and mass merchandiser has a UPC
(ie Universal Product Code) barcode on it. Retail chain membership
cards use bar codes to uniquely identify a consumer. Such customers
can be provided with product discounts or special marketing offers.
When used on patient identification, barcodes permit clinical staff
to instantly access patient data, including medical history, drug
allergies, etc. The tracking of item movement - including rental
cars, airline luggage, nuclear waste, mail, express mail and
parcels.
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TYPES OF BARCODES Linear Barcode Composed of bars and spaces
all in a single line. Cannot hold a lot of data- typically not more
than 9 data characters for every inch of horizontal barcode space.
Further categorized as discrete and continuous barcodes
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TYPES OF BARCODES Matrix (2D) Barcode They pack a lot of data
into a small space Extremely useful for marking small parts,
products and packages There are two types of 2D bar codes currently
in use: stacked codes and matrix codes.
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TYPES OF BARCODES Post Office Barcodes Each individual digit is
represented by a set of five bars, two of which are full bars. The
full bars represent "on" bits in a pseudo-binary code. Examples: 1.
Four State used in UK and some other countries 2. PostNet + Zip
used in USA; includes FIM code
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TYPES OF BARCODES Other types of barcodes include: Publishing
barcode Pharmaceutical barcode Proprietary retail barcode These are
used for quality control and product identification
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Which is the best barcode for use? The type of barcode to use
for a particular situation depends upon: The implementation The
data-to-encode in the How the barcode will be printed Symbologies:
Different types of barcode standards for different purposes are
called symbologies.
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Barcode Standards
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Most Efficient Symbology There are many situations when the
space a barcode occupies is a concern. Lets see a few symbologies
and understand which one is the most efficient.
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Few symbologies: Code 39: Code 128: PDF417 (mode = TEXT): Data
Matrix (mode = C40): In the examples above, the Data Matrix is the
most compact symbology for the area.
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Barcode Accuracy and Misreads A study at Ohio University stated
that a well-trained data entry operator will usually make a data
entry error once every 300 keystrokes. A Barcode symbology needs
perform a lot better than that to be prefered over a data entry
operator. To reduce the amount of misreads it is important to test
scan the barcodes or to verify the barcode with a Bar Code
Verifier.
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Accuracy Figures
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Barcode Examples Industrial Barcode: Libraries, Blood Banks,
Air Bills: Postal Barcodes:
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2D Barcode PDF417 Data Matrix
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BARCODE USES Retail Barcodes There are four barcode types
commonly to identify retail items. UPC A and UPC E are mostly used
in North America, but are also found throughout the world.
Similarly, EAN 13 and EAN 8 are more popular in the rest of the
world, but are also found in North America. In Japan, EAN 13 and
EAN 8 are known as JAN 13 and JAN 8. Current developments?
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BARCODE USES Packaging Barcodes Packaging barcodes are those
usually used on the shipping cartons that contain many items. The
shipping barcodes are used for to give information about the
contents. ITF barcodes (known as UPC Shipping in North America)
identify identify the product in the box. EAN 128 barcodes are
capable of supplying much more detail about the product, including
dates, batch numbers, weight, quantity and dimensions. Current
developments?
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BARCODE USES Publishing Barcodes Books require a variation of
EAN 13 or UPC A barcode which encodes the ISBN number, plus
optional pricing information. Newspapers and Magazines require a
variation of EAN 13 which encodes the ISSN number as well as the
issue number and optional pricing information. Current
developments?
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BARCODE USES Pharmaceutical Barcodes The Pharma Code is used
for quality control and product identification for most
pharmaceutical products. Often one or more of the bars have
different colour. HIBC barcodes are commonly used in North America
to hold production details, though these are variations of Code 39,
Code 128 and EAN 128 barcode types. Other variations of established
barcode symbologies are also used in specific European countries,
including PZN (Germany), IMH (Italy), MSI (Belgium) and IKS
(Switzerland). Current developments?
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BARCODE USES Barcodes for non-retail labels There are many
different symbologies used for representing alphanumeric codes.
Among the most popular are: Code 25 (also known as Interleaved 2 of
5) used for digits only Code 39 used for digits, letters and a
subset of other characters Codabar used for digits plus a few other
characters Code 128 used for the full ASCII character set Code 93
used for the full ASCII character set Telepen used for the full
ASCII character set Current developments?
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Benefits of Barcodes Fast and Reliable data collection Reduced
Cost Improved Management Better Decision Making Quality Control
Work In Progress
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What is RFID?? RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION Wireless
information transfer via radio waves Reads are performed in
milliseconds No line of sight required and no physical contact uses
a semiconductor (micro-chip) in a tag or label to transmit stored
data when the tag or label is exposed to radio waves of the correct
frequency. It works better than Barcodes o the RFID device does not
need to be positioned precisely relative to the scanner.
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WORKING OF RFID A Radio-Frequency Identification system has
three parts: A scanning antenna A transceiver with a decoder to
interpret the data A transponder - the RFID tag - that has been
programmed with information.
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WORKING OF RFID The scanning antenna puts out radio-frequency
signals in a relatively short range. The RF radiation does two
things: It provides a means of communicating with the transponder
(the RFID tag) It provides the RFID tag with the energy to
communicate (in the case of passive RFID tags). When an RFID tag
passes through the field of the scanning antenna, it detects the
activation signal from the antenna. That "wakes up" the RFID chip,
and it transmits the information on its microchip to be picked up
by the scanning antenna.
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WORKING OF RFID
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RFID tag may be of one of two types. Active RFID tags : have
their own power source can communicate with the readers100 meters
or more away they have limited life spans Passive RFID tags do not
require batteries can be much smaller and have a virtually
unlimited life span. Also known as "Class 0" tags
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Comparison between RFID Tags ACTIVE TAGS Preferred when a
collection of tags needs to be simultaneously read Communications
can be initiated by either the tag or the reader. Adds
functionality Expensive PASSIVE TAGS Not preferred when a
collection of tags needs to be simultaneously read The reader
"talks" first; the RFID tag is essentially a server. Do not adds
functionality Not expensive
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USES OF RFID Hospital in-patients Blood RFID for Libraries Air
passengers Animal tracking tags to identify trees or wooden items
Credit-card shaped for use in access applications
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Benefits Of RFID Reduce warehouse and distribution labor costs:
This can reduce the high labor costs and service fees of regular
stock management and store shelf inventory Reduce point-of-sale
labor costs: checkout can be completed with a quick scan of all
items in cart helping to reduce point- of-sale labor costs Reduce
inventory: inventory errors can be reduced
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Benefits Of RFID Improve forecasting and planning: better track
where inventory is and what is happening Efficiency:tags can easily
track moving objects Reduce theft: products can be tracked through
the supply chain to pinpoint where a product is. Reduce out-of
stock conditions
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Benefits Of RFID Less Vulnerable to Damage: can be within an
object or embedded in plastic, enabling to use in areas of high
temperature or moisture, or with exposure to chemicals or the
outdoors. Improve customer experience: items in a cart can be
tracked
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Benefits Of RFID Other Benefits: - Greater supply chain
visibility increasing transportation and shipment times through the
use of vehicle scanning; tracking product paths in the event of a
product recall allowing inventory of products located in areas that
are dangerous or physically difficult to reach monitoring the
safety of non-perishable items in order to prevent spoiled items
being sold
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TECHNICAL PROBLEMS WITH RFID: Problems with RFID Standards: no
global standards. Consumers may also have problems with RFID
standards RFID systems can be easily disrupted: use of the
electromagnetic spectrum (like Wi-Fi networks or cell phones) RFID
Reader Collision: tag is unable to respond to simultaneous
queries
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TECHNICAL PROBLEMS WITH RFID: Tag Interference Vulnerability:
two tags close together can interfere with the signal disabling the
read capability of the scanner. RFID Tag Collision: many tags are
present in a small area. Readers can become confused when too many
signals are received at the same time. System providers have
developed complex algorithms to minimize this problem but the
vulnerability remains.
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PROBLEMS WITH RFID Security, privacy and ethics problems- The
contents of an RFID tag can be read after the item leaves the
supply chain RFID tags are difficult to remove RFID tags can be
read without your knowledge RFID tags can be read from greater
distances with high-gain antenna RFID tags with unique serial
numbers could be linked to an individual credit card number
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RFID Vs Barcode PARAMETER RFIDBARCODE Line of SiteNot required
(in most cases) Required Read Range-Passive UHF RFID: Up to 40 feet
(fixed readers) Up to 20 feet (handheld readers) -Active RFID: Up
to 100's of feet or more Several inches up to several feet Read
Rate10's, 100's or 1000's simultaneously Only one at a time
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RFID Vs Barcode PARAMETER RFIDBARCODE IdentificationCan
uniquely identify each item/asset tagged. Most barcodes only
identify the type of item (UPC Code) but not uniquely.
Read/WriteMany RFID tags are Read/Write Read only TechnologyRF
(Radio Frequency)Optical (Laser)
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RFID Vs Barcode PARAMETER RFIDBARCODE InterferenceLike the TSA
(Transportation Security Administration), some RFID frequencies
don't like Metal and Liquids. They can interfere with some RF
Frequencies Obstructed barcodes cannot be read (dirt covering
barcode, torn barcode, etc.) AutomationMost "fixed" readers don't
require human involement to collect data (automated) Image
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