Bangla Computer Magazine Computer Jagat June (Ebookbd.info)

21 m¤úv`Kxq22 3q gZ23 evsjv‡`‡k mvBevi Aciva

evsjv‡`k mvBevi Aciv‡ai wewfbœ w`K†_‡K we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡ki ZzjbvqGwM‡q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡ZmvBevi Aciv‡ai wewfbœ w`K ch©v‡jvPbvK‡i Gev‡ii cÖ”Q` cÖwZ‡e`bwU ˆZwiK‡i‡Qb Gg. wgRvbyi ingvb †mv‡nj|

29 B›Uvi‡b‡Ui `vg I †mev wb‡q ˆbivRë¨vÛDBW‡_i `vg wb‡q †h ˆbivR¨Kicwiw¯’wZ weivR Ki‡Q Zvi Ici wi‡cvU©K‡i‡Qb Bg`v`yj nK|

33 wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k I wewUAviwmwewUAviwmi mv‡_ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡kim¤úK©¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb†gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi|

39 D™¢ve‡b e`jv‡”Q ms ‹…wZ : mwÜ bv hy×!ivóªcwiPvjK I AvBb cÖ‡YZv‡ì‡KAvBwmwUi Kvi‡Y e`‡j hvIqv ms¯‹…wZimv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bqvi ZvwM` w`‡qwj‡L‡Qb Avexi nvmvb|

41 A‰ea wfIAvBwc‡Z RwoZ †gvevBjAcv‡iUiivwewUAviwmi Awfhv‡b †gvevBj Acv‡iUi‡ìA‰ea wfIAvBwc Kvh©Kjvc kbv‡³i Iciwi‡cvU© K‡i‡Qb wnUjvi G. nvwjg|

44 ENGLISH SECTION* Digital Forensic Lab How Long We

Have to Wait?46 NEWSWATCH

* ASUS TAICHI 21 the Dual-screenUltrabook

* Samsung Galaxy S4 launched inBangladesh

* PhilNITS President Here to HelpIntroducing ITEE in Bangladesh

* Apple iPhone Sales Jump 400% in India

55 MwY‡Zi AwjMwj MwY‡Zi AwjMwj kxl©K avivevwnK †jLvqMwYZ`v`y Gevi Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb ªæZMwZiAevK Kiv †hvM|

57 wcwmi SzUSv‡gjv wcwmi wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb w`‡q‡QKgwcDUvi RMr UªvejïUvi wUg|

58 KgwcDUv‡ii BwZK_v KgwcDUv‡ii BwZK_vi PZz ©k ce© wb‡qwj‡L‡Qb †g‡n`x nvmvb|

60 mdUIq¨v‡ii KviæKvRKviæKvR wefv‡Mi wUç‡jv cvwV‡q‡QbLvqiæj evkvi, mvBdzj Bmjvg I bymvBev|

61 ¸Mj mv‡P©i †KŠkj ¸Mj mv‡P©i G c‡e© ¸M‡ji gRvi I ARvbvwKQz †KŠkj wb‡q wj‡L‡Qb nvmvb gvngy |

63 mvBevi wbivcËv wkÿv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡eGLbBmvBevi wbivcËv wkÿvq we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`kKx Kx c`‡ÿc wb‡”Q Zv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb†gvnv¤§` Rv‡e` †gv‡k©` †PŠayix|

65 gv`vi‡ev‡W©i cÖv_wgK aviYvgv`vi‡ev‡W©i cÖv_wgK aviYv Zz‡j a‡i‡QbAvwidzj Bmjvg wmqvg|

66 DB‡ÛvR 8-Gi †miv 10 A¨vc DB‡ÛvR 8-Gi †miv 10 A¨vc Zz‡ja‡i‡Qb jyrdz‡bœQv ingvb|

68 mnR fvlvq †cÖvMÖvwgs wm/wm++ †cÖvMÖvwgs wm/wm++ Gi avivevwnK †jLvqG c‡e© c‡q›Uvi WvUvi eënvi †`wL‡q‡QbAvng` Iqvwn` gvmy |

70 d‡Uvk‡c A¨vWfvÝW GwWwUs‡qi †KŠkjd‡Uvk‡c b¨vPvivj wmb GwWU Kivi†KŠkj †`wL‡q‡Qb Avng` Iqvwn` gvmy |

73 wKQz †gvevBj A¨vwcø‡Kkb ¯§vU©‡dvb eënviKvix‡ì Rb¨ wKQz†gvevBj A¨vwcø‡Kkb wb‡q wj‡L‡Qb Zzwnbgvngy |

75 †hme Avc‡MÖW wb‡R wb‡RB Ki‡Zcvi‡eb cÖ‡qvRbxq I mnvqK wKQz Avc‡MÖ‡Wi†KŠkj †`wL‡q‡Qb Zvmbxg gvn&&gy |

77 gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© †Uej wb‡q †hfv‡eKvR Ki‡eb IqvW© †Uej eënvi K‡i wKfv‡e WKz‡g‡›UZ_¨ hy³ I g¨v‡bR Kiv hvq, ZvB Zz‡ja‡i‡Qb Zvmbyfv gvn&&gy |

83 KgwcDUvi RM‡Zi Lei91 evsjv‡`kx ZiæY AvBwU D‡`¨v³v

KvDQvi Avn‡g` ZiæY AvBwU D‡`¨v³v‡ì mvd‡jï M‡íGevi KvDQvi Avn‡g‡ì mvd‡jï KvwnbxZz‡j a‡i‡Qb g„Yvj KvwšÍ ivq `xc|

92 †M‡gi RMr94 Rxe‡bi m½x ¯§vU© †iveU

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Ryb 2013 eQi 23 msL¨v 02

Advertisers’INDEXAlohaIshoppe 17

Bkash 13

Ciscovalley 69

Com Jagat.com 43

Computer Source 95

Creative IT Institute 37

e-sufiana 98

Digisolution 80

Drik Ict 96

Executive Technologies Ltd. 2nd Cover

Flora Limited (Cisco) 04

Flora Limited (Nikon) 05

Flora Limited (Pc) 03

General Automation Ltd 11

Genuity Systems ((Training) 50

Genuity Systems (Call Center) 51

Globa Comm Systems & Solutions 97

Global Brand (Pvt.) Ltd (Brother) 12

Global Brand (Pvt.) Ltd. (A Data) 14

Global Brand (Pvt.) Ltd. (Asus Laptop) 10

Global Brand (Pvt.) Ltd. (Dell) 53

Global Brand (Pvt.) Ltd. (QNap) 52

Global Brand (Pvt.) Ltd. (Vivitek) 16

HP Back Cover

I.E.B 42

IBCS Primex Software 99

Integrated Business Systems and

Solutions Ltd. 100

Integrated Business Systems And

Solutions Ltd. 101

IOE (Bangladesh) Limited 81

Internata Ai 32

International Computer Network 36

J.A.N. Associates Ltd. 47

Micro Digital 22

Multilink Int Co. Ltd. 07

Printcom Technology (MTeeh) 06

REVE Systems 35

Safe IT Services Ltd. 79

Sat Com Computers Ltd. 15

Server Oasis 82

Smart Technologies (Benq) 102

Smart Technologies (Avira) 49

Smart Technologies (Gigabyte) 48

SMART Technologies (HP Note book) 18

Smart Technologies Ricoh Photo copier 103

Techvalley Networks Limited 9

Tothy Apa 38

United Computer Center 58

UpaherBd.com 8

Yellow Page 20

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cÖKvkK : bvRgv Kv‡ìK¶ b¤î-11, wewmGm KgwcDUvi wmwU†iv‡Kqv miwY, AvMviMuvI, XvKv-1207†dvb : 8125807, 8616746,01711544217, 01911598618B-†gBj : [email protected]‡qe : www.comjagat.com†hvMv‡hv‡Mi wVKvbv :KgwcDUvi RMrK¶ b¤î-11, wewmGm KgwcDUvi wmwU†iv‡Kqv miwY, AvMviMuvI, XvKv-1207†dvb : 8125807

Editor Golap MonirAssociate Editor Main Uddin MahmoodAssistant Editor Mohammad Abdul HaqueTechnical Editor Md. Abdul Wahed TomalCorrespondent Md. Abdul Hafiz

Published from :Computer JagatRoom No.11BCS Computer City, Rokeya SaraniAgargaon, Dhaka-1207Tel : 8125807

Published by : Nazma KaderTel : 8616746, 8613522, 01711-544217Fax : 88-02-9664723E-mail : [email protected]

cÖwZôvZv : Aa¨vcK Ave`yj Kv‡ì

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22 KgwcDUvi RMr Ryb 2013

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we‡`kx MYgva¨‡g evsjv‡`k-fviZ mvBevi hy×

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mvBevi Aciv‡ai cÖwZ‡iv‡amiKvwi D‡`¨vM

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English Section

Recent rise of cyber crime andhacktivism have been a seriousconcern for the overall law and

enforcement situation in Bangladesh. Wehave experienced hacking of skypeaccount of an honorable judge in recentpast. Mobile phone voice scandal is alsoa very hot topics for new months incyber space in Bangladesh. 19 districtwebsites, popularly known as ‘ZelaTothobatayan’, have been hacked byIndian hackers in 2011. Last but not theleast website of the law enforcementagencies including RAB and BangladeshPolice has been compromised. Other than the website hacking, fake

facebook account and MMS scandal arealso a growing concern. Womenspecially unmarried women are the mainvictim of these heinous activities. Someteenagers have committed suicide due tothis kind of activities. Another concern is digital commerce.

Bangladesh is now entering into the e-commerce arena. Without proper cybersecurity mechanism, investigationinfrastructure and manpower it could bea nightmare for Bangladesh. This is theright time to think about the capacitybuilding of the concern authority interms of cyber security. There are two phases of cyber

security. In first phase we try to ensurethe security of our digital assets byapplying security mechanism. In secondphase if our security mechanism does notwork or compromised then weinvestigate the incident and try toindentify the criminal and take him tolaw. And finally we solve the securityproblem that has been exploited. In thisprocedures investigation plays animportant role to indentify the misdeedand criminal. It works almost same likephysical forensic lab, it investigate theaffected digital equipments.

What is digital forensic?Digital forensics is currently one of

the fastest growing laboratory sections inthe crime lab. Most laboratories without

digital forensics capabilities in their oldfacilities are either remodeling existingspaces or planning space for digitalforensics in their new facilities.There appear to be two forensic

disciplines pertaining to digital media,‘digital forensics’ and ‘cyber forensics,'which have not yet been formallyseparated and defined. These terms havebeen used as labels for these disciplines,yet not consistently, since much of theliterature on this subject uses these terms

interchangeably between the twodisciplines. For purposes of this article,these two disciplines will be generallydefined and labeled as follows:Digital forensics is the forensic

investigation of devices capable of storingdigital data, the purpose of which is toextract the digital data from such devicesin order to assist in the investigation andprosecution of crime, and/or to be used asevidence in civil court cases. Examples ofthese devices include (but are notnecessarily limited to):* Computers and their digital

components.* Digital audio devices such as MP3

players, iPods, voice recognitiondevices, and audio surveillancedevices.

* Digital video devices such as digitalcameras, digital video surveillancedevices, scanners, plotters, facsimilemachines, and photocopiers.

* Combination audio/video devicessuch as CDs, DVDs, floppy discs,and USB drives.

* Communication devices such as cellphones, Blackberries, and iPhones.Cyber forensics is the forensic

investigation of unlawful security

breaches in computer network systems.This would include the investigation ofcyber worms and viruses, and hackinginto secure networks, whether they aregovernment, military, or private industrynetworks. Cyber examinations alsoinclude cases pertaining to classifiedinformation, espionage, and digitalinvestigative support for the war onterrorism. Pursuit of persons responsiblefor child pornography, narcoticstransactions, internet fraud, and anyother illegal activities involving cyberspace fall under the purview of cyberforensics. When these investigationsuncover those responsible for unlawfulcyber activities the violator’s computerhardware, software, and any devicecontaining digital information becomesdigital forensics evidence.

44 COMPUTER JAGAT JUNE 2013

How Long We Have to Wait?Digital Forensic Lab

Mohammad Jabed Morshed Chowdhury

Digital evidence in an investigation.

English SectionDigital ForensicsComes of AgeLaw enforcement agencies are taking

help from digital forensic lab and courthas given legitimacy very recently. Butthe law enforcement community wasaware of these facilities from 1960s and1970s. In western countries, theinvestigation divisions in policedepartments began examining computersfor digital data, and within a short periodsome crime labs began establishing aseparate laboratory section for thispurpose. At that time the facility designrequirements for computer crimesincluded not much more than electronicslaboratory bench space and a room forthe storage of computer hardwareexemplars and references.Over the next two decades advances

in digital technology led to aseemingly endless array of newdigital devices which becameavailable to business houses, thegovernment, and the generalpublic. All of these devices hadthe potential of becoming thesubject of examinations as forensicevidence. The computer crimessection gradually became known asthe digital forensics section andevolved to include severalspecialized spaces within this section,each with its own specialized designrequirements.Although many police agencies have

limited digital forensic capabilities, thecurrent trend is for digital forensics tobecome an integral and increasingly vitalsection of the crime labs, therebykeeping this investigative disciplineunder the forensic umbrella.

Facility Design

Requirements: GeneralA fully equipped digital forensics

laboratory contains numerous specialtyspaces, each with its own unique andspecific architectural/ engineeringdesign issues that must be addressed.However, there are some general designrequirements that are applicable for all ofthe spaces within the digital forensicsunit. General requirements includelaboratory casework, finishes,mechanical systems and electricalsystems.

Facility Design Requirements:Specific SpacesAs a minimum, the ideal digital

forensics laboratory should contain thefollowing individual, special purposerooms:

* General examination* Audio examination* Video examination* Radio frequency shielded

examinationGeneral Examination : This is the

portion of the digital forensics laboratorywhere each examiner will be providedhis or her individual examinationworkstation. Multiple workstationsshould typically be laid out in an openlaboratory design. A reasonable size foran individual workstation ranges from 15linear feet ofelectronicsbench to100

squarefeet of bench space in a U-shapedconfiguration.

Audio Examination : ‘An audiorecording is subject to a number ofpossible distortions and artifacts. Forexample, the persistence of sound, due tomultiple reflections from varioussurfaces in a room, causes temporal andspectral smearing of the recorded sound.The examination of digital audio medianecessitates an acoustically isolatedspace to allow the examiner toconcentrate on the evidence without anyinterference from outside noise.

Video Examination : With theincreasing ease in digitally manipulatingphoto images, there is a significant needfor mathematical and computationalalgorithms to aid forensic examiners todetect tampering in digital media. Videoitself has always been a ground breakingweapon against crime, but now evenpoor-quality videos can be enhanced toprovide even more valuable data throughan extremely powerful, yet cost-effective,toolset for forensic video enhancement.

Radio Frequency ShieldedExamination : The world today isincreasingly electronic, with electronicdevices producing millions of waves andsignals permeating the air at any givenmoment. The electromagnetic wavesgenerated by electronic devices maynegatively affect other, similar, electronicdevices. Such effects are calledElectromagnetic Interference (EMI) andRadio Frequency Interference (RFI). EMIand RFI cause suppression of signalsgenerated internally in a device. It alsocauses external ambient interference withequipment operation and emissionsgenerated internally that will interferewith equipment operation. Therefore,EMI and RFI are problems in forensicinvestigations where EMI and RFIcan corrupt the digital evidencewithin a device.

Additional ExaminationSpacesDepending on the established

procedures, function, andexamination policies for the digitalforensics section, the followingadditional functions might beincorporated into the laboratory design:Computer data recovery, Hard drive

repair, Electronics laboratory, Electronicsworkshop, Biosafety/wet laboratory

Digital ForensicSoftware/frameworkDrive acquisition is a fundamental

process in the field of digital forensics,but the acquisition of an entire hard drivemust be a forensically sound image thatis a flat file bit stream image. Volatiledata is extremely valuable evidence thatcan easily be lost, as it is data that isstored in RAM, a Window’s page file, orother repository that is wiped clean whena computer is shutoff. Both of theseitems need to have their accuracyguaranteed through hashing, which isbasically a digital signature from theoriginal hard drive or volatile data that ismatched to the exact mirror imagebackup of that data. If these hashes donot match, the copy of the data is notconsidered to be a true, forensicallysound copy of the original data.

ConclusionIn today’s reality, Bangladesh law

enforcement agency needs to have a digitalforensic lab to better investigate the cybercrime scenario. This will also help thecourt to deal with the cyber crimes.

[This article is prepared with the help ofdifferent online resources.].

Feedback : [email protected]

45 COMPUTER JAGAT JUNE 2013

46 COMPUTER JAGAT

NEWSWATCH

JUNE 2013

ASUS TAICHI 21 theDual-screen Ultrabook

The ASUS TAICHI 21 is an incrediblecombination of notebook and tablet whosedouble-sided 11.6-inch Full HD IPS display

switches seamlessly between modes ata touch. Lid open, ASUS TAICHI is anotebook with a full-size backlit

keyboard. Lid is closed, ASUS TAICHIinstantly transforms into a multi-touch tablet. Both ASUSTAICHI screens work independently and simultaneously too,those are Dual-screen Mode and Mirror Mode.ASUS TAICHI 21 features a powerful 1.7 GHz Intel Core

i5 processor with 4GB memory, Intel HD 4000 graphics and achoice of blazingly fast 128GB SSD storage. Dual-band Wi-Fiand Bluetooth 4.0 offer high-performance wirelessconnectivity, while two USB 3.0 ports provide full support forthe latest high-speed external storage devices and rapid mobiledevice recharging. TAICHI also features a 5MP rear-facing camera capable of

recording 1080p video, a front-facing camera capable ofrecording 720p video, and Windows 8 OS. This Ultrabookhybrid is also claimed to be able to survive up to 5 hours on asingle charge thanks to ASUS’s Super Hybrid Engine IItechnology. The Ultrabook has a price-tag of Taka 135,000/-.For contact- Phone : 01915476355, 9183291

Samsung Galaxy S4 launchedin BangladeshSamsung Electronics Bangladesh and Grameenphone

yesterday jointly launched Samsung Galaxy S4, a smartphone,at a programme in the capital.The new cellphone priced at Tk 67,500 is available in

selected Grameenphone (GP) Centres and SamsungSmartphone Cafés across the country, Samsung said in astatement.

Samsung and GP also introduced a 24-month instalmentpurchase options exclusively for the network’s users. GPclients can buy the S4 at Tk 2,810 monthly through creditcards of Standard Chartered Bank and BRAC Bank.Sanghwa Song, general manager of Samsung Electronics

Bangladesh; Hasan Mehdi, head of mobile at SamsungElectronics Bangladesh; Latifur Rahman, chairman ofTranscom Group; Arshad Huq, chief operating officer ofTranscom Mobile Ltd; and Michael Malvebo, director andhead of product and commercial of GP, attended the event

PhilNITS President Here toHelp Introducing ITEE inBangladeshMaria Corazon Mendoza Akol, President of Philippine

National IT Standards (PhilNITS) recently has visitedBangladesh for sharing her expertise in holding aninternational IT standardize test named InformationTechnology Engineers Examination (ITEE) in thecountry. The ITEE, presently mutually recognized by 12 Asiancountries, is basically a national standardized examination ofJapan for IT professionals, attended by five to six lakh ITstudents every year. The Bangladesh Computer Council(BCC) under ICT Ministry has recently taken initiative tointroduce ITEE here with support of Japan InternationalCooperation Agency (JICA) for giving international

recognition to local IT professionals. During her visit here,Akol, who is also the first chairperson of IT ProfessionalExamination Council (ITPEC), met with ICT Secretary N IKhan and high officials of ICT ministry, BCC, JICA andBASIS to share her experience of introducing ITEE in variouscounties. N I Khan, one of the aggressive supporters ofintroducing ITEE in Bangladesh, hoped that the ITEE will helpgiving world standard competitiveness to Bangladeshi ITprofessionals that opens door of international job market tothem. PhilNITS President also conducted a workshop aboutvarious features of ITEE with the local ICT experts andprofessionals at BCC. Dr Sk Amzad Hossain, Project Director,Bangladesh IT Engineers Examination Center (BD-ITEC),Hideo Hoya, Chief Adviser, BD-ITEC/JICA ITEE Project, MDRabiul Islam, Project Manager, BD-ITEC and Akihiro Shoji,Project Coordinator, BD-ITEC/JICA ITEE Project werepresent during the meetings and workshop

From left, Sanghwa Song, general manager of Samsung

Electronics Bangladesh; Michael Malvebo, director of

Grameenphone; Latifur Rahman, chairman of Transcom Group;

and Arshad Huq, chief operating officer of Transcom Mobile Ltd,

attend the local launch of Samsung Galaxy S4 in Dhaka recently

Apple iPhone Sales Jump400% in IndiaEqual monthly installments and cash back schemes have

worked wonders for Apple in India as iPhone’s monthly saleshave risen by 300% to 400% over the last few months.The Cupertino-based company has managed to dramatically

push up its sales by figuring out trends of consumer demand andchanging the iPhone’s perception from being a high-end productto an affordable one.Compared to average monthly sales of 70,000-80,000

smartphones before the EMI schemes were offered toconsumers in India iPhone sales have zoomed up tostratospheric levels, analysts at Credit Suisse said.“From our channel checks we believe that iPhone sales are

nearing 400,000 units per month in India - that is nearly 3%share of handset sales for a single top-end product in a marketthat has long been dominated by low-end feature phones,”Credit Suisse’s research analyst Sunil Tirumalai said in a note toclients that was accessed by ET

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GKwU K¨vjKz‡jUi w`‡q ejyb, Zzwg GB msL¨v cuvPwUi †hvMdj †eiKi‡e K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii †evZvg wU‡c A_©vr K¨vjKz‡jU‡i| Avi Avwg GmsL¨v cuvPwUi †hvMdj †ei Kie g‡b g‡b| Avgiv `yÕR‡bB GKmv‡_GB †hvMdj †ei Kivi KvR ïiæ Kie| Avwg ÷vU© ejvi mv‡_ mv‡_†hvM Kivi KvR ïiæ Kie| †`Le †K Av‡M KZ ªæZ †hvMdj †eiKi‡Z cvi‡e| Avcwb ÷vU© ejvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avcbvi eÜz K¨vjKz‡jUiw`‡q GB msL¨v cuvPwU †hvM Kiv ïiæ Ki‡jb| b¤î cuvPwU G‡K G‡KK¨vjKz‡jU‡i cvÂ K‡i XzwK‡q Gici G¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡Z jvM‡jb|b¤î¸‡jv K¨vjKz‡jU‡i †jLv †kl Kivi A‡bK Av‡MB Avcwb mevB‡KAevK K‡i e‡j w`‡jb msL¨v cuvPwUi †hvMdj 2842| Avcbvi†hvMdj †NvlYvi GKUz ci Avcbvi eÜz K¨vjKz‡jU‡i †hvMdj †eiK‡i †`L‡jbÑ nuv, mwZ¨B †Zv msL¨v cuvPwUi †hvMdj 2842|K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii Av‡M Zv Avcwb ej‡Z cvivq mevB AevK|

Gevi eÜz‡ì D‡Ï‡k ejyb : ÔGUv Rv`yK‡ii Rv`y bq, MwY‡Zi†Ljv| †Zvgiv wZbRb hLb hvi hvi B‡”Qg‡Zv wZbwU wZb A‡¼i msL¨vG‡jvcvZvwo wjL‡j, Gici Avwg G¸‡jvi wb‡P AviI `yyÕwU wZb A‡¼imsL¨v ewm‡qwQ| †Zvgiv g‡b K‡iQ AvwgI †Zvgv‡ì g‡Zv B‡”Qg‡ZvmsL¨v `yÕwU †Kv‡bv wPšÍvfvebv bv K‡iB ewm‡qwQ| Avm‡j Zv bq|Avgv‡K msL¨v `yÕwU emv‡Z GKUz fve‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avwg PZz_© b¤îwU

Ggbfv‡e ewm‡qwQ hv‡Z PZz_© msL¨v I cÖ_g msL¨vi †hvMdj 1000nq| †hgb : 240+760 = 1000| Avevi cÂg msL¨vwU Ggbfv‡ewb‡qwQ hv‡Z cÂg I wØZxq msL¨vwUi †hvMdj 1000 nq| †hgb :526 + 474 = 1000| Zvn‡j Z…Zxq msL¨vwU (842) Qvov evwK PviwUmsL¨vi †hvMdj n‡e 2000| AZGe GB cuvPwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ Z…ZxqwUev‡` evwK PviwUi †hvMdj n‡e 2000| myZivs cuvPwU msL¨vi †hvMdjn‡e 2000+842 = 2842, hv mn‡RB e‡j †`qv hvq K¨vjKz‡jU‡iwnmve Kivi †P‡q ªæZMwZ‡Z| Zvn‡j Gfv‡e cuvPwU msL¨v wb‡q †hvMKi‡j †hvMdj ùvov‡e 2000 + Z…Zxq msL¨vwU|ªæZMwZi †hvM : 2Gevi eÜz‡ì gv‡S Dc¯’vcb Kiæb ªæZMwZi Av‡iKwU †hv‡Mi

†KŠkj Ges wb‡R‡K Zv‡ì gv‡S K‡i Zzjyb mwZ¨Kv‡ii GKRb gvbe-K¨vjKz‡jUi wn‡m‡e| GK eÜz‡K ejyb GK A‡¼i `yÕwU msL¨v wb‡Z|aiv hvK, wZwb wb‡jb 4 I 7 Ges Zv‡K ejyb †bqv msL¨vi GKwUi wb‡PAciwU ewm‡q †hvM Ki‡Z| Zv‡K GB msL¨v †bqv I †hv‡Mi KvRwUAvcbv‡K bv †`wL‡q †Mvc‡b GKwU KvM‡R Ki‡Z ejyb| Zvn‡j Zvi†bqv 4 I 7 wb‡q †hvM Ki‡jb Gfv‡e :

4+ 711

Gevi wb‡Pi `yÕwU msL¨v (7 I 11) †hvM K‡i GB †hvMdj 18 Zviwb‡P emv‡Z e‡jb Avcbv‡K bv †`wL‡q| Gevi wZwb wjL‡jb :

4+ 7+ 1118

Gevi me©wb‡Pi `yÕwU msL¨v (11 I 18) †hvM K‡i †hvMdj 29 Zviwb‡P emv‡Z e‡jb| Zvn‡j Gevi wZwb wjL‡jb :

4+ 7+ 11+ 18

29Gfv‡e me©wb‡Pi msL¨v `yÕwU‡Z AbeiZ †hvM Pvwj‡q †h‡Z e‡jb

hZÿY bv †gvU 10wU msL¨v cvIqv hvq| Zvn‡j Zvi †hvMdj Ae¨vnZ†i‡L 10wU msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e Ggb :

4+ 7+ 11+ 18+ 29+ 47+ 76 ¬mßg msL¨v

+ 123+ 199+ 322

GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q : GB 10wU msL¨vi †hvMdj KZ? eÜzwU‡K ejyb mßgmsL¨vwU KZ ïay Zv Avcbv‡K Rvbv‡Z| Zv †R‡b †bqvi ci eÜzwU‡K ejybAvcbv‡K bv †`wL‡q GB msL¨v 10wUi †hvMdj †ei Ki‡Z|

eÜz‡K ejyb †hvMdjwU †h‡bv wZwb K¨vjKz‡jUi w`‡q hZ ªæZ m¤¢eK‡ib| wKš‘ Zvi †hvMdj †ei Kivi Av‡MB gvÎ cuvP †m‡K‡Ûi †fZiAvcwb e‡j w`‡jb G †hvMdj n‡”Q 836| †`Lv †Mj Avcbvi†hvMdjwU mwVK| GZ ªæZ mwVK †hvMdjwU Kx K‡i Avcwb e‡j w`‡Zcvi‡jb, Zv †f‡e Avcbvi eÜziv †Zv AevK| Zviv g‡b g‡b nq‡Zv¯^xK…wZB w`‡q w`‡jb Avcwb mwZ¨ mwZ¨B GKRb gvbe- K¨vjKz‡jUi|

Gevi eÜz‡ì Rvwb‡q w`b Gfv‡e ïiæ‡Z GK A‡¼i †h‡Kv‡bv `yÕwUmsL¨v wb‡q Ic‡ii wbq‡g AbeiZ †hvM K‡i Avgiv cici 10wU msL¨v†c‡Z cvwi| Avi GB 10wU msL¨vi †hvMdj memgq mßg msL¨vwUi 11


gRvi RMr

MwY‡Zi AwjMwjMwY‡Zi AwjMwjce© : 9

0

gRvi RMr

¸‡Yi mgvb| Ic‡i †bqv Avgv‡ì D`vni‡Y mßg msL¨vwU n‡”Q 76|Avi Gi 11 ¸Y = 76 ´ 11 = 836| AZGe DwjøwLZ msL¨v 10wUi†hvMdj n‡”Q 836|

GLv‡b Riæwi KvR n‡jv wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wewfbœ gv‡bi †h mßgmsL¨vwU cve, †m msL¨vwU‡K 11 w`‡q ªæZ ¸Y Kivi †KŠkjwU †R‡b Zviß Kiv| A_©vr †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K 11 w`‡q ªæZ ¸Y K‡i ¸Ydj †eiKivi †KŠkj Avcbvi Rvbv _vK‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi ¸YdjwU jÿ Kiæb :

7 6× 1 17 6

7 6 ×8 3 6

GLb 76-Gi ¸Ydj †ei Ki‡Z cÖ_‡gB GK`g Wv‡b ewm‡qwQ 76-Gi 6| GB 6-Gi ev‡g ewm‡qwQ 6 + 7 = 13, GB 13-Gi 3| nv‡Zi‡q‡Q 13-Gi 1| GB 1 †hvM n‡e 76-Gi ev‡gi 7-Gi mv‡_, 1 + 7= 8, GB 8 em‡e mevi ev‡g|

\ 76 × 11 = 836Gevi aiæb 347 × 11 = KZ?

3 4 7× 1 13 4 7

3 4 7 ×3 8 1 7

Zvn‡j 347-Gi 11 ¸Y n‡”Q 3817jÿ Kiæb, ¸Yd‡j me©Wv‡b 347-Gi 7|Gevi 7 + 4 =11, AZGe ¸Yd‡ji Wvb w`K †_‡K wØZxq A¼ n‡e

11-Gi Wv‡bi 1| nv‡Z _vK‡e 11-Gi ev‡gi 1|Gevi 4 + 3 = 7, GB 7 + nv‡Zi 1 = 8| GB 8 n‡e ¸Yd‡ji

Wvb w`‡K †_‡K Z…Zxq msL¨v|

Avi ¸Yd‡ji Wvb w`K †_‡K PZz_© msL¨v n‡e 347-Gi me©ev‡gi 3|\ 347 × 11 = 3817Gfv‡e wewfbœ A‡¼i wewfbœ msL¨v wb‡q ªæZ †m¸‡jv‡K 11 w`‡q ¸Y

Ki‡Z †kLvi ciB GB MwY‡Zi †Ljv †`Lv‡Z bvgyb|GLv‡b GKwU PvjvwK Avcwb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †h mßg msL¨vwU‡K 11

w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi Wv‡b GKwU k~b¨ (0) ewm‡q w`‡q Gi mv‡_IB msL¨vwU †hvM Ki‡j cvIqv †hvMdjwUB n‡e 11 w`‡q ¸Yd‡jimgvb| †hgb :

76 × 11 = 760 + 76 = 836 67 × 11 = 670 + 67 = 737101 × 11 = 1010 + 101 = 1111109 × 11 = 1090 + 109 = 1199Av‡iKwU welq, hw` Ic‡i ïiæ‡Z 4-Gi wb‡P 7 bv ewm‡q 7 Gi

wb‡P 4 ewm‡q GKB wbq‡g avivevwnK †hvM K‡i 10wU msL¨v †ei Kwi,Z‡e G msL¨v¸‡jv n‡e Av‡Mi †P‡q wfbœ Ges Zv n‡e wb¤œiƒc :

7+ 4+ 11+ 15+ 26+ 41+ 67 ¬ mßg msL¨v

+ 108+ 175+ 283

G‡ÿ‡ÎI Av‡Mi wbqg gvb‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z Gfv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv `yÕwUmsL¨v wb‡q GB AbeiZ †hvM K‡i 10wU msL¨v wjL‡j †hvMdj Dc‡iiwbqg gvb‡e| MwYZ`v`y


mgm¨v : Avwg nvW©‡Kvi †Mgvi|Avwg GKwU bZzb †Mwgs wcwm wKb‡ZPvB| Avgvi ev‡RU 50 nvRvi UvKv|†Kvi AvB cÖ‡mmi, wMMvevB‡Ui

gv`vi‡evW© I GbwfwWqvi MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i g‡a¨ wcwmKbwdMvi Ki‡Z PvB| G ev‡R‡U GKwU wcwmKbwdMvi K‡i w`‡j DcK…Z ne| ÑmÄxe miKvi

mgvavb : †Mwgs wcwm I mvaviYwcwmi gv‡S i‡q‡Q †ek cv_©K¨|mvaviY wcwm‡Z †hme nvW©Iq¨vieënvi Kiv nq, Zvi meB †Mwgs

wcwm‡Z _v‡K| †Mwgs wcwm‡Z †hme nvW©Iq¨vieënvi Kiv nq, Zv mvaviY wcwm‡Z eënviKiv nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Zzjbvq A‡bK kw³kvjx IKvh©¶g| ZvB †Mgvi‡ì Rb¨ †ek hvPvB-evQvB K‡i †Mwgs wcwmi DcKiY †Kbv DwPZ|Zv bv n‡j bZzb †ei nIqv †Mg¸‡jvi mv‡_Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z †ek Sv‡gjvq co‡Z n‡e|wcwm †Kbvi mgq wKQy e¨vcvi †Lqvj ivL‡j GSv‡gjv †cvnv‡Z nq bv| `y‡qKwU hš¿vskAvc‡MÖW K‡iB mn‡R G wec` †_‡K gyw³cvIqv m¤¢e| mvaviY †Mgvi‡ì K_v bv nqev`B w`jvg| D”P ¶gZvi †Mwgs wcwm wb‡qIA‡bK †Mgvi G ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q_v‡Kb| nvW©Iq¨vi¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_wg‡j wVKfv‡e KvR K‡i wKbv Zv †`‡L bv†Kbvi d‡j Avc‡MÖW Kivi mgq fv‡jv†Mgvi‡ìI mgm¨v nq|

G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ `ywU DcvqAej¤b Kiv hvq| GK. wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbievbv‡bv eª¨vÛ †Mwgs wcwm †Kbv, hv‡ZnvW©Iq¨vi¸‡jvi gv‡S fv‡jv mvgÄm¨ NUv‡bvn‡q‡Q| `yB. hvPvB K‡i Avjv`v Avjv`vKgwcDUvi cvU©m wK‡b Zv wbR nv‡Z ms‡hvRbKiv| eª¨vÛ †Mwgs wcwm¸‡jvi me hš¿vskAvcbvi gbg‡Zv bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑAvcwb cQ›` K‡ib GbwfwWqv wR‡dvm© wmwi‡RiMÖvwd· KvW© Avi Zv‡Z †`qv Av‡Q GwUAvB†iwWIb wmwi‡Ri KvW©| †Kwms cQ›`mB nIqvie¨vcviUvI †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avcbvi ev‡R‡UiGKwU wgW-†i‡Äi †Mwgs wcwmi KbwdMv‡ikb†`qv n‡jv| cÖ‡mmi : B‡›Uj †Kvi AvB dvBf3450, 3.10 wMMvnvU©R| gv`vi‡evW© :wMMvevBU †RW77 wPc‡m‡Ui †h‡Kv‡bvwU|i ¨vg : 4+4 wMMvevBU 1600 †gMvnvU©R|nvW©wW¯‹ : 500 wMMvevBU ev 1 †UivevBU|MÖvwd· KvW© : GbwfwWqv wR‡dvm© wRwU650 evwRwU 660| cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU : 650 ev750 IqvU| K¨vwms : _vg©v‡ëK KgvÛvi,W°vi, †¯úm µ¨vdU ev Ab¨vb¨ eª vÛ|

mgm¨v : Avgvi wcwmi cÖ‡mmi†Kvi AvB w_ª 3.06 wMMvnvU©R,gv`vi‡evW© wMMvevBU GBP55Gg-Gm2wf, i ¨vg 2 wMMvevBU Ges

nvW©wW¯‹ 500 wMMvevBU| Avgvi †Kv‡bv MÖvwd·KvW© †bB| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ weë-Bb †hUv Av‡Q†mUv w`‡qB †Mg †Lwj| Avwg wK GBKbwdMv‡ik‡b wbW di w¯úW `¨ ivb †MgwU†Lj‡Z cvie? hw` bv cvwi Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb gv‡biMÖvwd· KvW© jvMv‡j Zv †Lj‡Z cvie? MÖvwd· KvW©†Kbvi we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv wK wK? `vg wK ai‡bico‡Z cv‡i †m e¨vcv‡i Rvbv‡j DcK…Z ne|

ÑgywnDwÏbmgvavb : GLbKvi †Mg †LjviRb¨ MÖvwd· KvW© Avek¨K n‡qc‡o‡Q| GLbKvi †Mg wbg©vZvcÖwZôvb¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e †Mg

evbvq hv Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ fv‡jvgv‡bi MÖvwd·KvW© jv‡M| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ †hme weë-BbMÖvwd· KvW© †`qv _v‡K Zv ïay mvaviY MÖvwd·m¤úwK©Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ I †QvULv‡Uv †Mg†Ljvi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq| fv‡jvgv‡bi†Mg †Ljvi Rb¨ Gme MÖvwd· KvW© Dchy³bq| wKQy †Mg _v‡K hv †jv wi‡Kvqvi‡g‡›UP‡j| †mme †Mg Abvqv‡m weë-Bb MÖvwd·Kv‡W©i Pvjv‡bv hvq| wKQz †Mg Av‡Q hv †jvwW‡UBj‡m Avjv`v MÖvwd· KvW© QvovBgv`vi‡ev‡W©i MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i †Rv‡i Pvwj‡q†bqv hvq| wKQy mdUIq¨viI i‡q‡Q hv w`‡qweë-Bb MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i ¶gZv †ewk †`wL‡qwPU Kiv hvq| wKš‘ †m †¶‡Î cÖ‡mm‡ii IciPvc c‡o| ZvB G KvR bv KivB fv‡jv|

`¨ ivb †MgwU †Ljvi Rb¨ †h KbwdMv‡ikbjv‡M Zvi wKQyUv KgwZ Av‡Q Avcbviwm‡÷‡g| GKwU fv‡jvgv‡bi MÖvwd· KvW©wK‡b wb‡j ïay `¨ ivb bq, AviI A‡bK †Mgfv‡jvg‡Zv Pvjv‡Z cvi‡eb| MÖvwd· KvW©†Kbvi Av‡M fv‡jvgv‡bi cvIqvi mvcøvBBDwbU †KbvUv Riæwi| Avcbvi wm‡÷gAbyhvqx 500-650 Iqv‡Ui cvIqvi mvcøvBwK‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib| cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbUfv‡jv bv n‡j †Mg †Ljvi mgq hLb †ewkcvIqv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o ZLb wm‡÷‡gi IciPvc c‡o Ab¨vb¨ hš¿vsk bó n‡q hvIqviAvk¼v _v‡K| Kg ev‡R‡Ui g‡a¨ fv‡jvgv‡biGes mnRjf¨ MÖvwd· KvW© n‡”Q GGgwWiv‡WIb wmwi‡Ri GBPwW7750| GwU KgcvIqvi Uv‡b Ges MÖvwd· cvidig¨vÝIfv‡jv| 500 Iqv‡Ui fv‡jv cvIqvi mvcøvBBDwbU n‡jB fv‡jvfv‡e †Mg Pvjv‡bv hv‡e|MÖvwd· KvW©wUi `vg 9 †_‡K 10 nvRvi UvKvig‡Zv Ges cvIqvi mvcøvB co‡Z cv‡i 3 †_‡K4 nvRvi UvKvi g‡Zv| eª vÛ I g‡Wj‡f‡`cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwb‡Ui `v‡gi †ek cv_©K¨n‡e| MÖvwd· KvW© †Kbvi mgq †ek wKQye¨vcvi j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| †Mwgs wcwm evwqsMvBW wk‡ivbv‡g wZb eQi Av‡M G cwÎKvqGKwU cÖ”Q` cÖwZ‡e`b Kiv n‡qwQj| †mUv‡Z

MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i e¨vcv‡i we ÍvwiZ D‡jøL KivwQj| cvVK‡ì myweav‡_© ïay MÖvwd· KvW© wb‡q†jLvUzKz GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

MÖvwd· KvW©‡K wewfbœ bv‡g WvKv nq,†hgbÑ wfwWI KvW©, MÖvwd· G‡·jv‡iUiKvW©, wWm‡cø KvW© BZ¨vw`| MÖvwd· Kv‡W©iKvR n‡”Q B‡gR †Rbv‡iU Kiv Ges ZvwWm‡cø‡Z cÖ`k©b Kiv| †Mgvi‡ì MÖvwd·KvW© †Kbvi mgq me‡P‡q †ewk Sv‡gjvqco‡Z nq| KviY †KvbUv †Q‡o †KvbUv †bqvDwPZ Zv wVK Kiv gykwKj n‡q I‡V|

MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i evRv‡i ivRZ¡ K‡i hv‡”Q`ywU †Kv¤úvwb| GbwfwWqv I GwUAvB| `ywU†Kv¤úvwbi A‡bK g‡W‡ji KvW© evRv‡icvIqv hvq| GK g‡Wj †_‡K Ab¨ g‡W‡jiKvW©‡K wfbœ K‡i Zz‡j‡Q Zv‡ì wPc‡mU,†ggwi UvBc, †ggwii cwigvY, K¬Kw¯úWBZ¨vw`| GbwfwWqvi wR‡dvm© wmwi‡RiMÖvwd· KvW©¸‡jv †ek RbwcÖq| GbwfwWqviwecix‡Z GwUAvB †Kv¤úvwbi RbwcÖq wmwi‡Rig‡a¨ i‡q‡Q iv‡WIb|

MÖvwd· KvW© †Kbvi mgq hv‡Z †Zgb GKUvmgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z bv nq †mRb¨ MÖvwd· KvW©m¤ú‡K© wKQy Z_¨ †R‡b †bqv fv‡jv|

K¬Kw¯úW : cÖ‡mm‡ii †m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwmsBDwb‡Ui (wmwcBD) g‡Zv MÖvwd· Kv‡W©Ii‡q‡Q MÖvwd· cÖ‡mwms BDwbU (wRwcBD), hvwc‡·j cÖ‡mm K‡i _v‡K| K¬Kw¯úW ej‡ZwRwcBDi cÖwZP‡µ KZ¸‡jv wc‡·j cÖ‡mmKi‡Z cv‡i Zvi cwigvY‡K †evSvq| GiGKK n‡”Q †gMvnvU©R|

Ab‡evW© †ggwi : MÖvwd· Acv‡ik‡bimgq wKQy †ggwii cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvB MÖvwd·Kv‡W©i mv‡_B _v‡K Ab‡evW© †ggwi| G†ggwii cwigvY Kg n‡j Ges †Mg †Ljvimgq AviI †ewk †ggwii cÖ‡qvRb n‡jMÖvwd· KvW© i¨vg †_‡K wKQy †ggwi †kqviK‡i| ZvB MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i Ab‡evW© †ggwiwn‡m‡e 512 †gMvevBU †ggwi _vK‡j h‡_ó|Z‡e wKQy †M‡gi wekvj AvKv‡ii MÖvwd·†U·Pvi cÖ‡mm Kivi Rb¨ AviI †ewk †ggwiicÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvB nvW©‡Kvi †Mgvi‡ì Rb¨wbZ¨bZzb †Mg Pvjv‡Z 1 wMMvevBU †ggwiiMÖvwd· KvW© †Kbv fv‡jv|

†ggwi e¨vÛDBW_ : †ggwi e¨vÛDBW_n‡”Q wRwcBDi Ab‡evW© †ggwii mv‡_†hvMv‡hvM Kivi MwZi cwigvY| ZvBe¨vÛDBW_ hZ †ewk n‡e ZZ fv‡jv| MÖvwd·Kv‡W©i wewfbœ ai‡bi †ggwii K¬K †iU Ie¨vÛDBW_ GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv| Zv †`‡LAvcwb eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †Kvb †ggwi UvBcKZUv Kvh©Ki|

wcwmi SzUSv‡gjv


UªvejïUvi wUg

(evwK Ask 56 c„ôvq)

UªvejïUvi wUg


wcwmi SzUSv‡gjv(57 c„ôvq ci)

†ggwi UvBc †ggwi K¬K †iU e¨vÛDBW_(MHz) (GB/s)DDR 166-950 1.2-30.4DDR2 533-100 8.5-16GDDR3 700-1800 5.6-54.4GDDR4 1600-2400 64-156.6GDDR5 3000-3800 130-230wdj †iU : wdj †iU n‡”Q wc‡·j w`‡q

gwbU‡ii c`©v fivU Kivi MwZi nvi|mvaviYZ MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i wdj †i‡Ui MwZ gvcvnq wgwjqb wc‡·j cvi †m‡KÛ wn‡m‡e| wKš‘†miv MÖvwd· KvW©¸‡jv‡Z 15 wewjqb wc‡·jcvi †m‡K‡Ûi †ewk n‡q _v‡K|

†iÛvwis wdPvi : w_ªwW †Mgm I wKQy nvB†j‡fj mdUIq¨vi wÎgvwÎK †iÛvwis B‡d±eënvi K‡i _v‡K| †hgbÑ A¨vw›UA¨vjvBwms,A¨vbvB‡mvUªwcK wdëvwis, ev¤ú-g¨vwcs,wc‡·j †kÖWvi BZ¨vw`| me ai‡bi †Mg †LjviRb¨ †ewkmsL¨K w_ªwW †iÛvwis †UK‡bvjwRmv‡cv‡U©W MÖvwd· KvW© wKb‡Z n‡e|

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my‡hvM †`‡e †kqvi Pv‡g©i gva¨‡g|wUDbBb †iwWI : AvBIG‡mi Av‡iKwU

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c‡q›Uv‡ii Rb¨ Ab¨ †h †fwi‡qe‡ji†ggwi A¨v‡Wªm wba©viY Kiv nq, †mB†fwi‡qe‡ji WvUv A_©vr c‡q‡›UW WvUv†cÖvMÖv‡g wewfbœfv‡e eënvi Kiv hvq|c‡q‡›UW WvUv eënv‡ii we‡kl myweav n‡jv,

G‡Z g~j †fwi‡qe‡ji WvUv AcwiewZ©Z ivLvm¤¢e| Z‡e BDRvi B‡”Q Ki‡j c‡q›Uv‡iigva¨‡g g~j †fwi‡qe‡ji WvUvI cwieZ©bKi‡Z cv‡ib| †m †¶‡Î Avm‡j c‡q›Uv‡iieënv‡ii †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb _v‡K bv| ZvQvovc‡q›Uv‡ii eënv‡ii gva¨‡g †ggwiZzjbvg~jK Kg eënvi nq| KviY GKwUWvej UvBc †fwi‡qej wW‡K¬qvi Kiv n‡jmvaviYZ †ggwii 8 evBU RvqMv A¨v‡jv‡KUnq| wKš‘ GKwU Wvej UvBc c‡q›UviwW‡K¬qvi Ki‡j g~j Wvej †fwi‡qe‡jiA¨v‡Wªm ivLvi Rb¨ hZUzKz RvqMv ivLvcÖ‡qvRb ïay ZZUzKzB †ggwi‡Z A¨v‡jv‡KUnq Ges †mwU mvaviYZ 2/1 evB‡Ui †ewk nqbv| Z‡e GwU wbf©i K‡i †ggwii mvBR GesZvi A¨v‡Wª‡mi Ici| ZvB GKwU eo †cÖvMÖv‡ghLb AmsL¨ †fwi‡qej _v‡K, ZLb †Kv‡bvg~j †fwi‡qej AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L Zv eënv‡iiRb¨ c‡q›Uvi eënvi Kiv DwPZ| †hgbÑGKwU †cÖvMÖv‡g hw` 1 nvRvi Wvej †fwi‡qej_v‡K Ges Zv‡ì WvUv AcwiewZ©Z †i‡Leënv‡ii Rb¨ hw` AviI 1 nvRvi Wvej†fwi‡qej wW‡K¬qvi Kiv nq Zvn‡j †gvU2000×8=16000 evBU RvqMv ìKvi|wKš‘ 1000wU c‡q›Uvi eënvi Ki‡j1000x8+1000x2=10000 evBU RvqMvìKvi|

g~jZ †Kv‡bv †ggwi A¨v‡Wª‡m ivLv WvUvwb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨B c‡q›Uvi eënvi Kivnq| Avi c‡q›Uvi wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨BbwW‡i± Acv‡iUi (*) Ges A¨v‡WªmAcv‡iUi (&) eënvi nq| BbwW‡i±Acv‡iU‡ii eënvi †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU

†QvU †cÖvMÖvg †`qv n‡jv|int x,y,*z;x=44;y=40;z=&x;printf(Òx=%d\ty=%d\tz=%xÓ);y=*z;*z=10;printf(Òx=%d\ty=%d\tz=%xÓ);GLv‡b `ywU Bw›URvi Ges GKwU Bw›URvi

c‡q›Uvi wW‡K¬qvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bw›URvi `ywUigvb wW‡K¬qvi A¨vmvBb K‡i †`qv n‡q‡Q|Avi c‡q›Uv‡i x †fwi‡qe‡ji A¨v‡Wªm †`qvn‡q‡Q| ZvB cÖ_‡g wcÖ‡›Ui mgq 44 40 fff8wcÖ›U n‡e| cÖ_g msL¨v `ywU n‡jv h_vµ‡g xGes y-Gi gvb Ges c‡ii msL¨vwU GKwU†n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v, hv c‡q›UviwUiA¨v‡Wªm| KgwcDUv‡ii †ggwii †jv‡Kkbmemgq †n·v‡Wwmgv‡j _v‡K| †Lqvj ivL‡Z

n‡e z GKwU c‡q›Uvi n‡jI Zvi wb‡RiIGKwU A¨v‡Wªm Av‡Q, hv GLv‡b wcÖ›U n‡q‡Q|wKš‘ †h‡nZz G c‡q›Uv‡ii gv‡S x ivLvn‡q‡Q, Zvi gv‡b †ggwii fff8 †jv‡Kk‡b 44msL¨vwU Av‡Q| Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq†Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e, Bw›URvi msL¨v wcÖ›UKi‡Z n‡j %d Avi †d¬vU/Wvej wcÖ›U Ki‡Zn‡j %f eënvi nq| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv†n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v mivmwi wcÖ›U KiviìKvi n‡j %x eënvi Ki‡Z nq|

c‡q›Uv‡ii WvUv †evSv‡Z (*) Acv‡iUieënvi nq| ZvB ïay z ej‡j fff8 †evSv‡e,wKš‘ *z ej‡j x-Gi gvb 44 †evSv‡e|

cÖ_g wcÖ‡›Ui c‡i y-Gi gvb wn‡m‡e *zeënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr GLb x -Gi gvby -Gi gvb wn‡m‡e wba©viY n‡e| Avevi *z evx-Gi gvb wn‡m‡e 10 wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|ZvB wØZxq wcÖ‡›Ui mgq 10 44 fff8 wcÖ›U n‡e|

*z ej‡Z Avm‡j z-Gi †fZ‡i †hA¨v‡Wªm Av‡Q Zvi Kb‡U›U †evSvq| Avi ZvBy=*z Kivi Rb¨ y-Gi gvb wn‡m‡e x-Gi gvbwba©viY n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e BbwW‡i± Acv‡iU‡iigva¨‡g c‡q›Uvi w`‡q Ab¨vb¨ †fwi‡qe‡jiWvUv wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|

Dc‡ii D`vniY †`‡L g‡b n‡Z cv‡i wm-†Z c‡q›Uv‡ii eënvi GKwU evûj¨ Qvov AviwKQz bq| wKš‘ Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, c‡q›Uv‡iieënvi mvaviYZ A¨vWfvÝW wm Ges A‡bKeo I RwUj †cÖvMÖv‡gi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRb nq|Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z c‡q›Uv‡ii eënv‡ii†Kv‡bv ìKvi wQj bv| Z‡e GLv‡b ïayc‡q›Uv‡ii eënvi m¤ú‡K© GKwU D`vniY†`qv n‡jv| c‡q›Uv‡ii A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges

cÖPwjZ eënv‡ii gv‡S GKwU n‡jv WvqbvwgK†cÖvMÖvwgs| mvaviY †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q GKwU wbw ©ócwigvY RvqMv Av‡M †_‡KB A¨v‡jv‡KU K‡i†`qv nq| wKš‘ WvqbvwgK †cÖvMvwgs‡q Av‡M†_‡K †Kv‡bv RvqMv A¨v‡jv‡KU Kiv nq bv|†hgbÑ GKwU mvaviY †hvM Kivi †cÖvMÖv‡g100wU Gwj‡g‡›Ui GKwU A¨v‡i wW‡K¬qvi Kivn‡jv, hv‡Z BDRvi cici 100wU bv¤^viBbcyU wb‡q Zv †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ G†cÖvMÖv‡gi A‡bK eo GKwU `ye©jZv n‡jv ZvA¨v‡i eënvi K‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY, ev¯Í‡ehLb BDRvi †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjv‡eb ZLb hw` Zvi100wUi †ewk msL¨v †hvM Ki‡Z nq, Zvn‡j†cÖvMÖvgwU wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡e bv| Avevi†cÖvMÖvgwUi ïiæ‡ZB hw` 100 Gwj‡g‡›UiGKwU A¨v‡i wW‡K¬qvi Kiv nq, Zvn‡j†ggwi‡Z ZLbB 100 †fwi‡qe‡ji GKwUwekvj RvqMv A¨v‡jv‡KU n‡e, hv A‡bK mgq†cÖvMÖvgwU‡K n¨vs K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| GLbBDRvi gvÎ 3wU msL¨v †hvM Ki‡j evwK 97wU†fwi‡qej AeëüZ Ae¯’vq †_‡K hv‡e,A_©vr †ggwi AcPq n‡e| G ai‡bi mgm¨vmgvav‡bi Rb¨ WvqbvwgK †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qicÖ‡qvRb, †hLv‡b BDRv‡ii hZ¸‡jv msL¨v†hvM Kivi cÖ‡qvRb ïay ZZ¸‡jv†fwi‡qe‡ji A¨v‡i wW‡K¬qvi n‡e, hv‡Z†ggwi AcPq bv nq| Avevi †cÖvMÖv‡giïiæ‡ZB †Kv‡bv †ggwi A¨v‡jv‡KU n‡e bv,hLb BbcyU †bqv n‡e ZLbB ïay¯^qswµqfv‡e †fwi‡qej †ggwi‡Z A¨v‡jv‡KUn‡e| G ai‡bi KvR GKgvÎ c‡q›Uv‡iimvnv‡h¨B Kiv m¤¢e| A¨vWfvÝW †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qiAviI A‡bK †¶Î Av‡Q, †hLv‡b c‡q›Uv‡iieënvi Lye ìKvi|c‡q›Uvi A¨vwi_‡gwUK Ges G·‡cÖkb

Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY †fwi‡qe‡ji g‡Zvc‡q›Uvi w`‡qI wewfbœ G·‡cÖkb ˆZwi Kivhvq| †hgb :

int i=3,j=5,*p=&i,*q=&j,*r;double x;†fwi‡qej¸‡jv wW‡K¬qvi Kivi ci

G·‡cÖkb¸‡jv GKwU Q‡K †`qv n‡jv|G·‡cÖkb Bf¨vjy‡qk‡bi AW©vi gvbp==&i p==(&i) 1**&p (*(*(&p))) 3r=&x r=(&x) Gii7**p/*q+7 (7*(*p))/((*q)+7) 1*(r=&j)*=*p (*(r=&j))*=(*p) 15

cÖ_g GK‡cÖkbwU GKwU wi‡jkbvjG·‡cÖkb, hv wKbv mZ¨| ZvB Gi gvb 1|

wØZxq †÷U‡g‡›U &p, q-Gi A¨v‡Wªmw`‡”Q, *(&p) gv‡b n‡jv p-Gi Kb‡U›U Ges*(*(&p)) gv‡b n‡jv *(p-Gi A¨v‡Wªm)|A_©vr p-Gi Kb‡U›U wn‡m‡e †h A¨v‡Wªm Av‡QZvi Kb‡U›U| p-Gi †fZ‡i i-Gi A¨v‡WªmAv‡Q| myZivs &p †jLv gv‡b n‡jv p-Gi†fZ‡i †h i-Gi A¨v‡Wªm Av‡Q Zvi Kb‡U›U|A_©vr i-Gi gvb| wKš‘ &p ej‡Z p-Giwb‡Ri A¨v‡Wªm †evSvq| myZivs *(&p) ej‡Z


Avng` Iqvwn` gvmy

mnR fvlvq †cÖvMÖvwgs wm/wm++

†cÖvMÖvwgsp-Gi wb‡Ri Kb‡U›U †evSvq, hv wKbvi-Gi A¨v‡Wªm| Avevi *(*(&p)) ej‡Z*(&p)-Gi Kb‡U›U A_©vr i-Gi gvb †evSvq|ZvB wØZxq †÷U‡g‡›Ui gvb n‡jv i-Gi gvbA_©vr 3| Z…Zxq †÷U‡g›UwU fzj|KviY r GKwU Bw›URvi UvB‡ci c‡q›Uvi Gesx GKwU Wvej UvB‡ci †fwi‡qej| AvgivRvwb, c‡q›Uvi †fwi‡qej Ges c‡q‡›UW†fwi‡qej GKB UvB‡ci n‡Z nq| PZz_©†÷U‡g‡›Ui gvb 1| GLv‡b j¶Yxq welq, (*)Acv‡iUiwU BbwW‡i± Ges gvwëcøvBqvi `ywUwn‡m‡eB eënvi n‡”Q| cÖ_‡g 7-Gi mv‡_*p-Gi ¸Y n‡”Q| G Kvi‡Y 7**p †jLvn‡q‡Q| A_©vr GLv‡b cÖ_g (*) gvwëcøvBKi‡Q Ges wØZxq (*) c‡q›U Ki‡Q| cÂgjvB‡b cÖ_‡g r-Gi †fZ‡i j-Gi A¨v‡Wªmhv‡”Q| Zvici evg w`‡Ki (*) w`‡q A_©vr*(r=&j) GUv w`‡q j-Gi gvb Z_v 5†evSv‡”Q| Zvi mv‡_ *= mvBb eënvi K‡igvwëcøvB Ges BKzqvj Kiv n‡”Q Wvb w`‡Ki(*p), A_©vr i-Gi gvb, hv wKbv 3| myZivs3*5 ev 15 n‡e *r ev j-Gi bZzb gvb|

Gfv‡e c‡q›Uvi †fwi‡qej eënvi µ-Gwewfbœ ai‡bi G·‡cÖkb ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| wKš‘†Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e, GKwU c‡q›Uvi†fwi‡qej‡K Ab¨ c‡q›Uvi †fwi‡qe‡jimv‡_ †hvM-we‡qvM wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv msL¨vw`‡q ¸Y-fvM Kiv hv‡e bv| †hgbÑ *x,*y`ywU c‡q›Uvi n‡j x/y ev x+y Kiv hv‡e bv|Gi d‡j A¨v‡Wª‡mi gv‡S †hvM-we‡qvM Kivnq, hv m¤¢e bq| ZvB G †¶‡Î †cÖvMÖvg Gii†`Lv‡e| Z‡e GKwU c‡q›Uv‡i ivLv Ab¨†Kv‡bv †fwi‡qe‡ji WvUvi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv msL¨v†hvM-we‡qvM Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ int p[10];x=p; x=x+2; GLv‡b cÖ_‡g GKwU A¨v‡iwW‡K¬qvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zvici GKwU c‡q›Uviw`‡q A¨v‡iwU‡K c‡q›U Kiv nq| A_©vr wØZxqjvBb Gw·wKDU nIqvi ci x w`‡q A¨v‡iwUicÖ_g Gwj‡g›U‡K eënvi Kiv hv‡e| Avi†kl jvBbwU Gw·wKDU nIqvi ci xc‡q›UviwU A¨v‡iwUi Z…Zxq Gwj‡g›U‡K c‡q›UKi‡e| GKBfv‡e c‡q›Uvi †fwi‡qe‡ji mv‡_Bbwµ‡g›U ev wWwµ‡g›U Acv‡iUi eënvi

K‡iI A¨v‡i_‡gwUK G·‡cÖkb ˆZwi Kiv hvqGes †m †¶‡Î †cÖvMÖvg †Kv‡bv Gii †`Lv‡ebv| †hgbÑ Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y x=x+2 bv wj‡L++x; wjL‡j ZLb x c‡q›UviwU A¨v‡iwUiwØZxq Gwj‡g›U‡K c‡q›U Ki‡e| (++)Acv‡iU‡ii KvR bv Rvb‡j G ai‡biG·‡cÖkb ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e bv| ZvB GLv‡b GAcv‡iUi m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß eY©bv †`qv n‡jv|

++ Acv‡iUi‡K Bbwµ‡g›U Acv‡iUi ejvnq| †Kv‡bv †fwi‡qe‡ji mv‡_ Bbwµ‡g›Ueënvi Ki‡j Zvi gvb 1 †e‡o hvq| Z‡eBbwµ‡g›U `yB ai‡bi| wcÖ-Bbwµ‡g›U Ges†cv÷-Bbwµ‡g›U| †hgbÑ a=1;printf(Ò%dÓ,++a); printf(Ò%dÓ,a++);GLv‡b cÖ_‡g wcÖ-Bbwµ‡g›U Ges c‡i †cv÷-Bbwµ‡g‡›Ui D`vniY †`qv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_‡g a-Gi gvb †e‡o 2 n‡e, Zvici Zv wcÖ›U n‡e|c‡iievi a-Gi f¨vjy wcÖ›U n‡e, Zvici Zvif¨vjy †e‡o 3 n‡e| A_©vr GB wZbwU†÷U‡g‡›Ui AvDUcyU n‡e 22 (cÖ_‡g 2,Zvici Avevi 2 wcÖ›U Ki‡e)| wWwµ‡g›UAcv‡iU‡ii (--) †¶‡ÎI GKB ai‡bi wbqgcÖ‡hvR¨|

+= GB Acv‡iU‡ii bvg Bbwµ‡g›U A¨vÛA¨vmvBb| a=3; a+=2; GB `ywU †÷U‡g‡›Uigv‡b n‡jv cÖ_‡g a †fwi‡qe‡ji gvb 3wba©viY n‡e| Zvici a-Gi gvb 2 †e‡o hv‡e,A_©vr 5 n‡e| wØZxq †÷U‡g›U‡K a=a+2;Gfv‡eI †jLv hvq| GKBfv‡e -=, /=, *=BZ¨vw` Acv‡iUiI eënvi Kiv hvq| Ab¨vbÄcv‡iU‡ii †¶‡ÎI GKB wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨|

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Kivi Rb¨ cvwbi †jqvi Ges Gi mv‡_iAb¨vb¨ A¨vWRv÷‡g›U †jqvi GKmv‡_ wm‡j±K‡i GKwU †jqvi †dvìv‡i ivLyb| Gevi†jqvi c¨v‡jU †_‡K IB †jqvi †dvìv‡iivBU evUb wK¬K Kiæb Ges Wzwcø‡KU †jqviMÖæc AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| GB Wzwcø‡KU†jqvi MÖæ‡c water ripple †jqviwU wm‡j±Kiæb Ges 3.0 wc‡·‡ji Mwkqvb eøvi cÖ‡qvMKiæb| cvwbi B‡gRwU eøvi Kivi d‡j Zve¨vKMÖvDÛ B‡g‡Ri mv‡_ wg‡j †M‡Q| GiA_© cy‡iv B‡gRwU †dvKv‡mi evB‡i P‡j†M‡Q| wKš‘ cvwbi gv‡Si AskUzKz †dvKv‡mig‡a¨ Avbv ìKvi| GRb¨ eøvi Kivi ciGKwU †jqvi gv¯‹ ˆZwi Kiæb| Gevi GKwUmdU Kv‡jv †cB›Ueªvk eënvi K‡i cvwbigv‡Si AskUzKzi eøvi B‡d± gy‡Q †dj‡jm¤ú~Y© Qwei gv‡S ïay cvwbi ga¨ AskUzKzB†dvKv‡m _vKj|

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wPÎ-02

wPÎ-03

wPÎ-04

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wPÎ-05

wPÎ-06

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wPÎ-08

wPÎ-09

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