Bangladesh - Needs case: Global Dialogue on Ocean

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Needs case

Global Dialogue on Ocean AccountingNovember 12-15 2019

[Radm Md. Khurshed Alam].

[Bangladesh]

https://www.oceanaccounts.org/

GROSS MARINE PRODUCT

NATURAL CAPITAL

Oceans are the points where planet, people and prosperity come together

4 billionpeople rely on ocean for livelihood

90% of fishers live in developing countries$3 trillion -

market value of marine & coastal resources (5% of world’s GDP

350 millionjobs linked to ocean


Bangladesh : The importance of the ocean

Ecosystems & the Ocean6

✓ Bangladesh exercise sovereign rights 0ver 118,000 sq. km of waters extending up to 354 nautical miles of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and Continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles into the Bay of Bengal.✓30 million Bangladeshi directly depend on oceanic

economic activities like fisheries and commercialtransportation.

✓475 species of fish and other minerals are found inour EEZ.✓Bangladesh is one of the world’s leading fish

producing countries with a total production of 42.77lakh MT in 2017-18, where pond aquaculturecontributes 56.24 percent to total production.✓It has one of the largest inland water transport

network in the world covering 24,000 km long with1000 landing points and 22 inland river ports

WATER CONVENTION-GLOBAL AND REGIONAL COMMITMENTSConventions are powerful tool to operationalize multilateralenvironmental agreements and the 2030 agenda for sustainabledevelopment and the sdg 6.5.2

WATER FLOW IN THE RIVERS• Decreased upper water flow causing river bed to rise above

and not allowing more water to pass during flood sea

• Intrusion of salinity more interior affecting mangrove and vegetation

• More erosion affecting flora and fauna, flood damages-flood defence, storm surge, fundamental approach

• Governance, monitoring and data acquisition, resource generation

• Water security resources project, river water management,food security, economic growth, environmentalsustainability, social environment, institutionaldevelopment, salinity, sediment management, tidal rivermanagement, coastal projects, cyclone storm, flooding,water logging subsidence, land reclamation.

❖More than 90 per cent of global trade carried byshipping. Maritime transport constitutes thebackbone of international trade

❖ Source of employment and economic well-beingfor millions of people around the world includingBangladesh

❖ Economic activities- ocean-based-fishing, marineaquaculture, shipbuilding, oil and gas mining,transportation and international communicationsindustries/submarine cables, as well as emergingsectors such as offshore renewable energy.

❖ Hydrographic and meteorological activitiesindirectly bring about economic benefits.

ECONOMIC SECURITY


Opportunities

• The blue economy is one of the priority sectors of thegovernment and it has taken a $240 million project withfinancing from the World Bank for sustainabledevelopment of coastal and marine fisheries.

• Biotechnology: using Marine biotech in the Bay ofBengal has the potential to deal with a suite of globaldifficulties, to Illustrate, property food provides, humanhealth, energy security, and natural remedy

• Submarine mining: Bangladesh is getting ready for theexploration and exploitation of mineral stores on andbeneath the ocean floor. Industry, owing to increasingproduct worth, is popping its attention to the potentialwealth of nodules, cobble and then on. Business profit issubstantial in buds.



Opportunities• Bangladesh with its 4 major sea ports position itself to optimize

their advantages. Our USD 80 billion trade is carried by 3000foreign ships visiting our ports every year and we pay around 5billion dollar as freight charges.

• Shipbuilding industry –doing good for Bangladesh

• Govt implemented a project titled ‘Safe and EnvironmentallySound Ship Recycling in Bangladesh (SENSREC) jointly with theInternational Maritime Organization (IMO), and theNorwegian Government.

• Govt has under taken a project titled “Establishment of GlobalMaritime Distress and safety system and Integrated MaritimeNavigation Systems” to provide radio communication,navigational aids, tracking of ships, search and rescue facilitiesetc. in the maritime areas.


Foreign Trawlers

FISHERY- ARTISANAL FISHING BOATS/TRAWLERS

Aquaculture development in open coastal waters/seas

ND3.AVI

IMPROVED FISHERIES GOVERNANCE


Policies, strategies and priorities✓Govt bans fishing of jatka( Juvenile fish upto 23cm) for eight

months in the inland rivers and marine water from 1st Novemberto 30th June every year.

✓ Bangladesh government managed to seize 6.5 Billion Tk worthof illegal net which results in increase of the production of hilsasubstantially.

✓ Govt also completely bans fishing, shipping, marketing, sellingand stocking of mother Hilsa in the inland rivers and coastalareas for peak 22 days of spawning and breeding times everyyear

✓Bangladesh also bans of all kinds of fishes and crustaceans inthe Economic Zone of the Bay of Bengal by any means during20th May to 23rd July every year for 65 days

✓There is total ban on destructive fishing


One day's ship traffic as seen from space - 2018

• It is estimated that some 40,000 vessels transit through the IndianOcean monthly

• The fastest growth in Maritime Trade is between the emerging ofSouth Asia, Far East and economies of China, Japan, Africa &America

Ship building .84 percent, 1% USD 200 blbilion dollar market


✓In Bangladesh, ship building and recycling produces about 2.5million tons of scrap steel per year through dismantling ofabout 200 ships, and it fulfils 60-70% of Bangladesh’s raw irondemand.

✓Among major five ship recycling countries, the market shareof Bangladesh is 30-35% in terms of LDT recycled. Thisindustry generates output worth about 770 million USD peryear, and pays to the government about 80-100 million USDper year as tax and duties



Opportunities

• Tourism has been recognized as one of the most gainfulbusiness and the key to worldwide trades. Tourismbusiness reduces unemployment and helps to earn moreforeign exchanges

• In mid 2017, for the first time one small cruise ship“Silver Discoverer” made voyages to Sundarbans andMoheshkhali island using sea routes along the Bay ofBengal. These trips have unveiled another dimension ofBlue Economy in the country’s maritime sector


Algae Factory

From hatching to the dinner table

Fish feed

BIOTECHNOLOGY-EXPANDING THE VALUE CHAIN

Ecosystem-based coastal defense integrated with sustainable aquatic food production

COASTAL HABITAT

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Socio-economics

Ecosystem

Physics Engineering

SEAFOOD

• Nearly 300 submarinecables spanning over500,000 miles acrossthe world’s seabed arethe primary pipelineof transcontinentalInternet.

• They are alsoresponsible for $10trillion worth oftransactional valueevery day.

• It is greater than theGDP of Japan,Germany, andAustralia combined.

Source: TeleGeography

Global Submarine Cable Map

SOCIAL ECONOMY

❖ Food security and livelihoods-350 million jobsworldwide linked

❖ Heritage and culture of coastal and small island States

❖The development of recreation and tourism facilities

❖ Addresses seafarers and coastal communities, ensuresafety of ships at sea relating to the manning of ships,labour conditions and the training of crews.

❖ Common heritage of mankind principle

❖ Conservation and management of marine livingresources, the economic needs of coastal fishingcommunities, as well as nutritional needs.

MANGROVE AND CC MITIGATION


Policies, strategies and priorities

✓The Sundarbans is one of those 49 marine sites declared byUNESCO. The area for wild animal sanctuary in Sundarbanswas 139700 Hectare in the year 1996, which later has beenincreased to 317950 Hectare in the year 2017 by the initiative ofDepartment of Forest.

✓The increased area is about 52.84% of the main Sundarbansland. To preserve and enhance the ecological sustainability ofthis mangrove forest, Bangladesh is about to launch aninvestment project named “Protect Sundarbans” by her ownfinance which amounts to Tk. 4.06 Billion.


CLIMATE CHANGE• Our atmosphere and ocean are undergoing drastic changes as a

result of rapidly increasing temperatures.

• Many of these are becoming increasingly obvious: rising sealevels, extreme weather conditions, ocean acidification, deadzones and invasive species. The impacts on coastal communitiesare dramatic.

• The ocean has absorbed 90 % of the excess heat caused bygreenhouse gases accumulating in the atmosphere, as well as30 % of the CO2 generated by humans. This has alteredproductivity and biodiversity patterns. This in turn is putting oursupply of fish and seafood at risk, and threatening food security.

• Rising sea levels have caused coastlines to recede hundreds ofmetres, and extreme weather is causing major disasters,endangering whole communities and traditional livelihoods.Coastal and Small island states are particularly vulnerable, as arecoastal lowlands where trade, wealth and most of the world’spopulation are concentrated.

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Environmental, social and economic concerns➢The overall trend in the coastal zone of Bangladesh during the

last 30 years is 6-21 mm/year; which is much higher than GlobalMean Sea Level (GMSL) trend derived from long-term globaltide gauge data. The finding suggests very high vulnerability ofthe coastal zone of Bangladesh due to sea level rise.

➢Salinity Intrusion from the Bay of Bengal already penetrates 100kilometers inside the country during the dry season and theClimate Change in its gradual process is likely to deteriorate theexisting scenario to a great extent.

➢Since most of the country is less than 10 meters above Sea leveland almost 10% of the population of the country is living below 1meter elevation - the whole coastal area is Highly Vulnerable toHigh Tides and Storm Surges



Environmental, social and economic concerns➢Increased temperature not only directly reduce the crop

production but also it has an indirect impact by stimulating thebreeding of harmful insects, pests etc. Which are detrimentalfor the agricultural production

➢The Urban poor are therefore directly at the risk of NaturalDisasters being enhanced by the impacts of Climate Change -especially in the absence / shortage of the necessaryInfrastructure as well as Employment opportunity for them inthe major cities of the country.

➢In Bangladesh, Women are especially Vulnerable because of theGender inequalities in the Socio- economic and Politicalinstitutions. During the 1991 Cyclone and Storm surge inBangladesh, the death rate in case of women was almost fivetimes higher than the men.


Nor

th


Policies, strategies and priorities✓National Adaptation Programme for Action (NAPA). The

government has already prepared National Adaptation Programme forAction (NAPA), 2005 (which has subsequently been revised in 2009).

✓Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) :Considering the inadequacy of NAPA 2005, Bangladesh preparedClimate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP). The objective ofBCCSAP was to increase the country's resilience to climate change,reduce or eliminate the risks that climate change pose to nationaldevelopment, and expedite development of the country following alow-carbon path.

✓Nationwide Climate Vulnerability Assessment. Bangladesh hasconducted Nationwide Climate Vulnerability Assessment. A climatevulnerability index has also been prepared as part of the NCVA study,which is expected to help the government to allocate resources forfuture investment programme/projects on high vulnerable areas orzones prudently.




✓Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF). In orderto implement the BCCSAP on the ground, BangladeshGovernment established Bangladesh Climate Change TrustFund (BCCTF) in 2009-2010 with own funding. With theallocation of trust fund around 420 million USD, 687 projectshave been taken of which 313 have already been completed.

✓Country Investment Plan (CIP). Bangladesh has alreadyprepared Country Investment Plan. The overall goal of the CIPis to increase the contribution of the Environment, Forestryand Climate Change (EFCC) sectors to the sustainabledevelopment of the country, through the enhanced provisionof ecosystem services, thereby helping to reduce poverty,improve environmental and human health and increaseresilience to climate change.



Environmental, social and economic concerns➢ADB climate and economics report for South Asia said that Low-

lying Bangladesh is at the front line of at-risk countries fromclimate change and could suffer annual losses of up to 9% of itseconomy by the end of this century. It predicts without changesto current global behavior, Bangladesh would see annualeconomic costs equivalent to 2% of its GDP by 2050, widening to9.4% by 2100.

➢With the rise of Sea-level up to one meter only, Bangladeshcould lose up to 15% of its land area under the Sea water andaround 30 million people living in the coastal areas ofBangladesh could become Refugees because of Climate Changeimpacts.

➢Given our poor understanding of deep sea ecosystems, growingindustrial interest, rudimentary management, and insufficientprotected areas, the risk of irreversible environmental damagehere is real. This emerging industry would result in seriousimpacts to our oceans.


ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY ❖ Ocean is essential to life on earth-provides food, jobs, energy

and communication highways and regulate our climate, controls

weather patterns and produces oxygen for us. Ocean is under

threat from the effects of climate change, over-fishing, pollution

and loss of biodiversity.

❖ Pollution and habitat degradation affecting fish stocks and

threatening sustainability, global food security, and whole

marine ecosystems, and valuable commercial species are

disappearing. Marine ecosystems must be protected from

harmful human impacts. Integrated management of natural

resources and the marine environment is crucial. SDG target

14.5 is to conserve at least 10 % of marine and coastal areas by

2020

MULTIPLE HUMAN IMPACTS

MARINE PLASTIC/LITTER

2017 : 1 truck /minute

into ocean

2030 : 2 trucks /minute

2050 : 4 trucks /minute

Ocean Plastic could

outweigh fish

by 2050

SHIP RECYCLING INDUSTRY AND COMPLIANCE OF RULES


Priority actions

• The Government of Bangladesh enacted ‘the Bangladesh ShipRecycling Act, 2018’ on 12 February 2018 with the aim tofacilitate development, management and progress of the shiprecycling industry.

• Earlier, the Government of Bangladesh enacted ‘the ShipBreaking and Ship Recycling Rules, 2011’ with the aim toregulate the industry in an effective manner. The Ministry ofIndustries is now working on reviewing the 2011’s Rules tomake it compatible with the Act enacted in 2018.

• According to the provision of the Bangladesh Ship RecyclingAct 2018, the Government shall have to take necessary steps toachieve required capabilities within a specific period of 5 (fiveyears) from the enactment of this Act, to meet the provisionsof the Hong Kong Convention.



Policies, strategies and priorities✓Tree Plantation Programme. Massive tree plantation has been carried out

which also involves social afforestation and rehabilitation of degraded forestsas well as coastal ‘greenbelt” projects, involving mangrove planting along theshoreline.

✓Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Bangladesh has submittedthe Intended National Determined Contribution to UNFCCC in 2015. Toimplement the INDC, NDC Implementation Roadmap prepared andfinalized its Sectoral Action plan as well. The NDC of Bangladesh has set a5% voluntary GHGs emission reduction target below business as usual by2030 with the condition of getting technological financial support fromdeveloped countries. National Adaptation Plan (NAP).

✓National Adaptation Plan is the main vehicle under the UNFCCC process.The Govt. has already initiated the process for the preparation of NAP withapproximately 2.8 million USD financial supports from the Green ClimateFund (GCF) with the technical assistance of the UNDP.

✓TNC OF Bangladesh to the UNFCCC.



Policies, strategies and priorities ✓To develop the biodiversity of the only coral island of Bangladesh a

project named “Development, Management and Conservation of theSaint Martin Island by Ecological Management” has been adopted.Research program on coral, flora and fauna of the island has beeninitiated so as to effectively perform conservation process of the island.

✓Under the Marine Fisheries Ordinance-1983, an area of 69,800 Hectarein the Middle Ground and South Patches of Bay of Bengal has beenannounced as Marine Reserve Area. 173,800 Hectare area in the Swatchof No Ground has also been declared as Marine Protected Area (MPA)under the Wildlife Conservation and Security Act 2012.

✓Moreover, in the Coastal Marine Ecosystem 20,373 Hectare area in theCox’s bazaar-Teknaf peninsula, 2,92,926 Hectare area around theSundarbans’ , 1,029 Hectare area in Sonadia island and 1,214 Hectarearea in Saint Martin Island have been declared as Ecologically CriticalArea and development activities have been taken for the effectivemanagement of these areas




✓Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) 2100BDP 2100 is a comprehensive,integrated, holistic and long term techno-economic plan for BangladeshDelta, which laid focus on food security, water safety, climate change,environment sustainability, disaster management and sustained economicgrowth.

• This mega plan has articulated six delta specific goals as follows:

• Ensure safety from natural disasters and climate change related disasters;

• Enhance water security and efficiency of water usages;

• Ensure sustainable and integrated river systems and estuaries management;

• Conserve and preserve wetlands and ecosystems and promote their wise use;

• Develop effective institutions and equitable governance for in-country &trans-boundary water resources management; and

• Achieve optimal use of land and water resources



Institutional mechanisms• Considering the importance of sustainable use of marine resources, a

high level committee has been formed at the PMO. Additionally toeffectively manage conservation and development of the EcologicallyCritical Areas Ecosystem Management Fund has been formed.

• To promote coastal forestation process, “Technical Study for Mappingof Potential Greenbelt Zone in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh” withthe help of Center for Environmental and Geographic InformationSystem already completed.

• To restore the biodiversity “Development, Management andConservation of the Saint Martin Island through EcologicalManagement” has been undertaken.

• For implementation Biological Diversity, Bangladesh Biodiversity Act2017 and National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2021 hasbeen undertaken. The department also prepared National Oil andChemical Spills Contingency Plan (NOSCOP), for finalization by thegovernment



Institutional mechanisms• Under the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem project, a survey has

been conducted for the Regional Management of Environment andMarine Fisheries in the Bay of Bengal.

• Also, under this project another 20 potential areas has been detected toconvert as Marine Protected Area (MPA), which will be announced asMPA gradually.

• For assessing sea level rise and risk analysis, DoE has completed aresearch study “Assessment of Sea Level Rise and Vulnerability in theCoastal Zone of Bangladesh through Trend Analysis” with the help ofthree leading research organizations of the country - CEGIS, IWM andIWFM of BUET.

• Considering its immense importance, the Ministry of Industries hasbeen putting lots of efforts for the development of environmental andoccupational health and safety standards - the two major globalconcerns with this industry.



Institutional mechanisms

• Bangladesh is the first amongst developing countries to banmanufacture and use of single use plastic shopping bags.

• The government enacted Bangladesh EnvironmentConservation Act 1995, later amended in 2010, againstproduction and marketing of any kind of environmentdegrading plastic element.

• Bangladesh also promulgated Environment ConservationRegulations 1997 to effectively manage the usage of plasticbags. All types of production, marketing, carrying, and usingof plastic bags were made a punishable crime.

• At present Consequently, consumers will be less prone to usethis environment degrading pro it is producing biodegradablejute bags fro all types of consumer use at a lesser cost whichare environment friendly.



WHAT WE NEED TO DO

❑ ADB report indicated that Low-lying Bangladesh is atthe front line of at-risk countries from climate changeand could suffer annual losses of up to 9% of its economyby the end of this century. It predicts without changes tocurrent global behavior, Bangladesh would see annualeconomic costs equivalent to 2% of its GDP by 2050,widening to 9.4% by 2100.

❑ In order to stop IUU Fishing and other destructivefishing, all fishing boats in the coastal zone should bebrought under registration. The technology is not yetavailable in Bangladesh.


IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

MULTIBEAM ECHO SOUNDERS – FULL RANGE

.


WHAT WE NEED TO DO?❑If acidification damages marine habitats or reduces harvests,

the resulting decline in revenues could mount job losses andadditional indirect economic costs. Funding is necessary toinstall in situ high-precision sensors around the territorialwaters to generate real-time monitoring of changing waterconditions in sensitive areas. But such funding is not presentcurrently.

❑The multilayer plastic used in packaging of different products isone of the main reasons that have been exacerbating the landbased pollution as well as in marine area. The recycling processof this multilayer is quite complicated and costly as well, requireadditional funding.


SURVEILLANCE COVERAGE AT SEA


WHAT WE NEED TO DO? ❑Governance of the oceans and seas is a key global challenge. The

number of international conventions and regional agreementsmakes it very difficult to ensure effective participation by coastalcountries. Therefore, there is an increasing need for regulationon the basis of an appropriate balance between the demand forocean’s natural resources and their sustainability.

❑We need capability for deep sea fishing

❑ Immediate introduction of marine aquaculture or mariculture.

❑To meet the growing energy demand and depleting onshoreenergy reserve, the country needs to expedite exploration at seaand also need additional resources for marine renewable energy.



WHAT WE NEED TO DO

❑Lack of knowledge, expert workforce, and technology to takemaximum benefits from the blue economy, especially forexploiting deep-sea fishes and seabed resources.

❑Bangladesh needs capacity building, technology transfer andmore scholarships for its students for pursuing higher degrees inthe oceanography

❑Safeguarding mangrove and ocean grass is a challenge for us.Additionally, addressing environmental change and managingcarbon discharge have always been elusive.

❑The maintenance of the navigability of the rivers of the countryshould take priority which will in turn generate jobs, and is stillthe cheapest mode of transportation.


El

Nino

Asian

Monso

on

REASEARCH on Monsoon onset


WHAT WE NEED TO DO• With a view to improving food security, eradicating poverty and

delivering shared prosperity, global leaders, ocean practitioners,scientists, and representatives from government, businessmen,civil society and international organizations must come togetherto explore action-oriented partnerships, governancearrangements, investment frameworks and financing vehicles toturn the tide not only on the health of oceans but also how theresources of the sea could be used for economic emancipation.

• The value of fish traded by developing countries is estimated atUS$ 25 billion making it their largest single trade item .Fishingactivities will continue to represent a large part of economic andfood output for many developing countries. As demand for fishcontinues to grow, Bangladesh needs to explore options to keepbenefiting from this activity while ensuring sustainablemanagement of stocks too.



Stakeholders• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

• Ministry of Shipping

• Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)

• Bangladesh Climate Change Trust

• Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute

• Ministry of fisheries and livestock

• Department of Fisheries (DoF)

• Fisheries resources survey system (FRSS)

• Planning Commission

• Institutes of Marine Technology

• Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute

• Maritime Affairs Unit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs



Main data sources• Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD)

• Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock : Annual Report onFisheries and Livestock 2018-2019

• Department of Fisheries: Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics ofBangladesh 2018-2019

• Meteorology & Oceanography: Bangladesh Space Research andRemote Sensing Organisation, Bangladesh Meteorologicaldepartment

• Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute : Annual report 2015-2016

• Institute of Marine Science

• Geological Survey of Bangladesh : Yearly Progress Report 2018-2019

•


Pick your Target

Cosmetics

Pharmaceuticals

Coastal tourism,

Greening coastal belt

Land reclamation etc

Shipping, ports

Fish, Fish oil

WE NEED TO UNLOCK THE FURURE POTENTIALS ???72% of the surface , 95% of biosphere, 97% water supply, High Seas 200.4 m km2

BANGLADESH-A OCEAN STATE– OUR THIRD NEIGHBOUR

Deep sea fishingMarine aquacultureSeaweeds and plantsIncentive for shipping businessInland shipping Ship building, RecyclingCoastal tourismMGR


Thank you!


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Bangladesh - Needs case: Global Dialogue on Ocean