Bamboo Essay

1Professional Diploma in Architecture: Advanced Environmental and Energy StudiesCentre for Alternative Technology

Jodie Smith UEL 1147759Properties of Bamboo and Roundwood Timber as Construction Materials and their Potential Development

in the European Market

1.0 INTRODUCTION2.0 BAMBOO2.1 BAMBOO PROPERTIES2.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO2.3 BAMBOO REVIVAL3.0 MECHANICAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO AND ROUNDWOOD4.0 JOINERY TECHNIQUES5.0 IMPORTING BAMBOO TO EUROPE6.0 ROUNDWOOD6.1 ROUNDWOOD REVIVAL6.2 POTENTIAL UK MARKET FOR ROUNDWOOD7.0 CONCLUSION

Contents

Properties of Bamboo and Roundwood Timber as Construction Materials and their Potential Development in the UK Market

Properties of Bamboo and Roundwood Timber as Construction Materials and their Potential Development in the European Market

2 Professional Diploma in Architecture: Advanced Environmental and Energy StudiesCentre for Alternative Technology

Jodie Smith UEL 1147759

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This essay sets out to demonstrate some of the advantages and issues in constructing with bamboo and roundwood timber poles, both types of naturally occurring vegetal rods. The techniques have developed from within very different cultures and climates while sharing many similar properties. The materials would have been used very early on in human’s development and as such are probably some of the oldest known, perhaps still incorporating construction techniques from early history. There is a resurgence of interest, as an appreciation for low-tech materials grows from an increasing awareness of the environmental impact of industrial materials and techniques.

As knowledge of their material and technical properties has developed, a high tech approach is emerging that acknowledges the natural aesthetic of bamboo and roundwood, but that attempts to develop and exploit their superior mechanical qualities. Timber benefits from the strength inherent in its whole round section, allowing less material to perform as well as a larger sawn piece. Bamboo has many fascinating material properties, which are exalted by many who have discovered its capabilities.

Using the materials in their unprocessed form has many great economic, environmental and practical advantages. However in the mainstream there is a reluctance to adopt the materials due to a lack of standards and building codes. As unprocessed and irregular forms, the materials require a level of craftsmanship and familiarity that is currently lacking.

Roundwood is a highly underutilized resource of structurally efficient timber whose use promotes sustainable land management. Bamboo also has some highly desirable mechanical and environmental attributes whose developed use should be promoted. The energy cost of sea carriage could negate this however, and needs investigation to consider whether its use within Europe could be considered environmentally sustainable.

1.0 Introduction

Tables 1 + 2

Distribution of Bamboo


Jodie Smith UEL 1147759Proper es of Bamboo and Roundwood Timber as Construc on Materials and their Poten al Development


2.0 BAMBOO

Bamboo is a name for many species of giant grasses, with an estimate of 1100-1500 species growing in the tropics,1 as well as some in subtropical and even temperate latitudes.

2 It is the fastest growing plant known,3 with some species growing as much as 1.2m in 24 hours.4 Although there is no naturally occurring bamboo species in Europe, it is of huge significance to millions of people and communities within the tropical regions it inhabits, where since early times it has been used not only as a building material but as food product, as fuel and in paper production and consumer goods and hence holds immense cultural significance in these places.

2.1 BAMBOO PROPERTIES

The structure of bamboo has a natural efficiency of design whereby a very small amount of material mass exhibits tremendous capabilities in terms of tensile, compressive and bending strength. It’s hollow interior makes for an extremely strong and lightweight structure, with internodes that act as reinforcement along its length by

resisting against splitting and buckling. In mechanics, a cylindrical tube has four times the rigidity of a solid round bar that contains the same amount of material.5 Table 3 shows the strength to weight ratio of bamboo to be roughly the same as steel in tension, with twice the compressive strength of concrete.6

2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES

Bamboo can grow 30% faster than the fastest growing tree and yield 25% more than timber.7 Culms are ready for

Bamboo Properties 2.1

Table 3




construction from between 3-5 years, making it a highly renewable commodity with fast economic returns that promotes rotational and sustainable land use. Due to its root system of rhizomes, regrowth occurs after harvesting without attention. The netlike interlocking roots provide protection against erosion, protecting slopes and riverbanks and conserving and regulating water. Its high yield and growth rate mean that bamboo produces more oxygen and sequesters more C02 than timber.8

According to UNESCO, 70 hectares of bamboo produce enough material to build 1,000 houses.9 The typical Asian or Latin American bamboo hut can be built entirely out of bamboo utilizing every part of the plant. Components can be replaced, dismantled and recycled with ease while the loose fit nature of construction provides much needed ventilation making bamboo construction particularly appropriate within the climate it grows. Its flexibility and lightweight nature also make it extremely effective in providing protection against earthquakes and withstanding tropical storms.Bamboo as a building material has maintained its importance in the daily lives of the less wealthy in tropical

areas, but by association has embodied a low status and is often considered the ‘poor mans wood’. Where wages are low it is used without preservation or treatment, making it susceptible to fungal and insect attack and limiting its life span dramatically. Concrete and brick have begun to replace the traditional materials, bringing with them the promise of wealth and higher status. As such, many of the traditional artisan techniques and trades are disappearing in South East Asia, where the largest bamboo resources and greatest variation of usage has traditionally existed.10

2.3 BAMBOO REVIVAL Fortunately there is to some degree a renaissance occurring with bamboo construction as its superior structural qualities and environmental credentials are becoming known and celebrated by more people. New jointing techniques are being developed in order to maximize the structural potential of the material, with careful detailing that both utilizes and celebrates the nature and peculiarities of the material.

In Colombia, both Simon Velez and Marcelo Villegas are pioneering the revival of bamboo, which they hope will

2.2 Environmental and Economic Advantages

Simon Velez ZERI Pavillion, Hanover Expo, 2000




COMMON ADVANTAGES

Fast rotational yields - consistently renewable resource• Short economic returns• Self replenishing• Low maintenance• Support sustainable land management - bamboo rhizome root system prevents soil erosion, round-• wood discourages environmentally damaging clear felling operationsLightweight• Easily to disassemble and recycle • Small scale production and treatment possible, supporting local rural workforce• Preservation of traditional craftsmanship and knowledge• Bamboo is abundant in tropical and some semi-tropical reigons, roundwood timber in Europe and • elsewhereNeither widely available in Europe through common commericial routes• Low processing• Low wastage• Low cost• Strength inherent in wholeness of form•

COMMON DISADVANTAGES

SOLOUTIONS

Higher labour costs in terms of joinery Development of effective jointing techniques

Straightness, ‘sweep’ and ‘crook’ in timber Good plantation management, species selection, heat straightening, visual grading

Variability of species Plantation management and quality controlVariability of surface Species selection, visual gradingProminence, unevenness and spacing of inter-nodes/ knots

Species selection, visual grading

Dimensional variability Species selection, visual gradingTaper Visual grading

Moisture content causing shrinkage Selection of drying method. Suitability of jointing technique

Tendency to split Effective jointing techniquesSusceptability to insect and fungal attack Effective preservation techniquesEffect of age on pole strength Plantation management

Common Advantages and Disadvantages

Table 4

Table 5




act as a stimulus to reactivate the old traditional building methods and develop new construction techniques.11 Velez lays claim to the invention of the bolted and concrete filed joint, which with an understanding of bamboo’s mechanical properties has allowed him to engineer vast cantilevers and express its structural potential. At the same time he maintains a sense of the traditional with inspiration from local building styles while articulating the character and materiality of the giant bamboo species so relied upon in Colombia, Guadua angustifolia.

Many other notable architects have extoled the beauty and material properties of bamboo, including Renzo Piano, Buckminster Fuller, Arata Isozaki, Shoei Yoh, Kengo Kuma and many others. While Velez has largely focused on straight rectilinear forms, others have explored the great flexibility and elasticity of bamboo, investigating a wide range of purposes in arched, vaulted and organic forms. The Institute for Lightweight Structures - IL, directed by Frei Otto made extensive research into the various strengths and properties of bamboo and vegetal rods, with much

2.2 Environmental and Economic Advantages

Marcelo Villegas (Left top)Kengo Kuma (Left bottom)Shoei Yoh (bottom)

Investigations from the Institute of Lightweight Structures




MATERIAL ISSUES - BAMBOO SOLUTION

Consistencey of internodes Accommodation by designHollow cross section Can be filled with wood core or concrete for rein-

forcementSplitting or fissibility along longitudinal grain Predrilling holes for dowels, nails etcHard silicified exterior Appropriate tools and machinery

Removal of exterior layer prior to gluingShrinkage across culm wall (12-25) Effective jointing

MATERIAL ISSUES - ROUNDWOOD SOLUTION

Spiral grain due to twisting in growth can cause ad-ditional stresses at joints

Careful jointing and selection

Tangential splitting across circumference Care with dowel connections in axial directionFlexibility or reinforcement of joints

Radial shrinkage - loosening of bolts and lacings Reinforcement at jointsEnd splitting Poles cut over length until final fabrication/ machin-

ing

investigation into their application as suspended and gridshell structures, and curved compression and tension arches.As a natural construction material there are characteristics inherent to bamboo that make efforts at standardization problematic. The International Standard Organization (ISO) have approved two bamboo standards related to construction in 2004, but few countries in the West have used them as a basis to develop and approve building codes. As such there is reluctance among professionals to consider uptake of the material, as a lack of available calculations impede proper dimensioning. Architects are not familiar with the strengths, jointing techniques or detailing, which allow for the natural variability of the product. These issues need to be addressed in order for a market to develop, and the material needs production at an acceptable specification through accessible commercial routes.

3.0 MECHANICAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO AND ROUNDWOOD TIMBER

Bamboo is highly susceptible to rot, fungi and invasion by insects and needs treatment in order to make it durable. These issues are likely to be more considerable in the tropics, where the warm moist conditions are preferable

Mechanical and Material Properties 3.0

Tables 6 and 7

Bamboo fracture and elec-tron micrograph - vascular

bundles




to the beetles and termites which feed from the starches and sugars in bamboo.12 The powder-post beetle, which can consume the entire culm, causes problems in UK wood species, as do subterranean termites.13 Unlike timber, bamboo does not produce chemical extractives to help resist fungal attack. There is a vast array of techniques to preserve bamboo, but the most common and widely considered most benign is with a Borate solution which is the accepted method within the ISO standards.

Within each species there are characteristics and properties that must be taken into account when evaluating suitability and purpose, with the relative proportions and distribution of tissues effecting density and strength differently.

As a grass, the bamboo culm grows by stretching and as such contains longitudinal fibres, which are reinforced in the cross direction at the internodes. As such, loads cannot be maintained in the transverse direction, causing splitting along its natural grain if care is not taken with stresses and in joining and framing.

Drying causes shrinkage and cracking mostly along the circumference of roundwood poles, which can lead to problems with dowel connections placed axially. Radial shrinkage can also lead to connections such as bolts and lacings becoming loose.14

Both bamboo and roundwood, as unprocessed, natural materials have an inherent variability that needs to be accommodated by design. Tables 6 & 7 show some of the material characteristics of the materials, as well as the design considerations and techniques used.

4.0 JOINERYTraditional lashed and pegged joinery has been used in both bamboo and roundwood construction for many centuries, and can be intricately detailed and beautiful.

4.0 Joinery

Oscar Hidalgo Lopez studies of lashed bamboo joinery




However, the ease at which joints can be formed is important as the economics of labour can quickly outweigh that of the material. Joinery is often key to the aesthetics of pole frame architecture, and a balance must be made between these aspects for success.

Joinery 4.0

Mortar filled bamboo joints (Right top)Traditional and modern lashed joinery

Shoei Yoh space frame connections (Left bottom)Fishmouth joint technique

ZERI Pavillion, Velez (Right bottom)




Effective jointing is paramount in any framed construction as structural integrity depends on it. Tests carried out in a EU funded project Round Small Diameter Timber for Construction (ed. Ranta-Maunus, A.) into different types of joints incorporated steel plates for reinforcement and lacings that counter the potential for axial splitting,15 but were unattractive.

5.0 IMPORTING BAMBOO TO EUROPE

A study by Delft University of Technology, (van der Lugt, et al)16 found that bamboo culms could in fact be considered an environmentally and economically sustainable building material in Europe and could be competitive to materials such as steel, concrete and timber. Even despite the energy inherent in sea carriage, the bamboo culm was 20 times more favourable than its alternatives in several functions from a sustainability point of view.17

A Life Cycle Analysis study showed that due to the minimal processing required, almost all of the Environmental Cost, Graph 1, of the bamboo originated from its sea carriage from Costa Rica to the Netherlands. In terms of its Annual Environmental Cost, Graph 2, which takes into account the technical life span of bamboo and accounts for its waste and recyclability, bamboo far outperforms steel, concrete and timber in all functions. Due to its lightweight nature and structural efficiency, far less material is needed to carry the same load as a larger piece of sawn timber. 18

A Life Cycle Costing study found bamboo to have the lowest Purchasing Costs, Graph 3, in comparison to the other materials despite the costs of transportation,19 although in terms of Annual Products Costs, Graph 4, taking into account the whole product lifecycle, steel is the most favourable. Due to its irregularity, bamboo incurs higher labour costs due to assembling and disassembling, however the results do show that bamboo can compete with timber alternatives.20

5.0 Importing Bamboo to Europe

Graph 2 Annual Environmental Costs

Graph 4 Annual Purchasing Costs

Graph 1 Environmental Cost

Graph 3 Purchasing Costs




The International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) are improving the gap in knowledge and providing some international building codes, although need further development for both the raw material and in testing complete joints.21 Until then it may be more practicable to consider bamboo in cases where precise or fixed measurements are not necessary, such as in temporary buildings and small civic projects (tents, pavilions, bridges), or as a non-structural or finishing material.

6.0 ROUNDWOOD

Roundwood timber is a by-product from plantation management and woodland coppicing that is currently considered a waste or secondary product often with little or no commercial value. Ranta-Maunus shows that there is a vast resource of construction quality small diameter roundwood timber in Europe, with millions of cubic metres coming from Finland alone. 22 It’s fast and continuous regrowth promotes sustainable land use, and provides a low cost and predictable resource of timber. Research upholds that there is commercial value in using roundwood a structural member within the construction industry and in developing its volume use in local industry.23

Roundwood 6.0

Roundwood shrinkage




Plantations go through a process of ‘thinning’ number of times during their lifetime, as a high stocking rate in the early stages encourages rapid vertical growth and restricted lateral branching. Small diameter poles often wasted from this process provide an undervalued resource of low cost and structurally efficient construction timber. Coppice wood is another underused resource of roundwood timber, which was traditionally considered a valuable crop and supported a large rural workforce. It rarely needs replanting and is managed in a consistent cycle, protecting the soil from erosion and nutrient depletion, and producing a unique natural ecosystem and continuously renewable resource.24

This first couple of thinnings are not considered economically viable by commercial operators, which can even lead to ‘badly managed’ plantations not being thinned at all, which provides a great source of slowly grown timber with minimal knots.25 Results from the EU project show that the availability of construction quality roundwood is vast, especially if diameters from the first thinning can be utilized (usually 100mm or so), with millions of cubic metres available in Finland alone. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation, the availability of forestry thinnings is set to increase worldwide.2627

6.1 Roundwood Revival

Traditional log frame joineryMortice and tenonBen Law mortice and tenonRoundwood scribe joints




6.1 ROUNDWOOD REVIVAL Although having been a long established tradition in the UK and Europe, changes in building industry, planning and technical requirements and commercial expediency have meant that roundwood has become sidelined in the 20th Century.28 Ben Law has recently heralded the revival of traditional woodsmanship and the roundwood timber frame, with his hand-built ‘Woodland House’ from roundwood and coppice harvested from his own woodland. He has developed a roundwood timber ‘A’ frame, based on the traditional English cruck frame and using scribing techniques from the log builders of Canada and North America.29 It boasts an aesthetic frame using far less timber than a log building and younger trees than a traditional oak frame.

Roundwood Revival 6.1

Roundwood jointsDowelsPost and sleeveSteel framePretensioned endcapsFlitch plates (Right top)Wire lacings (Right bottom)




6.1 Roundwood Revival

Ben Law - Woodland HouseRoundwood cruck A frame

Efteling theme park at Kaatsheuvel, Holland by Ton Van de Ven




Aside from the revival of the traditional aesthetic, the IL have done much work in the field of three-dimensional space frames, where a short length and small diameter of the round pole are an advantage and the whole cross-section reduces problems from natural timber weakness. The entrance pavilion to the Efteling theme park at Kaatsheuvel, Holland by Ton Van de Ven, which consists of three 40m high peaks and a 60m wide span, is a highly engineered building with a fantasy aesthetic that stems from the traditional nature of the roundwood. The Acacia Hall, Teahouse and Observation Tower at Apeldoorn in Holland by Peter Hubyens, uses 16mm diameter high strength bolts and wire lacing to reduce the effects of splitting.The Prototype House, Workshop Building and Westminster Lodge at Hooke Park by Buro Happold, consists of round poles with epoxy gluing.

6.2 POTENTIAL UK MARKET FOR ROUNDWOOD

The handpicked nature of poles makes conforming to building regulations problematic. According to Law, current grading systems such as those by Ranta-Maunus et al, are complicated leading to overly engineered structures in order to meet building regulations.30

The EU survey showed reluctance amongst architects to adopt roundwood, partly due to the aesthetics and cost of connections and the lack of calculations needed in order to dimension structures properly.31 Currently it is not available via the usual commercial channels. Architects, engineers and carpenters are not familiar with the strengths or jointing characteristics, nor do they have adequate guidelines for design.For a market to develop, quality in terms of strength and straightness is needed as well as practicality in terms of available length and proportion of timbers for meeting acceptable specification.32

Potential for Roundwood in the UK 6.2

Acacia Hall, Teahouse and Observation Tower at Apeldoorn in Holland by Peter Hubyens

Popular current roundwood applications - Playgrounds and footbridges




Currently much of the existing use of roundwood lies within agricultural buildings, playground equipment, zoos, footbridges, park facilities and the like. The EU market research has illustrated the potential for roundwood construction in small, largely rural buildings, generally related to the leisure and recreational industries as well as within agriculture.

7.0 CONCLUSION

As construction materials, bamboo and roundwood timber share practical, environmental, social and economic benefits. They have structural, material and aesthetic advantages inherent in the wholeness of their form. However, difficulties originate from their natural irregularity, which can be accommodated for with efficient joint design. Effective jointing is therefore imperative for economic and aesthetic success.

There is scope for bamboo and roundwood to make the transition from low-tech materials to ones with high innovative potential. Intensifying research could lead to lower material requirements whilst at the same time developing standards for use within sensible applications. This has proven to be the case with other natural construction materials such as unfired bricks and hempcrete, for which a market has been steadily developing.

The lack of standard commercial routes, strength values, standards and models is impeding the potential development of bamboo and roundwood timber within the current market. There is currently a lack of modern representational examples, which accommodate and express the materiality and structural integrity of the materials. Development of such methods is needed in order to change perception and encourage growth.

7.0 Conclusion

The Prototype House, Workshop Building and Westminster Lodge at Hooke Park by Buro Happold




1 van der Lught, P., van der Dobbelsteen, A.A.J.F, and Janssen, J.J.A. (2005) An Environmental, Economic And Practical Assessment Of Bamboo As Building Material For Supporting Structures Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, p.1-2.2 IL 31 (1985) Bambus – Bamboo / Bambus als Baustoff - Bamboo as a Building Material / Bauen mit pflanzlichen Stäben - Building with Vegetal Rods, Germany: Kraemer Karl Gmbh + Co., p51.3 ibid. p.53.4 ibid. p.42.5 ibid. p.69.6 Lynne, E. and Adams, C. (2000) Alternative Construction: Contemporary Natural Building Methods New York; Chichester: Wiley, p.240.7 von Vegesack, A. and Kries, M. (2000) Grown your own house: Simon Velez and the Bamboo Architecture Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum, p.151.8 van der Lugt, P., Vogtlander, J and Brezet, H (2009) Bamboo, A Sustainable Solution for Western Europe, Design Cases LCAs and Land Use Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, p.82-859 Roseleib, M. (2011) Chiang Mai Life Construction Available at:www.chiangmailifeconstruction.com (Accessed 10 Februaru 2012).10 IL 31 (1985) Bambus – Bamboo / Bambus als Baustoff - Bamboo as a Building Material / Bauen mit pflanzlichen Stäben - Building with Vegetal Rods, Germany: Kraemer Karl Gmbh + Co., p42.11 ibid., p.15.12 Schroder, S. (2012) Guadua Bamboo Availiable at: www.guaduabamboo.com/bamboo-insect-infestation. html#ixzz1mDpTzfDV (Accessed 10 February 2012).13 Lyons, A. (2004) Materials for Architects and Builders Michigan: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann pp. 105- 106.14 Ranta-Maunus, A., ed. (2000) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction Finland: Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) p.106.15 ibid., p.106.16 van der Lught, P., van der Dobbelsteen, A.A.J.F, and Janssen, J.J.A. (2005) An Environmental, Economic and Practical Assessment of Bamboo as a Building Material for Supporting Structures Netherlands: Delft University of Technology.17 van der Lught, P., van der Dobbelsteen, A.A.J.F, and Janssen, J.J.A. (2005) An Environmental, Economic And Practical Assessment Of Bamboo As Building Material For Supporting Structures Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, p.7.18 ibid., p.5.19 ibid., p.5.20 ibid., p.6.21 ibid., p.7.22 Ranta-Maunus, A. (1999) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction – Final Report of Project FAIR CT 95-0091; Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, p3-4.23 Ibid., p.13324 Law, B. (2010) Roundwood Timber Framing, Somerset: Butler Tanner and Dennis, p10.25 Law, B. (2010) Roundwood Timber Framing, Somerset: Butler Tanner and Dennis, p14.26 Jayanetti, L. and Follett, P. (2000) Timber Pole Construction – An Introduction London: Intermediate Technology Publications, p1.27 ibid., p2.28 Ranta-Maunus, A. (1999) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction – Final Report of Project FAIR CT 95-0091; Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, p133.29 Law, B. (2010) Roundwood Timber Framing, Somerset: Butler Tanner and Dennis, p.7. 30 ibid., p.8. 31 Ranta-Maunus, A. (1999) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction – Final Report of Project FAIR CT 95-0091; Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, p137.32 ibid. p.137.

REFERENCES




APPENDIX - Institute of Lighweight Structures

19Professional Diploma in Architecture: Advanced Environmental and Energy StudiesCentre for Alterna ve Technology



APPENDIX - Institute of Lightweight Structures




APPENDIX - Institute of Lightweight Structures

21Professional Diploma in Architecture: Advanced Environmental and Energy StudiesCentre for Alterna ve Technology



PAGE 2. Map of distribution: • van der Lught, P., van der Dobbelsteen, A.A.J.F, and Janssen, J.J.A. (2005) An Environmental, Economic and Practical Assessment of Bamboo as a Building Material for Supporting Structures Netherlands: Delft University of Technology.Photographs: • Authors ownTables:• Lynne, E. and Adams, C. (2000) Alternative Construction: Contemporary Natural Building Methods New York; Chichester: Wiley.Bamboo shoots:• van der Lugt, P., Vogtlander, J and Brezet, H (2009) Bamboo, A Sustainable Solution for Western Europe, De-sign Cases LCAs and Land Use Netherlands: Delft University of Technology.

PAGE 3.Roots:• IL 31 (1985) Bambus – Bamboo / Bambus als Baustoff - Bamboo as a Building Material / Bauen mit pflanzli-chen Stäben - Building with Vegetal Rods, Germany: Kraemer Karl Gmbh + Co.Table:• Lynne, E. and Adams, C. (2000) Alternative Construction: Contemporary Natural Building Methods New York; Chichester: Wiley.Other:• IL 31 (1985) Bambus – Bamboo / Bambus als Baustoff - Bamboo as a Building Material / Bauen mit pflanzli-chen Stäben - Building with Vegetal Rods, Germany: Kraemer Karl Gmbh + Co.

PAGE 4.• von Vegesack, A. and Kries, M. (2000) Grown your own house: Simon Velez and the Bamboo Architecture Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum.PAGE 6.• Villegas, M. (2003) New Bamboo: Architecture and Design Bogota: Villegas EditoresKengo Kuma: • Braodhurst, R. (2010) Modern Natural, Natural Modern: Houses New York: RizzoliShoei Yoh:• von Vegesack, A. and Kries, M. (2000) Grown your own house: Simon Velez and the Bamboo Architecture Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum.Drawings:• IL 31 (1985) Bambus – Bamboo / Bambus als Baustoff - Bamboo as a Building Material / Bauen mit pflanzli-chen Stäben - Building with Vegetal Rods, Germany: Kraemer Karl Gmbh + Co.

PAGE 7.Micrograph:• Villegas, M. (1990) Tropical Bamboo New York: Rizzoli Fracture:• IL 31 (1985) Bambus – Bamboo / Bambus als Baustoff - Bamboo as a Building Material / Bauen mit pflanzli-chen Stäben - Building with Vegetal Rods, Germany: Kraemer Karl Gmbh + Co.

PAGE 8.• IL 31 (1985) Bambus – Bamboo / Bambus als Baustoff - Bamboo as a Building Material / Bauen mit pflanzli-chen Stäben - Building with Vegetal Rods, Germany: Kraemer Karl Gmbh + Co.

PAGE 9. Left – Right• von Vegesack, A. and Kries, M. (2000) Grown your own house: Simon Velez and the Bamboo Architecture Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum.• IL 31 (1985) Bambus – Bamboo / Bambus als Baustoff - Bamboo as a Building Material / Bauen mit pflanzli-

IMAGE CREDITS




chen Stäben - Building with Vegetal Rods, Germany: Kraemer Karl Gmbh + Co.• von Vegesack, A. and Kries, M. (2000) Grown your own house: Simon Velez and the Bamboo Architecture Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum.• Schroder, S. (2012) www.guaduabamboo.com/image-files/how-to-make-a-bamboo-fish-mouth-joint_5.jpg (Accessed 10 February 2012).• von Vegesack, A. and Kries, M. (2000) Grown your own house: Simon Velez and the Bamboo Architecture Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum.

PAGE 10.• van der Lught, P., van der Dobbelsteen, A.A.J.F, and Janssen, J.J.A. (2005) An Environmental, Economic And Practical Assessment Of Bamboo As Building Material For Supporting Structures Netherlands: Delft University of Technology.

PAGE 11.• Ranta-Maunus, A. (1999) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction – Final Report of Project FAIR CT 95-0091; Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.• Jayanetti, L. and Follett, P. (2000) Timber Pole Construction – An Introduction London: Intermediate Technol-ogy Publications.PAGE 12.

• Law, B. (2010) Roundwood Timber Framing, Somerset: Butler Tanner and Dennis.• Ranta-Maunus, A. (1999) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction – Final Report of Project FAIR CT 95-0091; Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.PAGE 13.• Jayanetti, L. and Follett, P. (2000) Timber Pole Construction – An Introduction London: Intermediate Technol-ogy Publications.• Ranta-Maunus, A. (1999) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction – Final Report of Project FAIR CT 95-0091; Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.PAGE 14.• Law, B. (2010) Roundwood Timber Framing, Somerset: Butler Tanner and Dennis.• Ranta-Maunus, A. (1999) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction – Final Report of Project FAIR CT 95-0091; Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.PAGE 15.• Ranta-Maunus, A. (1999) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction – Final Report of Project FAIR CT 95-0091; Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.

PAGE 16.• Pears, D. (1990) Building Design Special Issue: Structures supplement No. 992 Supplement (June 29) • Ranta-Maunus, A. (1999) Round Small-Diameter Timber for Construction – Final Report of Project FAIR CT 95-0091; Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.APPENDIX

• IL 31 (1985) Bambus – Bamboo / Bambus als Baustoff - Bamboo as a Building Material / Bauen mit pflanzli-chen Stäben - Building with Vegetal Rods, Germany: Kraemer Karl Gmbh + Co.

IMAGE CREDITS

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Bamboo Essay