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Ballistics
ForensicsCHS
History
• The invention of gunpowder led to the development of firearms.
• Gunpowder first appeared in use in China over a thousand years ago, but was used primarily in firecrackers and only sparingly in weapons for military use.
History
• However, once the effectiveness of projectiles propelled by the force of gunpowder against both the armor of knight-soldiers and fortifications was known, the use of firearms proliferated rapidly.
History
• Gunpowder, made of a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrite), owes its explosive force to the fact that 1 mole of solid powder will, when ignited, produce 6 moles of gas.
• This rapid expansion in the enclosed space of a metal tube could be used to drive a projectile at high speed.
History
• Modern gunpowder is simply a refined version in which the chemical composition has been altered to provide the greatest expansion with the smallest quantity and residue.
History
• The manufacture of modern powders is standardized enough that gunpowder residue can be analyzed by methods which identify specific components, which can aid the forensic scientist greatly.
Militarily improvements
• Reliability of firing• Accuracy of projectile • Force of projectile • Speed of firing • The reliability issue sparked
the development of a number of mechanisms to ignite the powder.
History muzzle loaders
• Matchlock• Wheelock• Snaphaunce • Flintlock• Percussion cap
History
• "breech loading" firearms led to another advantage--speed of loading.
• Further improvements consisted of multiple chambers, as in the revolver, for multiple shots.
• Machine guns were refined in World Wars I and II.
• Modern assault weapons used by armies around the world utilize a mechanism in which the expanding gasses of the gunpowder provide the force for cycling the mechanism to shoot multiple rounds--up to 600 rounds per minute.
• Accuracy was improved by using weapons with a longer barrel or length of metal tube,
• In the 18th century, gunsmiths discovered that putting spiral grooves in the bore would impart a spin to the bullet that improved accuracy markedly.
• Modern weapons have "rifling" in their barrels.
• This rifling is slightly different for each weapon, imparting different patterns of deformation on the bullet.
• These patterns can be used by the forensic scientist to aid identification of a particular weapon used in a crime.
Terminology
Action: The part of a firearm that loads, fires, and ejects a cartridge.
Barrel: The metal tube through which the bullet is fired.
Breech: The end of the barrel attached to the action.
Butt or buttstock: The portion of the gun which is held or shouldered.
TerminologyBullets: The projectile. They are shaped or composed differently for a variety of purposes.
"round-nose" - The end of the bullet is blunted.
"hollow-point" - There is a central cavity in the bullet nose.
"jacketed" - The soft lead is surrounded by another metal.
"wadcutter" - The front of the bullet is flattened.
TerminologyCaliber: The diameter of the bore measured from land to land, usually expressed in hundredths of an inch (.22 cal) or in millimeters (9mm).
Cartridge: Also called a "round". Made up of a case, primer, powder, and bullet.
Centerfire: The cartridge contains the primer in the center of the base, where it can be struck by the firing pin of the action.
TerminologyChamber: The portion of the
"action" that holds the cartridge ready for firing.
Gauge: Refers to the diameter of the barrel on a shotgun in terms of the number of lead balls the size of the bore it would take to weigh one pound (10 gauge, 12 gauge, etc.)
Terminology• Hammer: A metal rod or plate
that typically drives a firing pin to strike the cartridge primer to detonate the powder.
• Lands and grooves: Lands are the metal inside the barrel left after the spiral grooves are cut to produce the rifling.
• Magazine: This is a device for storing cartridges in a repeating firearm for loading into the chamber.
TerminologyMagnum: For rifles and
handguns, an improved version of a standard cartridge which uses the same caliber and bullet, but has more powder, giving the fired bullet more energy. Muzzle: The end of the barrel
out of which the bullet comes.Pistol: Synonym for a handgun
that does not have a revolving cylinder.
Terminology
Powder: Modern gun cartridges use "smokeless" powder that is relatively stable. Primer: A volatile substance that ignites when struck to detonate the powder in a cartridge. Rimfire cartridges have primer inside the base.
Terminology
Revolver: Handgun that has a cylinder with holes to contain the cartridges. The cylinder revolves to bring the cartridge into position to be fired. This is "single-action" when the hammer must be cocked before the trigger can fire the weapon. It is "double-action" when pulling the trigger both cocks and fires the gun.
TerminologyRifling: The spiral grooves cut
inside a gun barrel that give the bullet a spinning motion.
Safety: A mechanism on an action to prevent firing of the gun.
Shotgun: A gun with a smoothbore that shoots cartridges that contain "shot" or small metal pellets (of lead or steel) as the projectiles.
TerminologySights: The device(s) on top
of a barrel that allow the gun to be aimed.
Silencer: A device that fits over the muzzle of the barrel to muffle the sound of a gunshot. Most work by baffling the escape of gases.
Quiz
Ballistics• The term ballistics refers to
the science of the travel of a projectile in flight.
• The flight path of a bullet includes: –Travel down the barrel –Path through the air –Path through a target –The wounding potential of projectiles is a complex matter
Ballistics• Bullets fired from a rifle will
have more energy than similar bullets fired from a handgun.
• More powder can also be used in rifle cartridges because the bullet chambers can be designed to withstand greater pressures (70,000 psi vs. 40,000 psi for handgun chamber).
Ballistics• Drag is influenced by velocity
& bullet spin. • The faster the spin, the less
likely a bullet will "yaw" or turn sideways and tumble through the air.
• Increasing the twist of the rifling will impart greater 1 in 12 spiral (one turn in 12 inches of barrel).
Ballistics• Yaw has a lot to do with the
injury pattern of a bullet on the target, termed "terminal ballistics."
• A short, high velocity bullet begins to yaw more severely and rotate upon entering tissue.
• This causes more tissue to be displaced, increases drag, and imparts more of the KE (Kinetic Energy) to the target.
Ballistics• A longer, heavier bullet might
have more KE at a longer range when it hits the target, but it may penetrate so well that it exits the target with much of its KE remaining.
• Even a bullet with a low KE can impart significant tissue damage if it can be designed to give up all of the KE into the target, and the target is at short range (as with handguns).
Tissue damage
• Laceration and crushing - Tissue damage through laceration and crushing occurs along the path or "track" through the body that a projectile, or its fragments, may produce.
Tissue damage
• Cavitation - A "permanent" cavity is caused by the path (track) of the bullet itself with crushing of tissue.
"temporary" cavity is formed by radial stretching around the wake of the bullet, causing the wound cavity to be stretched outward.
Tissue damage
• Shock waves - Shock waves compress the medium and travel ahead of the bullet, as well as to the sides.
• At high velocity, generated shock waves can reach up to 200 atmospheres of pressure.
Criminalistics Lab Methods
• Each bullet keeps a diary in its own way of where it has been and what it has done.
• Now that you understand the function of a bullet, many of these changes become easy to interpret.
Criminalistics Lab Methods
• The bullet sides will bear the markings of the barrel interior rifling. These spiral lines, or striae, contain the microscopic imperfections of the gun from which it was fired and can be as specific as a fingerprint.
cartridge case
• Inconclusive (cartridge case) could neither be identified nor eliminated as having been fired from the same weapon.
• Conclusive (cartridge case) was not fired by the same weapon
• Conclusive (cartridge case) was identified as having passed through the action, and therefore fired by the same weapon
pathology
• One of the most common determinations of the forensic pathologist is the range of fire. Gunshot wounds are typically classified as:–Contact –Close range –Distant range
pathology
• This is an contact gunshot entrance wound.
• Since the barrel contacts the skin, the gases released by the fired round go into the subcutaneous tissue and cause the star-shaped laceration.
• Note also the grey-black discoloration from the soot, as well as the faint abrasion ring.
pathology• The abrasion ring, and a very
clear muzzle imprint, are seen in this contact range gunshot wound.
pathology• This is a close range gunshot
entrance wound in which there is powder "tattooing" around the entrance site.
LOOK AWAY
pathology• This is a Distance
wound gunshot entrance wound no GSR
pathology•
pathology• Trajectory- using entry and
exit wounds pathologists can determine the path of the projectile.
NIBIN
• Once the evidence is collected and submitted to the crime laboratory, the firearms examiner can take digital images of the markings made on spent ammunition or from test firing the gun and enter them into a national database called NIBIN, the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network.
NIBIN
• NIBIN was created in 1999 and is administered by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. It's a database that stores images of the breechface impressions found on the primers of fired cartridge cases. NIBIN also stores images of the scanned circumference of fired bullets.
NIBIN
• What makes this database so useful is that when an image is entered it is automatically compared against other images in the database. Possible matches are then visually confirmed by technicians to determine whether each is a valid match or not. NIBIN allows agencies to link crimes that otherwise would potentially never be linked to one another.
NIBIN
• According to an April 2009 factsheet found on the NIBIN Website, the NIBIN database has more than 1.5 million acquisitions and there have been more than 28,000 hits.
• The New York City Police Department leads the way with more than 2,100 hits alone.
• In the U.S. for 2006, there were 30,896 deaths from firearms–Suicide 16,883–Homicide 12,791–Accident 642–Legal Intervention 360–Undetermined 220.
Offenders
• According to the 1997 Survey of State Prison Inmates, among those possessing a gun, the source of the gun was from -–a flea market or gun show for fewer than 2%
–a retail store or pawnshop for about 12%
–family, friends, a street buy, or an illegal source for 80%
Pictures• Slide 2
– http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/50/Lgehumble_1400.jpg• Slide 3
– http://en.wikipedia.org – http://www.silcom.com/~vikman/isles/scriptorium/firearm/match.html
• Slide 7– http://www.silcom.com/~vikman/isles/scriptorium/firearm/musketeer2.gif
• Slide 8– http://www.silcom.com/~vikman/isles/scriptorium/firearm/firearm.html
• Slide 9– http://www.cullodenantiques.com/images/1819_hall_rifle3.jpg – http://www.gatling-gun.com/images/Model_1849_Colt_Revolver_4.jpg
• Slide 10– https://aes-humanities8.wikispaces.com/file/view/WW1.5.jpg/32644077 – http://www.specwar.info/vybava/vyzbroj/M16/p01.jpg
• Slide 12– http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg – http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/training/firearms-training/module04/images/
fir_m04_t06_06_a.2.jpg • Slide 13
– http://www.imfdb.org/images/thumb/c/c1/M14Rifle.jpg/400px-M14Rifle.jpg • Slide 14
– http://members.shaw.ca/nambuworld/8mm&38bullets.jpg – http://www.shootingtimes.com/handgun_reviews/STmonster_1103B.jpg
• Slide 15– http://briscoefamily.com/emergency/tng_BulletType.GIF
• Slide 16– http://www.leelofland.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/bore_size_caliber.gif – http://www.flccw.com/2bullets.jpg – http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/machine-gun-bullet.gif
• Slide 18– http://www.militaryrifles.com/Spain/Oviedo89-13.JPG – http://www.everydaynodaysoff.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/ClipMagazineLesson.jpg– http://pagunsmith.edu/g2data/main.php?
g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=24&g2_serialNumber=2– http://wing.chez-alice.fr/USA/weapon/Colt_45_Magazine.jpg
• Slide 19– http://guns4u.info/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/m31.gif
• Slide 23
http://www.nps.gov/spar/historyculture/images/rifling.jpg
Pictures• Slide 26
– http://tgace.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/trajectory.jpg • Slide 27
– http://www.furfishgame.com/_assets/images/featured_articles/2009-03/guns-cartridge-a.jpg– http://www.guncrafterindustries.com/graphics/images/cartridge_1_500.jpg
• Slide 29– http://www.fighttimes.com/magazine/images/8/medcell-diagram3.jpg
• Slide 31– http://media.photobucket.com/image/bullet%20tissue%20damage/InfernoMDM/lightfighter/
Handgun_gel_comparison.jpg• Slide 30
– http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/556vs762.JPGSlide 31– http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/GUNS/GUNBLST.html
• Slide 33
• Slide 34 – http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/bullet/bullet2.jpg
• Slide 35– http://www.originalpropshop.com.au/Images/800px-Cavitation_Propeller_Damage.jpg
• Slide 36– http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/q0074.shtml
• Slide 38– http://www.firearmsid.com/jpgs/A0284.jpg
• Slide 39– http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/training/firearms-training/module11/images/fir_m11_t04_03.jpg
• Slide 40– http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/training/firearms-training/module11/images/fir_m11_t04_05.jpg
• Slide 41– http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/training/firearms-training/module11/images/fir_m11_t04_01.jpg
• Slides 43 – 49– http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/GUNS/GUNINTRO.html– http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/env-23.htm
• Slide 49– http://www.maryferrell.org/wiki/images/7/77/Photo_hsca_ex_65.jpg
Refrences
• http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/GUNS/GUNTERM.html
