Bai Tap Hoa Hoc Lop 11 CA Nam

8/11/2019 Bai Tap Hoa Hoc Lop 11 CA Nam

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Phn li theo kiu axit: Zn(OH)22-

2ZnO + 2H+

4. Mui

- Mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc cation+

4NH ) v

anion l gc axit- Th d: NH4NO3

+

4NH +-

3NO

NaHCO3 Na++

-

3HCO

III. S IN LI CA NC. pH. CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ

- Tch s ion ca nc l2

+ - -14

H OK =[H ].[OH ]=1,0.10 ( 250C). Mt cch gn ng, c th

coi gi tr ca tch s ny l hng s c trong dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau.

- Cc gi tr [H+] v pH c trng cho cc mi trng

Mi trng trung tnh: [H+] = 1,0.10-7M hoc pH = 7

Mi trng axit: [H+] > 1,0.10-7M hoc pH < 7

Mi trng kim: [H+] < 1,0.10-7M hoc pH> 7

IV. PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI

1. iu kin xy ra phn ng

- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc ion kt hp li

vi nhau to thnh t nht mt trong cc cht sau:

+ Cht kt ta:

BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl

Ba2+ +2-

4SO BaSO4

+ Cht bay hi:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

2-

3CO + 2H+ CO2 + H2O

+ Cht in li yu:

CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl

CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH

2. Bn cht phn ng

- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion.


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B. BI TP C HNG DN GII

I. Cc cng thc lien quan khi gii bi tp ca chng

1. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch cc cht in li

An[A] =V

; Trong : [A]: Nng mol/l ca ion A

nA: S mol ca ion A.

V: Th tch dung dch cha ion A.

2. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit -baz mnh

- [H+] = 10-a(mol/l) a = pH

- pH = -lg[H+]

- [H+].[OH-] = 10-141410

[H ] =[OH ]

II. Cc bi tp c li gii

Cu 1. Trn 100 ml dung dch HNO30.1M vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO40.05M thu c

dung dch A.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong A.

b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.c. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0.1M trung ha dung dch A.

Gii

a.3HNO

n = 0.1* 0.1 = 0.01 (mol) ;2 4H SO

n = 0.1* 0.05 = 0.005 (mol)

22 4 3 3 2 44 3

H SO HNO HNO H SOSO NO Hn = n = 0.005 (mol); n = n = 0.01 (mol); n = n + 2n = 0.02 (mol)

23 4

0.01 0.005 0.02[NO ] = = 0.05(M); [SO ] = = 0.025(M); [H ] = = 0.1(M)0.2 0.2 0.2

b. 10.02[H ] = = 0.1(M) = 10 (M) pH = 10.2

c. Cu c ta c th lm theo hai cch khc nhau:

* Cch 1: y l cch m chng ta hay lm nht t trc n nay l vit PTHH ri

tnh ton da vo PTHH.

HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O

0.01 0.01

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

0.005 0.01


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NaOHNaOH

M

n 0.02V = = = 0.2 (l it)

C 0.1

* Cch 2: Ngoi cch gii trn, ta c th vn dng cch gii da vo PT ion thu gn

gii. y l cch gii ch yu m ta s dng khi gii cc dng bi tp v axit -baz cng

nh cc dng bi tp khc khi s dng PT ion thu gn.

Bn cht ca hai phn ng trn l:

H+ + OH- H2O

0.02 0.02

NaOH NaOHOH

0.02n = n = 0.02 (mol) V = = 0.2 (lit)

0.1

Cu 2. Dung dch X cha NaOH 0.1M, KOH 0.1M v Ba(OH)20.1M. Tnh th tch dung

dch HNO30.2M trung ha 100 ml dung dch X.

Gii

2NaOH KOH Ba(OH)n = 0.1* 0.1 = 0.01 (mol); n = 0.1* 0.1 = 0.01 (mol); n = 0.1* 0.1 = 0.01 (mol)

2NaOH KOH Ba(OH)OH

n = n + n + 2n = 0.04 (mol)

Bn cht ca cc phn ng ny l

H+ + OH- H2O

0.04 0.04

3

3

HNO

HNO

M

n 0.04V = = = 0.2 (l it)

C 0.2


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e. dd NaOH v Al(OH)3 f. dd Al2(SO4)3 v dd NaOHva

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g. dd NaOH v Zn(OH)2 h. FeS v dd HCl

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i. dd CuSO4v dd H2S k. dd NaOH v NaHCO3

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l. dd NaHCO3v HCl m. Ca(HCO3)2v HCl

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Cu 3. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.

a. NH4NO3, (NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl.

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b. NaOH, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3

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c. NaOH, H2SO4, BaCl2, Na2SO4, NaNO3(ch dng thm qu tm)...............................................................................................................................................

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Cu 4. Vit phng trnh phn t ng vi phng trnh ion thu gn ca cc phn ng sau

a.2+ 2-

3 3Ba + CO BaCO b.+ -

4 3 2NH + OH NH + H O

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c. S2- + 2H+ H2S d. Fe3++ 3OH- Fe(OH)3

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e. Ag+ + Cl- AgCl f. H+ + OH- H2O

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Cu 5. Vit PT dng phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng trong dd theo s sau:

a. Pb(NO3)2 + ? PbCl2 + ?

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b. FeCl3 + ? Fe(OH)3 + ?

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c. BaCl2 + ? BaSO4 + ?

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d. HCl + ? ? + CO2 + H

2O

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e. NH4NO3 + ? ? + NH3 + H2O

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f. H2SO4 + ? ? + H2O

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Cu 6. Tnh nng cc ion trong cc dung dch sau

a. dd NaOH 0,1M b. dd BaCl20,2 M c. dd Ba(OH)20,1M

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Cu 7. Ha tan 20 gam NaOH vo 500 ml nc thu c dung dch A.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.b. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M trung ha dung dch A.

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Cu 8. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,5M thu c

dung dch C.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch C.

b. Trung ha dung dch C bng 300 ml dung dch H2SO4CM. Tnh CM.

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Cu 9. Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M vi 100 ml dung dch H 2SO40,5M thu c dung

dch D.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.

b. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2d thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m.

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Cu 10. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau

a. NaOH 0,001M b. HCl 0,001M

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c. Ca(OH)20,0005M d. H2SO40,0005M

(Coi Ca(OH)2v H2SO4phn li hon ton c hai nc)

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Cu 11. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M vi 300 ml dung dch HCl 0,2M thu c

dung dch A.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.

b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.

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Cu 12. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1M vi 100 ml dung dch KOH 0.1M thu c

dung dch D.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.

b. Tnh pH ca dung dch D.

c. Trung ha dung dch D bng dung dch H2SO41M. Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO41M

cn dng.

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Cu 13. Hn hpdung dch X gm NaOH 0.1M v KOH 0.1M. Trn 100 ml dung dch

X vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO40.2M thu c dung dch A.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.


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Cu 14. Dung dch X cha 0.01 mol Fe3+, 0.02 mol 4NH

, 0.02 mol2

4SO

v x mol 3NO

.

a. Tnh x.

b. Trn dung dnh X vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)20.3 M thu c m gam kt ta v V

lt kh (ktc). Tnh m v V.

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Cu 15. Trn 100 ml dung dch FeCl30.1M vi 500 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1 M thuc

dung dch D v m gam kt ta.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong D.

b. Tnh m.

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Cu 16. Trn 50,0ml dd NaOH 0,40M vi 50,0 ml dd HCl 0,20M c dd A. Tnh pH

ca dd A

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Cu 17. Trn ln 100ml dd HCl 0,03M vi 100 ml dd NaOH 0,01M c dd A.

a. Tnh pH ca dd A.

b. Tnh th tch dd Ba(OH)21M trung ha dd A

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Cu 18. Trn ln 100ml dd K2CO30,5M vi 100ml dd CaCl2 0,1M.

a. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.

b. Tnh CMcc ion trong dd sau phn ng.

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Cu 19. Trn 50ml dung dch HCl vi 50ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 thu c dung

dch X c pH = 2. S mol ca dung dch HCl ban u l bao nhiu?

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Cu 20. Chia 19,8 gam Zn(OH)2thnh hai phn bng nhau:

a. Cho 150 ml dung dch H2SO41M vo phn mt. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.

b. Cho 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo phn hai. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.

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Cu 21. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp A gm H 2SO4 0,015M; HCl 0,03M; HNO3

0,04M. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0,2M trung ha ht 200ml dung dch A.

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Cu 22. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp X gm Ba(OH)20.015M; NaOH 0.03 M; KOH

0.04M. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0.2M trung ha dung dch X.

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Cu 23. Cho dung dch A gm 2 cht HCl v H2SO4. Trung ho 1000 ml dung dch A th

cn 400ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,95 gam

mui.

a. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc ion trong dung dch A.


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Cu 24. Cho 200 ml dung dch gm MgCl20,3M; AlCl30,45M; v HCl 0,55M tc dng

hon ton vi V lt dung dch C gm NaOH 0 ,02M v Ba(OH)20,01M. Hy tnh th tch

V c kt ta ln nht v lng kt ta nh nht? Tnh lng kt ta ?

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Cu 25. Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,08 mol/l v H 2SO40,01 mol/l vi

250 ml dung dch NaOH a mol/l, thu c 500 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Tnh a.

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Cu 26. trung ha 500 ml dung dch X cha hn hp HCl 0,1M v H2SO40,3M cn

bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,3M v Ba(OH)20,2M?

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D. PHN BI TP THM

Cu 1. Trn 250 ml dd hn hp HCl 0,08 mol/l v H2SO4 0,01 mol/l vi 250 ml dd

Ba(OH)2c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH = 12. Hy tm

m v x. Gi s Ba(OH)2in li hon ton c hai nc.

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..............................................................................................................................................Cu 2. Trn 300 ml dd hn hp NaOH 0,1 mol/l v Ba(OH)20,025 mol/l vi 200 ml dd

H2SO4c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH=2. Hy tm m v

x. Gi s H2SO4in li hon ton c hai nc.

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Cu 3. Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH)2c nng tng ng l 0,2M v

0,1M. Dung dch Y cha hn hp H2SO4v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75M.

Tnh th tch dung dch X cn trung ha va 40 ml dung dch Y.

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Cu 4. Dung dch A gm 5 ion: Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, 0,1 mol Cl-v 0,2 mol-

3NO . Thm t

t dung dch K2CO31M vo dung dch A n khi lng kt ta ln nht. Tnh th tch

dung dch K2CO3cn dng.

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Cu 5 (A-2010). Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na+; 0,02 mol2

4SO

v x mol OH .

Dung dch Y c cha 4ClO, 3NO

v y mol H+; tng s mol 4ClO

v 3NO

l 0,04. Trn

X v Y c 100 ml dung dch Z. Tnh pH ca dung dch Z (b qua s in li ca H 2O).

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Cu 6 (A-2010). Nh t t tng git n ht 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung

dch cha Na2CO30,2M v NaHCO30,2M, sau phn ng thu c V lt kh CO2(ktc).

Tnh V.

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Cu 7 (A-07). Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)20,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml

dung dch (gm H2SO40,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Tnh pH ca

dung dch X.


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CHUYN 2.

NIT - PHOTPHOA. PHN L THUYT

I. NIT

1. V tr - cu hnh electron nguyn t

- V t: Nit th 7, chu k 2, nhm VA ca bng tun hon.

- Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p3.

- Cng thc cu to ca phn t: NN. 2. Tnh cht ha hc

- nhit thng, nit tr v mt ha hc, nhng nhit cao nit tr nn hot

ng.

- Trong cc phn ng ha hc nit va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh. Tuy

nhin tnh oxi ha vn l ch yu.

a. Tnh oxi ha (tc dng vi kim loi, H2,)

00 -3t2 3 23Mg + N Mg N (magie nitrua)

00 -3t ,p

2 2 3xtN +3H 2NH

b. Tnh kh

00 +2t

2 2N + O 2N O

Kh NO sinh ra kt hp ngay vi O2khng kh to ra NO2

+2 +4

2 22NO + O 2NO

2. iu ch

a. Trong cng nghip

-Nit c iu ch bng cch chng ct phn on khng kh lng.

b. Trong phng th nghim

- un nng nh dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit

NH4NO30t N2 + 2H2O

- Hoc NH4Cl + NaNO20t N2 + NaCl + 2H2O


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II. AMONIAC - MUI AMONI

1. Amoniac

a. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l

- Cu to phn t

- Tnh cht vt l: NH3l mt cht kh, tan nhiu trong nc cho mi trng kim yu.

b. Tnh cht ha hc

* Tnh baz yu

- Tc dng vi nc

+ -

3 2 4NH + H O NH + OH

Trong dung dch amoniac l baz yu. C th lm qu tm ha xanh. Dng nhn bit

NH3.

- Tc dng vi dungdch mui

AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl

- Tc dng vi axit

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (khi trng)

* Tnh kh

0-3 0t3 2 2 24N H + 3O 2N + 6H O

0-3 0t

3 2 22N H + 3Cl N + 6HCl

ng thi NH3kt hp ngay vi HCl to thnh khi trng.

c. iu ch* Trong phng th nghim

2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)20t CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

* Trong cng nghip0t ,xt,p

2 2 3N (k) + 3H (k) 2NH (k) H


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2. Mui amoni

a. nh ngha - Tnh cht vt l

- L cht tinh th ion, gm cation amoni +4NH v anion gc axit

- Tt c u tan trong nc v in li hon ton thnh ion.

b. Tnh cht ha hc

* Tc dng vi dung dch kim

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH0t 2NH3 + 2H2O + Na2SO4

NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O

- Phn ng ny nhn bit ion amoni v iu ch amoniac.

* Phn ng nhit phn

NH4Cl0t NH3(k) + HCl (k)

(NH4)2CO30t NH3(k) + NH4HCO3(r)

NH4HCO30t NH3(k) + CO2(k) + H2O (k)

NH4NO20t N2 + 2H2O

NH4NO30t N2O + 2H2O

III. AXIT NITRIC1. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l

a. Cu to phn t

- Trong hp cht HNO3, nguyn t nit c s oxi ho cao nht l +5.

b. Tnh cht vt l

- Axit nitric tinh khit l cht lng khng mu, bc khi mnh trong khng kh m. Axit

nitric khng bn lm: khi un nng b phn hu mt phn theo phng trnh:

4HNO34NO2+ O2+ 2H2O

- Axit nitric tan trong nc theo bt k t l no. Trn thc t thng dng loi axit c c

nng 68%, D = 1,40 g/cm3.

2. Tnh cht ha hc

a. Tnh axit- Axit nitric l mt axit mnh. C y tnh cht ca mt axit.

CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O


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Ca(OH)2+ 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

CaCO3+ 2HNO3Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O

b. Tnh oxi ho

- Axit nitric l mt trong nhng axit c tnh oxi ho mnh. Tu thuc vo nng ca

axit v bn cht ca cht kh m HNO3c th b kh n mt s sn phm khc nhau ca

nit.

* Vi kim loi

- Khi tc dng vi kim loi c tnh kh yu nh Cu, Pb, Ag,... HNO3c b kh n

NO2, cn HNO3long b kh n NO. Th d:

0 +5 +2 +4

3 3 2 2 2Cu+4HNO (c) Cu(NO ) +2N O +2H O

0 +5 +2 +2

3 3 2 23Cu+8HNO (long) 3Cu(NO ) +2NO+ 4H O

- Khi tc dng vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Mg, Zn, Al,... HNO 3long c

th b kh n+1

2N O,o

2N hoc-3

4 3NH NO .

- Fe, Al b th ng ho trong dung dch HNO3 c, ngui.

* Vi phi kim

0 5 6 4

3 2 4 2 2S 6HNO (c) H SO 6NO 2H O

* Vi hp cht

2 5 6 4

2 3 2 4 2 2H S + 6H N O (c) H SO + 6N O + 3H O

3. iu ch

a. Trong phng th nghim

NaNO3(r) + H2SO4(c)

HNO3+ NaHSO4b. Trong cng nghip

- HNO3c sn xut t amoniac. Qu trnh sn xut gm ba giai on :

+ Giai on 1: Oxi ha NH3bng oxi khng kh to thnh NO

4NH3+ 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

+ Giai on 2: Oxi ho NO thnh NO2.

2NO + O22NO2

+ Giai on 3: Chuyn ho NO2thnh HNO3.

4NO2+ 2H2O + O24HNO3.

IV. MUI NITRAT


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- Mui nitrat l mui ca axit nitric. Th d, natri nitrat (NaNO3), ng (II) nitrat

(Cu(NO3)2),...

1. Tnh cht vt l

- Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan nhiu trong nc v l cht in li mnh.

+ -

3 3NaNO Na + NO

2. Tnh cht ho hc

- Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi hot ng mnh (kali, natri, canxi, ...) b phn hu thnh

mui nitrit v oxi:

Th d : 2KNO3ot

2KNO2+ O2

- Mui nitrat ca km, st, ch, ng,... b phn hu thnh oxit kim loi tng ng, NO 2

v O2:

Th d : 2Cu(NO3)2ot

2CuO + 4NO2+ O2

- Mui nitrat ca bc, vng, thu ngn,... b phn hu thnh kimloi tng ng, khNO2

v O2.

Th d : 2AgNO3ot 2Ag + 2NO2+ O2

3. Nhn bit ion nitrat

- nhn ra ion 3NO , ngi ta un nng nh dung dch cha3NO vi Cu v H2SO4

long:

3Cu + 8H++

32NO 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

(xanh) (khng mu)

2NO + O2 2NO (nu )

Phn ng to dung dch mu xanh v kh mu nu thot ra.

V. PHOTPHO

1. V tr - Cu hnh electron nguyn t

a. V tr: th 15, nhm VA, chu k 3 trong bng tun hon.

b. Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p3.

2. Tnh cht vt l

- Photpho c hai dng th hnh: Photpho trng v photpho . Ty vo iu kin m P(t)

c th chuyn thnh P () v ngc li. - P (t) km bn hn photpho . Do vy bo qun P (t) ngi ta ngm vo nc.

3. Tnh cht ha hc


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- Trong cc hp cht, photpho c cc s oxi ha -3, +3, +5.

- Trong cc phn ng ha hc photpho th hin tnh oxi ha hoc tnh kh.

a. Tnh oxi ha

00 -3t

3 22P + 3Ca Ca P

(canxi photphua)b. Tnh kh

* Tc dng vi oxi

- Thiu oxi:0

0 +3t

2 2 34P + 3O 2P O

- D oxi:0

0 +5t

2 2 54P+5O 2P O

* Tc dng vi Clo

- Thiu clo:00 +3t

2 32P+ 3Cl 2PCl

- D clo:0

0 +5t

2 52P+5Cl 2PCl

4. Trng thi t nhin

- Trong t nhin photpho khng tn ti di dng t do. Hai khong vt quan trng ca

photpho l: photphorit Ca3(PO4)2v apatit 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2.

VI. AXIT PHOTPHORIC - MUI PHOTPHAT

1. Axit photphoric

a. Tnh cht ha hc

- L mt axit ba nc, c mnh trung bnh. C y tnh cht ha hc ca mt axit.

+ -

3 4 2 4H PO H + H PO

- + 2-

2 4 4H PO H +HPO

2- + 3-

4 4HPO H +PO

- Khi tc dng vi dung dch kim, ty theo lng cht m to ra cc mui khc nhau.

H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O

H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O

H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O

b. iu ch

* Trong phng th nghimP + 5HNO3 H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

* Trong cng nghip


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- Cho axit sunfuric c tc dng vi qung apatit hoc photphoric

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4(c)0t 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4

- sn xut axit photphoric vi tinh khit v nng cao hn ngi ta iu ch t P

4P + 5O20t

2P2O5P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4

2. Mui photphat

a. nh ngha

- Mui photphat l mui ca axit photphoric.

- Mui photphat c chia thnh 3 loi

Mui ihirophotphat : NaH2PO4, NH4H2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2

Mui hirophotphat : Na2HPO4, (NH4)2HPO4, CaHPO4

Mui photphat : Na3PO4, (NH4)3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2

b. Nhn bit ion photphat

- Thuc th: dung dch AgNO3

- Hin tng: Xut hin kt ta mu vng

+ 3-

4 3 43Ag + PO Ag PO (mu vng)

VII. PHN BN HA HC- Phn bn ha hc l nhng ha cht c cha cc nguyn t dinh dng, c bn cho

cy nhm nng cao nng sut ma mng.

1. Phn m

- Phn m cung cp nit ha hp cho cy di dng ion nitrat 3NO

v ion amoni 4NH

.

- dinh dng ca phn m c nh gi theo t l % v khi lng nguyn t nit.

a. Phn m amoni

- l cc mui amoni: NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4

- c iu ch bng cch cho NH3tc dng vi axit tng ng.

2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

b. Phn m nitrat

- l cc mui nitrat: NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2

- c iu ch bng phn ng gia axit HNO3v mui cacbonat tng ng.

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + 2H2Oc. Phn m ur

- (NH2)2CO (cha khong 46%N) l loi phn m tt nht hin nay.


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- c iu ch bng cch cho NH3tc dng vi CO nhit v p sut cao.

2NH3 + CO0t , p (NH2)2CO + H2O

- Trong t ur dn chuyn thnh mui cacbonat

(NH2)2CO + 2H2O (NH4)2CO3.

2. Phn ln

- Phn ln cung cp nguyn t P cho cy di dng ion photphat ( 3-

4PO ).

- dinh dng ca phn ln c nh gi theo t l % khi lng P 2O5tng ng vi

lng P c trong thnh phn ca n.

a. Supephotphat

- C hai loi: supephotphatn v supephotphat kp.

* Supephotphat n: Gm hai mui: Ca(H2PO4)2v CaSO4. c iu ch bng cch

cho qung photphorit hoc apatit tc dng vi axit H2SO4c.

Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4(c) Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4

* Supephotphat kp: l mui Ca(H2PO4)2. c iu ch qua hai giai on

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4

Ca3(PO4)2 + H3PO4 3Ca(H2PO4)2

3. Phn kali

- Phn kali cung cp nguyn t K di dng ion K+.

- dinh dng ca phn K c nh gi theo t l % khi lng K2O tng ng vi

lng K c trong thnh phn ca n.

4. Phn hn hp - Phn phc hp

a. Phn hn hp: cha N, P, K c gi chung l phn NPK.

- Th d: (NH4)2HPO4v KNO3.

b. Phn phc hp: Th d: Phn amophot l hn hp cc mui NH4H2PO4 v(NH4)2HPO4.

5. Phn vi lng:

- Phn vi lng cung cp cho cy cc nguyn t nh bo, km, mangan, ng dng

hp cht.

B. BI TP C HNG DN GII

I. Bi tp v axit HNO3

* Khi gii bi tp v axit HNO3ta ch yu davo phng php bo ton s mol

electron gii bi tp. Ni dung ch yu ca phng php ny l


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- s mol electron nh-ng = s mol electron nhn .

- Xc nh ng trng thi s oxi ha u v cui.

* Cc h qu ch yu khi s dng phng php bo ton s mol electron:

- Khi lng mui nitrat thu c (khng c mui NH4NO3) l

- -3 3

Mui kim loi NO NOm = m + m ; m = 62* s mol electron nh-ng hoc nhn .

- S mol HNO3cn dung ha tan ht hn hp cc kim loi

3 2 2 2 4 3HNO NO NO N N O NH NOn = 4n + 2n + 12n + 10n + 10n

Cu 1. Ha tan hon ton m gam Al bng 500 ml dung dch HNO 3CM(va ) thu c

0.01 mol NO, 0.03 mol NO2v dung dch A cha x gam mui (khng c mui NH4NO3).

a. Tnh gi tr m.

b. Tnh CM(HNO3) dung ban u.

c. Tnh gi tr x.

Gii

* Cch 1: y l cch m chng ta thng dng khi gii cc bi tp ha hc thng

thngAl + 4HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01

Al + 6HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + 3NO2+ 3H2O

0.01 0.06 0.01 0.03

a. mAl= 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam).

b. 33

HNO

M(HNO )

n 0.1C = = = 0.2 (M)

V 0.5

c.3 3Al(NO )

m = 0.02*213 = 4.26 (gam)

* Cch 2: Ta da vo phng phpbo ton s mol electron v cc h qu ca n gii

bi tp


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3Al Al + 3e

0.02 0.06

45

2

25

N + 1e NO

0.03 0.03

N + 3e NO

0.03 0.01

a. mAl= 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam)

b. 33 3

HNO

HNO M(HNO )

n 0.1n = 4* 0.01 + 2* 0.03 = 0.1 (mol) C = = = 0.2 (M)

V 0.5

c.3 3 3

Al(NO ) Al NOm = m + m = 0.54 + 62* 0.06 = 4.26 (gam)

Cu 2. Khi cho 9.1 gam hn hp Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO3c, d un

nng sinh ra 11.2 lt kh NO2(ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht.

a. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.

Gii

Bi ny ta c th gii theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Tuy nhin y trong phm vi

chng ny ta c th p dng phng php bo ton s mol electron gii bi tp ny.

*2NO

V 11.2n = = = 0.5 (mol)

22.4 22.4

t nCu= x; nAl= y.0 2

0 3

Cu Cu + 2e

x 2x

Al Al + 3e

y 3y

;4

5

2N + 1e N O

0.5 0.5

T ta c h PT nh sau

2x + 3y = 0.5 x = 0.1

64x + 27y = 9.1 y = 0.1

a. Alhh

m 0.1* 27%Al = * 100 = * 100 = 29.67%

m 9.1 ; %Cu = 100 - %Al = 100 - 29.67 = 70.33%.

b. -3

Mui kim loi NOm = m + m = 9.1 + 62* 0.5 = 40.1 (gam)

II. Bi tp v P2O5, H3PO4tc dng vi dung dch kim


H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2OH3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O


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t3 4

OH

H PO

nT =

n

. Nu T 1 to mui duy nht NaH2PO4

1 < T < 2 to hn hp hai mui NaH2PO4v Na2HPO4

T =2 to mui duy nht Na2HPO4

2 < T < 3 to hn hp hai mui Na2HPO4v Na3PO4

T 3 to mui duy nht Na3PO4.

Ch :

- Khi gii ton dng ny th u tin ta phi xc nh xem mui no c to

thnh bng cc tnh gi tr T. Nu trng hp to hai mui th thng ta s lp h PT

gii BT.

-Nu ra khng cho H3PO4m cho P2O5 th ta gii hon ton tng t nhng

m3 4 2 5H PO PO

n = 2n

V d:Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1.5M vi 100 ml dung dch H3PO41M thu c

dung dch A. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong A.

Gii

* nNaOH= 1.5*0.1 = 0.15 (mol);3 4H PO

n = 0.1*1 = 0.1 (mol)

*3 4

OH

H PO

n 0.15

T = = = 1.5n 0.1

to hn hp hai mui NaH2PO4v Na2HPO4. t s mol mi

mui ln lt l x v y.


x x x

H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O

y 2y y

Ta c h PT: 2 4

2 4

NaH PO

Na HPO

m = 0.05*120 = 6 (gam)x + y = 0.1 x = 0.05x + 2y = 0.15 y = 0.05 m = 0.05* 142 = 7.1 (gam)

C. PHN BI TP C BN

Cu 1. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.

a. NH3, Na2SO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4.

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b.

NH4NO3, NaNO3, FeCl3, Na2SO4.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

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c. NH4NO3, NaCl, FeCl3, (NH4)2SO4.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

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d. NH4NO3, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2CO3.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

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Cu 2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau theo phng php thng bng electron. a. Al + HNO3 ? + N2O + ?

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b. FeO + HNO3 ? + NO + ?

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c. Fe(OH)2 + HNO3 ? + NO + ?

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d. Fe3O4 + HNO3 ? + NO2 + ?

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e. Cu + HNO3 ? + NO2 + ?

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f. Mg + HNO3 ? + N2 + ?

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..............................................................................................................................................g. Al + HNO3 ? + NH4NO3 + ?

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h. R + HNO3 ? + N2O + ?

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i. FexOy + HNO3 ? + NO + ?

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k. Fe3O4 + HNO3 ? + NxOy + ?

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Bai Tap Hoa Hoc Lop 11 CA Nam