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Badrul H. Khan
Meaningful Meaningful e-Learning in e-Learning in BangladeshBangladesh
If we can meaningfully If we can meaningfully integrateintegrate TechnologyTechnology withwith PedagogyPedagogy, then , then Bangladesh will not lag Bangladesh will not lag
behind inbehind in ee--learninglearning..TechnologyTechnology
PedagogyPedagogy((IInstructional nstructional DDesign)esign)
Designing and delivering e-learning requires Designing and delivering e-learning requires thoughtful analysis and investigation, combined thoughtful analysis and investigation, combined with an understanding of both the Internet and with an understanding of both the Internet and digital technologies’ capabilities and resources digital technologies’ capabilities and resources and the ways in which and the ways in which instructional designinstructional design principles can be applied to tap the Internet principles can be applied to tap the Internet and digital technology potential (Khan, 1997).and digital technology potential (Khan, 1997).
E-Learning E-Learning deals with deals with openopen and and distributeddistributed learning environment, different than our learning environment, different than our traditional traditional closedclosed system of Instructor-led system of Instructor-led classroomclassroom-based instruction.-based instruction.
E-Learning can be viewed as an E-Learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering innovative approach for delivering well-designed, learner-centered, well-designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyone, anyplace, environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open and learning materials suited for open and distributed learning environment.distributed learning environment.
Digitizing instructor-led classroom Digitizing instructor-led classroom content does not necessarily mean that content does not necessarily mean that you are creating meaningful e-learning you are creating meaningful e-learning materials. materials.
E-learning materials must be designed E-learning materials must be designed with proper instructional design with proper instructional design principles and learning theories by principles and learning theories by addressing critical issues encompassing addressing critical issues encompassing various dimensions of open and various dimensions of open and distributed learning environment.distributed learning environment.
To develop quality e-learning, we need policies and standards to participate in e-learning in Bangladesh.
The government must play an important role in developing policies for e-learning design and implementation by following international instructional & technical standards.
PROCESS
ContentDesign
Content Development -
Delivery
PRODUCTPEOPLE
E-Learning ModelP3
Ph
ase IP
hase II
TEAMS• Planning• Design• Evaluation
TEAMS• Production• InstructionalSupport Svs• Admin Svs • Marketing
Blueprint Developed
Learning Materials
Developed - Delivered
ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES
Plan
nin
g
ROLE NAME E-LEARNING STAGES SKILL
LEVEL
A = Expert
B = Above Average
C = AverageD = Below Average
NA
C O M
M E N T
S
Desig
n
Pro
du
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Evalu
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Delivery
Instru
ction
Marketin
g
ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES
Plan
nin
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ROLE N
A
M
E
E-LEARNING STAGES SKILL
LEVEL
A = Expert
B = Above Average
C = AverageD = Below Average
NA
C O M
M E N T
S
Instructional Designer
Desig
n
Pro
du
ction
Evalu
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Delivery
Instru
ction
Marketin
g
A Framework for A Framework for Meaningful LearningMeaningful Learning
Eth
ical
Eth
ical
Inst
itutio
nal
Inst
itutio
nal
Resource
Resource
Support
Support
On-line and off-line resources & support
ManagementManagement
Meaningful
PedagogicalPedagogical
Evalu
atio
n
Evalu
atio
n
Technological
TechnologicalIn
terfaceIn
terfaceD
esign
Desig
n
Learning and teaching issuesInfrastructure, hardware and software Physical layout and navigation Content development and maintenanceAcademic, administrative & student services Ethical considerations in e-learningAssessment of learner, evaluation of learning environment
Learning
5. MANAGEMENT5.1 E‑Learning Content Development5.2 E-Learning Maintenance
6. RESOURCE SUPPORT6.1 Online support6.2 Resources
7. ETHICAL7.1 Social and Political Influence7.2 Cultural Diversity7.3 Bias7.4 Geographical diversity7.5 Learner diversity7.6 Digital Divide7.7 Etiquette7.8 Legal issues
8. INSTITUTIONAL8.1 Administrative Affairs8.2 Academic affairs8.2 Student services
1. PEDAGOGICAL1.1 Content Analysis1.2 Audience Analysis1.3 Goal Analysis 1.4 Medium Analysis1.5 Design approach1.6 Organization1.7 Methods and Strategies
2. TECHNOLOGICAL2.1 Infrastructure planning2.2 Hardware2.3 Software
3. INTERFACE DESIGN3.1 Page and site design3.2 Content design3.3 Navigation3.4 Accessibility 3.5 Usability testing
4. EVALUATION4.1 Assessment of learners 4.2 Evaluation of the
instruction & learning environmenthttp://BooksToRead.com/framework/dimensions.htm
Pedagogical Content
Audience
Goals
Medium Medium
Design
Organization
Methods
What types of content are appropriate to teach via a variety of e-learning approaches?
Pedagogical Content
Audience
Goals
Medium Medium
Design
Organization
Methods
• Who are the learners?
Does the institution have adequate information about the learners?
Pedagogical Content Audience Goals &
Objectives Medium Medium Design Organization Methods
Do we provide clear expectations of what the student is required to do?
Goal Umbrella
Objectives Spokes of an Umbrella
Pedagogical Content
Audience
Goals
Medium Medium
Design
Organization
Methods
Doe we utilize multimedia attributes of the Internet and digital technologies? - text
- audio
- video
- graphics
- other (specify)
Pedagogical Content
Audience
Goals
Medium Medium
Design
Organization
Methods
• What is the instructor’s role?
- more facilitative than
didactic
- more didactic than facilitative
- a combination of both
Pedagogical Content
Audience
Goals
Medium Medium
Design
Organization
Methods
• Does your e-learning or Computer Aided learning program provide a sense of continuity? (e.g., each unit of the lesson builds on the previous unit, etc.)
Pedagogical Content
Audience
Goals
Medium Medium
Design
Organization
Methods
• Does your e-learning program promote Inside Collaboration by providing a supportive environment for asking questions, clarifying directions, suggesting or contributing resources and working on joint projects with class members?
Technological
Infrastructure Planning
Hardware
Software
Do you have personnel who can assist learners to set up for starting the course?
Technological
Infrastructure Planning
Hardware
Software
Are the hardware & software requirements for the e-learning program clearly stated?
Interface DesignPage and Site
Design
Content Design
Navigation
Accessibility
Usability Testing
Do the appearance and functionality of the screen look good?
Interface DesignPage and Site
Design
Content Design
Navigation
Accessibility
Usability Testing
Does the design follow “one idea per paragraph” rule?
Interface DesignPage and Site
Design
Content Design
Navigation
Accessibility
Usability Testing
Does the program provide structural aids or site map to guide learner’s navigation?
Interface DesignPage and Site
Design
Content Design
Navigation
Accessibility
Usability Testing
Is the program designed to be accessible by a wider user population?
(A common accessibility concern in the USA -- Is the course 508 compliant?)
Interface DesignPage and Site
Design
Content Design
Navigation
Accessibility
Usability Testing
How quickly users find answers to the most frequently asked questions in the program?
Evaluation
Assessment of Learners
Evaluation of
Instruction & Learning Environment
Does the program have a mechanism in which a learner can be truly measured and not cheat?
Evaluation
Assessment of Learners
Evaluation of
Instruction & Learning Environment
Does the program have a system to accept students evaluation of the following? - content
- instructor
- learning environment
- learning resources
- course design
- technical support
Management Content
Development
Maintenance
Is there a project support site for e‑learning production team?
Management Content
Development
Maintenance
Does the program notify students about any changes in due dates or other course relevant matters (e.g., server down) via following means?- e-mail
- announcement page
- alert boxes
- running footer added to a page
- phone call
Resource Support
Online Support
Resources
Does the course provide
troubleshooting (or expert technical support from specialized staff) assistance or a help line?
Resource Support
Online Support
Resources
Does the program provide examples of previous student's work available in digitized format?
EthicalSocial/Political
Influence
Cultural Diversity
Bias
Geographical Diversity
Learner Diversity
Digital Divide
Etiquette
Legal Issues
Does the institution have to get approval from any external entities (who can serve as political barriers) to implement e-learning?
EthicalSocial/Political
Influence
Cultural Diversity
Bias
Geographical Diversity
Learner Diversity
Digital Divide
Etiquette
Legal Issues
To improve cross-cultural verbal communication and avoid misunderstanding, does the program make an effort to reduce or avoid the use of jargon, idioms, ambiguous or cute humor, and acronyms?
EthicalSocial/Political
Influence
Cultural Diversity
Bias
Geographical Diversity
Learner Diversity
Digital Divide
Etiquette
Legal Issues
Does the program present more than one viewpoint on controversial issues?
EthicalSocial/Political
Influence
Cultural Diversity
Bias
Geographical Diversity
Learner Diversity
Digital Divide
Etiquette
Legal Issues
Is the program offered to geographically diverse population? If yes ...
Is the program sensitive about students from different time-zones (e.g. synchronous communications are scheduled at reasonable times for all time zones represented)?
EthicalSocial/Political
Influence
Cultural Diversity
Bias
Geographical Diversity
Learner Diversity
Digital Divide
Etiquette
Legal Issues
Is the program designed to have patience for learners who adapt to individualized distributed learning environment slower than others?
EthicalSocial/Political
Influence
Cultural Diversity
Bias
Geographical Diversity
Learner Diversity
Digital Divide
Etiquette
Legal Issues
Information accessibility issue must be expressed in terms of digital “haves” and “have nots,” a gap expressed in the term “digital divide.”
Is the digital divide issue considered in designing the e‑learning content?
EthicalSocial/Political
Influence
Cultural Diversity
Bias
Geographical Diversity
Learner Diversity
Digital Divide
Etiquette
Legal Issues
• Does the program provide any guidance to learners on how to behave and post messages in online discussions so that their postings do not hurt others’ feelings?
EthicalSocial/Political
Influence
Cultural Diversity
Bias
Geographical Diversity
Learner Diversity
Digital Divide
Etiquette
Legal Issues
Does the program get students’ permission to post any of the following on the Web?
- students’ photographs
- students’ projects
(An excerpt from a listserv posting by Kathy Murrell of South Africa):
“In multiple choice questions the selected option was marked by a "tick" symbol (as apposed to a "cross" sorry no ascii equivelent). I presume the American equivelent to be a check mark, but for most South Africans' this represents the mark next to a correct answer, - it was most disconcerting to get an error or wrong message next to the mark and many students may not even bother to read the message as they would presume it to be the correct answer. “
Institutional
Administrative Affairs
Academic Affairs
Student Services
Is the institution ready to offer e-learning?
Institutional
Administrative Affairs
Academic Affairs
Student Services
Does the e-learning prgram provide academic quality such as one would expect in a traditional course?
Institutional
Are instructor/tutor and technical staff available during online orientation (if any)?
Administrative Affairs
Academic Affairs
Student Services
Within the scope of today’s presentation, I have presented few learning issues in the form of questions that you can ask yourself when planning, designing, evaluating or implementing meaningful e‑learning.
As the scope of e‑learning design expands, design projects change from one-person operations to complex team efforts. The Meaningful Learning Framework can be used to ensure that no important essential factor is omitted from the design of e‑learning, whatever its scope or complexity.
Bangladesh has the greatest potential for e-learning.
Eth
ical
Eth
ical
Inst
itutio
nal
Inst
itutio
nal
Resource
Resource
Support
Support
ManagementManagement
Meaningful
PedagogicalPedagogical
Evalu
atio
n
Evalu
atio
n
Technological
TechnologicalIn
terfaceIn
terfaceD
esign
Desig
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Learning
The Meaningful Learning Framework can provide guidance in the design, development, evaluation and implementation of:
- e-Learning Programs- Blended-Learning Programs- Distance Education Programs- Virtual Universities- Learning Management Systems- Learning Content Management Systems
Furthermore, the Framework can be used by the Ministry of Education to formulate and evaluate:
- E-Learning Policies for Education
- Accreditation Criteria for eLearning Programs
- Technology Infrastructure for eLearning Programs
- Research Funding Criteria for eLearning Projects
- National Orientation Plan for eLearners
- E-Learning Faculty and Staff Training
Ideas for preparing e-learning Ideas for preparing e-learning professionals in Bangladesh…professionals in Bangladesh…
There is a tremendous There is a tremendous needneed for educational and training for educational and training professionals in the professionals in the Bangladesh to have sound Bangladesh to have sound
Instructional DesignInstructional Design skills to create meaningful skills to create meaningful learning materials.learning materials.
Need to see more and more professionals in the Bangladesh
trained in Instructional
Design and e-Learning to improve education quality using locally available technology tools.
I have been exploring the possibility of I have been exploring the possibility of launching a Virtual University to provide most launching a Virtual University to provide most flexible Instructional Design and e-Learning flexible Instructional Design and e-Learning
training to professionals in the sub-continent.training to professionals in the sub-continent.
BD REFERENCESBD REFERENCES
Website Address: Website Address:
Looking forward to the bright future of e-learning in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh-born US educationist coins ‘web based instruction’
Bangladeshi Newspapers Covering My WorkBangladeshi Newspapers Covering My Work
Do we fit in the virtual education plan?
REFERENCESREFERENCES
http://BadrulKhan.com/khan
