Upload
hamza-sidiki
View
222
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/3/2019 Barcode Supply Chain
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/barcode-supply-chain 1/8
It is method of automatic identification and data collection.
History of Bar Codes
The first patent for a bar code type product (US Patent #2,612,994)
was issued to inventors Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver onOctober 7, 1952. The Woodland and Silver bar code can be describedas a "bull's eye" symbol, made up of a series of concentric circles.
Examine the 1958 patent drawing (see first image) that depicts theWoodland's and Silver's bar code label and the 1958 patent drawing(see second image)of the inventors' bar code scanner technology. Thephoto below left is an example of today's U.P.C. bar code on a productpackage.
In 1948, Bernard Silver was a graduate student at Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia. A local food chain store owner had madean inquiry to the Drexel Institute asking about research into a methodof automatically reading product information during checkout. BernardSilver joined together with fellow graduate student Norman JosephWoodland to work on a solution.
Woodland's first idea was to use ultraviolet light sensitive ink. Theteam built a working prototype but decided that the system was toounstable and expensive. They went back to the drawing board.
On October 20, 1949, Woodland and Silver filed their patentapplication for the "Classifying Apparatus and Method", describingtheir invention as "article classification...through the medium of identifying patterns".
Bar Code - Commercial Use
Bar code was first used commercially in 1966, however, it was soonrealized that there would have to be some sort of industry standardset. By 1970, the Universal Grocery Products Identification Code or
UGPIC was written by a company called Logicon Inc. The first companyto produce bar code equipment for retail trade use (using UGPIC) wasthe American company Monarch Marking in 1970, and for industrialuse, the British company Plessey Telecommunications was also first in1970. UGPIC evolved into the U.P.C. symbol set or Universal ProductCode, which is still used in the United States. George J. Laurer isconsidered the inventor of U.P.C. or Uniform Product Code, which wasinvented in 1973.
8/3/2019 Barcode Supply Chain
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/barcode-supply-chain 2/8
In June of 1974, the first U.P.C. scanner was installed at a Marsh'ssupermarket in Troy, Ohio. The first product to have a bar codeincluded was a packet of Wrigley's Gum.
Industrial adoption
In 1981 the United States Department of Defense adopted the use of Code 39 for marking all
products sold to the United States military. This system, Logistics Applications of Automated
Marking and Reading Symbols (LOGMARS), is still used by DoD and is widely viewed as the
catalyst for widespread adoption of barcoding in industrial uses.[10]
Use
Barcodes such as the UPC have become a ubiquitous element of modern civilization. Some
modern applications of barcodes include:
Almost every item other than fresh produce from a grocery store, department store,
and mass merchandiser has a UPC barcode on it.[citation needed ] This helps track items and also
reduces instances of shoplifting involving price tag swapping, although shoplifters can now
print their own barcodes.[citation needed ]
Barcodes are widely used in shop floor control applications software where employees
can scan work orders and track the time spent on a job.
Retail chain membership cards (issued mostly by grocery stores and specialty "big box"
retail stores such as sporting equipment, office supply, or pet stores) use bar codes to
uniquely identify a consumer. Retailers can offer customized marketing and greater
understanding of individual consumer shopping patterns. At the point of sale, shoppers can
get product discounts or special marketing offers through the address or e-mail address
provided at registration.
Example of barcode on a patient identification wristband
When used on patient identification, barcodes permit clinical staff to instantly access
patient data, including medical history, drug allergies, etc.
8/3/2019 Barcode Supply Chain
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/barcode-supply-chain 3/8
Document Management tools often allow for barcoded sheets to facilitate the separation
and indexing of documents that have been imaged in batch scanning applications.
Barcoded parcel
The tracking of item movement, including rental cars, airline luggage, nuclear
waste, registered mail, express mail and parcels.
Tracking the organization of species in biology. The barcode assigned is based on the
CO1 gene.[11]
Since 2005, airlines use an IATA-standard 2D barcode on boarding passes (BCBP), and
since 2008 2D barcodes sent to mobile phones enable electronic boarding passes.[12]
Recently,[when? ] researchers placed tiny barcodes on individual bees to track the insects'
mating habits.
Barcoded entertainment event tickets allow the holder to enter sports arenas, cinemas,
theatres, fairgrounds, transportation, etc. This can allow the proprietor to identify duplicate or
fraudulent tickets more easily.
They can track the arrival and departure of vehicles from rental facilities.
Barcodes can integrate with in-motion checkweighers to identify the item being weighed
in a conveyor line for data collection
Some 2D barcodes embed a hyperlink to a web page. A capable cellphone might be
used to read the barcode and browse the linked website, which can help a shopper find the
best price for an item in the vicinity.
In the 1970s and 1980s, software source code was occasionally encoded in a barcodeand printed on paper. Cauzin Softstrip and Paperbyte[13] are barcode symbologies specifically
designed for this application.
The 1991 Barcode Battler computer game system, used any standard barcode to
generate combat statistics.
8/3/2019 Barcode Supply Chain
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/barcode-supply-chain 4/8
In 1992 the Veterans Health Administration developed Bar Code Medication
Administration system (BCMA).
In the 21st century many artists started using barcodes in art, such as Scott Blake's
Barcode Jesus, as part of the post-modernism movement.
Today, barcodes are issued by GS1, the most widely used supply chain standards
system in the world.[14]
Quality control and verification
Barcode verification examines scanability and the quality of the barcode in comparison to industry
standards and specifications. Barcode verifiers are primarily used by businesses that print and
use barcodes. Any trading partner in the supply chain can test barcode quality. It is important to
verify a barcode to ensure that any reader in the supply chain can successfully interpret a bar
code with a low error rate. Retailers levy large penalties for non-compliant barcodes. These
chargebacks can reduce a manufacturer's revenue by 2% to 10%.[15]
Barcode verifiers work like a readers, but instead of simply decoding a barcode, a verifier
performs a series of tests. For linear barcodes these tests are:
Edge Determination
Minimum Reflectance
Symbol Contrast
Minimum Edge Contrast
Modulation
Defects
Decode
Decodability
2D matrix symbols look at the parameters:
Symbol Contrast
Modulation
Decode
Unused Error Correction
Fixed (finder) Pattern Damage
Grid Non-uniformity
Axial Non-uniformity[16]
8/3/2019 Barcode Supply Chain
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/barcode-supply-chain 5/8
Depending on the parameter, each ANSI test is graded from 0.0 to 4.0 (F to A), or given a pass or
fail mark. Each grade is determined by analyzing the scan reflectance profile (SRP), an analog
graph of a single scan line across the entire symbol. The lowest of the 8 grades is the scan grade
and the overall ISO symbol grade is the average of the individual scan grades. For most
applications a 2.5 (C) is the minimum acceptable symbol grade.[17]
Compared with a reader, a verifier measures a barcode's optical characteristics to international
and industry standards. The measurement must be repeatable and consistent. Doing so requires
constant conditions such as distance, illumination angle, sensor angle and verifier aperture.
Based on the verification results, the production process can be adjusted to print higher quality
barcodes that will scan down the supply chain.
Barcode verifier standards
Barcode verifiers should comply with the ISO/IEC 15426-1 (linear) or ISO/IEC 15426-2
(2D).
This standard defines the measuring accuracy of a bar code verifier.
The current international barcode quality specification is ISO/IEC 15416 (linear) and
ISO/IEC 15415 (2D). The European Standard EN 1635 has been withdrawn and replaced by
ISO/IEC 15416. The original U.S. barcode quality specification was ANSI X3.182. (UPCs
used in the US—ANSI/UCC5).
This standard defines the quality requirements for barcodes and Matrix Codes (also called Optical
Codes).
As of 2011 the ISO workgroup JTC1 SC31 was developing a Direct Part Marking
(DPM) quality standard : ISO/IEC TR 29158.[18]
International standards are available from the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO).[19]
These standards are also available from local/national standardization organizations, such as
ANSI, BSI, DIN, NEN and others.
Benefits
In point-of-sale management, barcode systems can provide detailed up-to-date information on the
business, accelerating decisions and with more confidence. For example:
8/3/2019 Barcode Supply Chain
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/barcode-supply-chain 6/8
Fast-selling items can be identified quickly and automatically reordered.
Slow-selling items can be identified, preventing inventory build-up.
The effects of merchandising changes can be monitored, allowing fast-moving, more
profitable items to occupy the best space,
Historical data can be used to predict seasonal fluctuations very accurately.
Items may be repriced on the shelf to reflect both sale prices and price increases.
This technology also enables the profiling of individual consumers, typically through a
voluntary registration of discount cards. While pitched as a benefit to the consumer, this
practice is considered to be potentially dangerous by privacy advocates.
Besides sales and inventory tracking, barcodes are very useful in logistics.
When a manufacturer packs a box for shipment, a Unique Identifying Number (UID) can
be assigned to the box.
A database can link the UID to relevant information about the box; such as order number,
items packed, qty packed, destination, etc.
The information can be transmitted through a communication system such as Electronic
Data Interchange (EDI) so the retailer has the information about a shipment before it arrives.
Shipments that are sent to a Distribution Center (DC) are tracked before forwarding.
When the shipment reaches its final destination, the UID gets scanned, so the store knows
the shipment's source, contents, and cost.
Barcode scanners are relatively low cost and extremely accurate compared to key-entry, with
only about 1 substitution error in 15,000 to 36 trillion characters entered.[20][unreliable source? ] The exact
error rate depends on the type of barcode.
8/3/2019 Barcode Supply Chain
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/barcode-supply-chain 7/8
Spawn Floater (NEW!)Spawn a Floater boat in front of Luis. 938-555-0150Spawn Akuma (NEW!)Spawn an Akuma bike in front of Luis. 625-555-0200Spawn Vader (NEW!)Spawn a Vader bike in front of Luis. 625-555-3273Spawn APC (NEW!)Spawn an APC in front of Luis. 272-555-8265Spawn Buzzard (NEW!)Spawn a Buzzard helicopter in front of Luis. 359-555-2899Spawn Bullet GT (NEW!)Spawn a Bullet GT in front of Luis. 227-555-9666Parachute (NEW!)Give Luis a parachute. 359-555-7272Super Punch (NEW!)Makes Luis' punches explosive. 276-555-2666Explosive Sniper (NEW!)Makes the sniper rifles fire explosive rounds. 486-555-2526Health & WeaponsGive Luis health and weapons. 482-555-0100Health & Armour Give Luis health and armour. Blocks the achievement "Finish Him." 362-555-0100
Weapons (Advanced) (NEW WEAPONS!)Knife, Pistol. 44, Explosive Shotgun, Assault SMG, Advanced MG, Advanced Sniper,Grenade Launcher, Sticky Bombs. 486-555-0100Weapons (Poor)Knife, Molotovs, Pistol, Pump Shotgun, Micro SMG, Assault Rifle, Combat Sniper, RPG.486-555-0150Remove Wanted LevelRemove any police wanted level. Blocks the achievement "Walked free." 267-555-0100Raise Wanted LevelAdd one star to Luis' wanted level. 267-555-0150
Change Weather Select from eight different weather types. 468-555-0100
Spawn Annihilator Spawn an Annihilator helicopter in front of Luis. 359-555-0100Spawn JetmaxSpawn a Jetmax boat in front of Luis. 938-555-0100
Spawn NRG-900Spawn an NRG-900 bike in front of Luis. 625-555-0100
8/3/2019 Barcode Supply Chain
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/barcode-supply-chain 8/8
Spawn SanchezSpawn a Sanchez bike in front of Luis. 625-555-0150Spawn FIB BuffaloSpawn an FIB Buffalo in front of Luis. 227-555-0100
Spawn Comet
Spawn a Comet in front of Luis. 227-555-0175
Spawn TurismoSpawn a Turismo in front of Luis. 227-555-0147
Spawn CognoscentiSpawn a Cognoscenti in front of Luis. 227-555-0142
Spawn Super GTSpawn a Super GT in front of Luis. 227-555-0168