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Agilent ICP-MS Series 7700 BasicsProduct OverviewApplications
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General scheme for a ICP MS
MS – mass spectrometer• Quadrupole analyzer
– Separates iosn– Information about element isotopes
ICP-MS, inorganic analyzer
ICP – Inductively coupled plasma• Ion source
– Matrix suppresion, ion generation
Be0.08
H
Li0.19
Mg0.27
Na3.3
K1100
Rb0.12
Y0.01
LA
RdFr
Cs0.06
Ba0.22
AC
Ca48
Sr0.04
Sc0.67
Co0.14
Ni1.57
Ru0.11
Fe9.2
Ir0.09
Pt0.09
Au0.17
Rh0.04
Pd0.11
Ag0.08
Zr0.04
Tc0.12
Cr0.99
Mn0.66
Nb0.04
Ti1.9
Hf0.05
Ta0.04
W0.13
Re0.04
Os0.29
Cu0.41
V014
Mo0.12
Al0.71
B2.9
C N O F
Rn
Xe
Kr
Ar
Ne
I2.02
Zn1.02
Ga0.07
Ge1.13
As0.41
Br34.8
Si800
S20*
Cl4.6*
Pb0.16
Po At
In0.03
Sn0.24
Cd0.08
Tl0.08
Sb0.08
Te1.08
Hg0.18
P114
Se6.4
Bi0.03
Lu0.02
LrPa NoEs
Ho0.01
Fm
Er0.04
Md
Tm0.01
Eu0.02
Cm
Gd0.05
Bk
Tb0.01
Cf
Dy0.07
Pm
Np
Sm0.06
Pu Am
Pr0.01
U0.02
Nd0.05
Ce0.02
Th0.03
Yb0.05
ICP-MS Agilent 7700x – Detection Limits en ng/L
La0.01
Ac
He< à 0.1 ng/L
0.10 à 1.0 ng/L
1.0 à 10 ng/L
> à 10 ng/L
Standard nebulizer, Mode He ou NoGasintegration time 3 sec/masse, n = 10 et 3 sigma
* S and Cl : LD en µg/L
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Tokyo Analytical Division (TAD)
300 Employees
Focus on Innovation and highest possible build quality
Accredited ISO 9001, ISO 14001 manufacturing facility
Worldwide R&D and Production of Agilent ICP-MS
Products for worldwide shipment Agilent ICP-MS mainframe Agilent ICP-MS Software Agilent ICP-MS peripherals
Tokyo
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1987 – PMS 100 introduced – First computer-controlled ICP-MS1988 – PMS 200 introduced – Second generation ICP-MS with off-axis Qpole lens1989 – 1st ETV accessory for semicon analysis by ICP-MS1990 – PMS 2000 introduced – Omega off-axis lens. Lowest random background ICP-MS1992 – ShieldTorch interface developed - Ar interferences virtually eliminated in cool
plasma, enabling ppt analysis of K, Ca, Fe by ICP-MS1994 – 4500 Series introduced - World's first benchtop system. Hyperbolic profile quad,
motorized torch XYZ, cool plasma1998 – First real time ICP-MS chromatographic software – PlasmaChrom. T-mode
reaction interface introduced1999 – 4500 Series 100, 200 & 300 introduced: 1st applications-specific ICP-MS.2000 – Agilent 7500 Series introduced - 7500a, 7500i and 7500s - the next generation in
ICP-MS instrumentation. 9 orders detector range2001 – Agilent 7500c launched – 1st generation ORS for high matrix samples. 2002 – New digital generators and LAN control introduced. First commercial GC-ICP-MS
interface. 2003 – Agilent 7500cs launched – 2nd generation ORS for high purity semicon samples. 2004 – Agilent 7500ce launched – 2nd generation ORS for high matrix samples. 2005 – Low flow cell gas MFC’s for Xe NH3, O2, etc added to 7500ce/cs. 2006 – Agilent acquires 100% of Agilent/Yokogawa joint venture 2007 – Agilent 7500cx introduced: He only mode ICP-MS2008 – High Matrix Interface developed – enables 2% TDS samples to be run by ICP-MS2009 – Agilent 7700 Series introduced – replaces 7500 Series. MassHunter Software
introduced - common platform with other Agilent MS. ISIS-DS Discrete sampling system, for ultra high throughput analysis
Agilent 4500 Series
Agilent’s History of Innovation in ICP-MS – 1987 to 2009
ShieldTorch System
Agilent 7700 Series
Octopole Reaction
System
Agilent 7500 Series
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Inorg. Analysis Techniques in a Typical Laboratory ICP-OES – for majors and high matrix samples
Multi-element, ~2 min/ sample
10’s ppb to 1000’s ppm
Few Elements/Samples
ppt
ICP-MS – for trace elements and clean samplesMulti-element, ~4min/ sample
Single ppt to 10’s ppm
GFAASSingle
element, ~6min/ sample
10’s ppt to 100’s ppb
Many Elements/Samples
%
ppm
ppbHydride/AFSFew elements, ~2min/ sample
Single ppt to 10’s ppb
LOD
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Inorganic Analysis Techniques in a Typical Laboratory
ICP-OES
Multi-element, ~2 min/ sample
10’s ppb to 1000’s ppm
Few Elements/Samples
ppt
ICP-MS – for trace elements and clean samplesMulti-element, ~4min/ sample
Single ppt to 10’s ppm
GFAASSingle
element, ~6min/ sample
10’s ppt to 100’s ppb
Many Elements/Samples
%
ppm
ppbHydride/AFSFew elements,
~2min/ sample
Single ppt to 10’s ppb
LOD
7700 ICP-MSMulti-element
Single cell gas mode and productivity tools reduce run timeHMI for samples with % level solids
Single ppt (incl. hydride and Hg) to 100’s ppm (1000’s ppm with HMI)
Uniquely, the Agilent 7700 can replace all these separate techniques, providing high
throughput, matrix tolerance, wide elemental coverage and low LODs in
a single run
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• Enviro is by far the biggest market for ICP-MS (includes everything from contaminated soil to drinking water!)
• Other key application areas for ICP-MS are:– Foods– Pharma– Biomedical– Academic/research
• (academic comprises geo, metallomics, enviro, foods; emphasis on speciation)
• Agilent is leading supplier of coupled systems (HPLC, GC or CE with ICP-MS as detector) for chromatography
Who Uses ICP-MS?
ICP-MS Market by Industry (estimated)
ACADEMIC7.7%
BIOMEDICAL4.6%
CHEMICAL2.8%
CONSUMER PRODS1.0%
ENVIRO47.2%
FOODS7.2%
FORENSIC1.5%
GEOLOGICAL1.0%
METALS0.5%
NUCLEAR3.4%
PETROCHEMICAL2.8%
PHARMACEUTICAL5.4%
PROTEOMICS0.3%
SEMICON14.3%
May 13, 2011Page 8
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Agilent ICP-MS Family - Comparison
7700x with optional ISIS
7700x
• High productivity system• High Matrix Interface • Environmental, food,
clinical, pharmaceutical, speciation and general purpose applications
7700s
• Clean room ready• Cool plasma• Mineral acids, silicon
matrices, organics, DIW, process chemicals
7700e
• Easy operation• He collision• Expandable
7700e
7700s with Integrated Autosampler
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7700x – The Three Key Performance Benefits
1. Matrix Tolerance – Sample Intro/Plasma/HMI
2. Interference Removal – He Mode
3. Dynamic Range – 9 Orders at the Detector
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Matrix Tolerance
7700 Plasma is the Hottest of Any ICP-MS
(even without HMI!)
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Matrix Tolerance - Comparison of Plasma Loading/Cooling
High sample load, narrow central channel poor matrix decomposition
Low sample load, wide central channel good matrix decomposition
Conventional ICP-MS0.5 - 1.0mL/min, 1.8-2.0 mm Injector, no water vapour removal Low central channel temperature
Optimized ICP-MS – 7700x0.10 - 0.25mL/min, 2.5mm Injector, water vapour removed High central channel temperature
ICP-MS plasma produces ions
Needs a high plasma temperature
Sample introduction must be designed to maintain high plasma temperature
May 13, 2011Page 12
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Lower CeO+/Ce+ ratio (from 3.0% to 1.0%, 3x reduction) removes ~70% of many matrix-based interferences (ArCl+, ClO+, CaO+, etc)
Hotter plasma is less affected by a variable matrix (more robust)
Better matrix decomposition reduces interface and lens contamination and therefore reduces maintenance
Hotter plasma improves the ionization of poorly ionized elements, so MUCH lower DLs possible for Be (right), B, As, Se, Cd, Hg (below), etc
Other Benefits of High Plasma Temp.
Sub ppt Be detection
limit!
10ppt
5ppt
30ppt
Hg BEC (ppt) DL (ppt)
201 9.49 1.51Be BEC (ppt) DL (ppt)9 0.465 0.235
May 13, 2011Page 13
Interference Removal
He mode on the 7700 ORS3 still can’t be
matched by any other ICP-MS
May 13, 2011Page 14
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All New Octopole Reaction System (ORS3)
The 7700 uses a completely new collision/ reaction cell, with:• 18% longer rods• 15% smaller IDand operates at• 16% higher pressure• 20% higher frequency
ORS3 also operates with a much larger energy discrimination step.Result is much more effective removal of interferences in He mode with KED
Major improvement compared to 7500 Series, which already offered by far the best He mode performance of any ICP-MS
May 13, 2011Page 15
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Polyatomic Interferences in Complex Matrices
Some manufacturers claim that ICP-MS has only a few interferences, and that reaction gases can be used to remove them.That’s true in a simple sample, but in a complex sample there are many interferences, and no reaction gas can remove all of them
But He mode on the 7700 can!!
Isotope Principal Interfering Species (mixed matrix)45Sc 13C16O2, 12C16O2H, 44CaH, 32S12CH, 32S13C, 33S12C47Ti 31P16O, 46CaH, 35Cl12C, 32S14NH, 33S14N49Ti 31P18O, 48CaH, 35Cl14N, 37Cl12C, 32S16OH, 33S16O50Ti 34S16O, 32S18O, 35Cl14NH, 37Cl12CH51V 35Cl16O, 37Cl14N, 34S16OH52Cr 36Ar16O, 40Ar12C, 35Cl16OH, 37Cl14NH, 34S18O53Cr 36Ar16OH, 40Ar13C, 37Cl16O, 35Cl18O, 40Ar12CH54Fe 40Ar14N, 40Ca14N, 23Na31P55Mn 37Cl18O, 23Na32S, 23Na31PH56Fe 40Ar16O, 40Ca16O57Fe 40Ar16OH, 40Ca16OH58Ni 40Ar18O, 40Ca18O, 23Na35Cl59Co 40Ar18OH, 43Ca16O, 23Na35ClH60Ni 44Ca16O, 23Na37Cl61Ni 44Ca16OH, 38Ar23Na, 23Na37ClH63Cu 40Ar23Na, 12C16O35Cl, 12C14N37Cl, 31P32S, 31P16O264Zn 32S16O2, 32S2, 36Ar12C16O, 38Ar12C14N, 48Ca16O65Cu 32S16O2H, 32S2H, 14N16O35Cl, 48Ca16OH66Zn 34S16O2, 32S34S, 33S2, 48Ca18O67Zn 32S34SH, 33S2H, 48Ca18OH, 14N16O37Cl, 16O2
35Cl68Zn 32S18O2, 34S269Ga 32S18O2H, 34S2H, 16O2
37Cl70Zn 34S18O2, 35Cl271Ga 34S18O2H, 35Cl2H, 40Ar31P72Ge 40Ar32S, 35Cl37Cl, 40Ar16O273Ge 40Ar32SH, 40Ar33S, 35Cl37ClH, 40Ar16O2H74Ge 40Ar34S, 37Cl275As 40Ar34SH, 40Ar 35Cl, 40Ca 35Cl, 37Cl2H77Se 40Ar 37Cl, 40Ca 37Cl78Se 40Ar 38Ar80Se 40Ar2, 40Ca2, 40Ar40Ca, 32S2
16O, 32S16O3
May 13, 2011Page 16
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Helium interactions in an Octopole Reaction CellCollision: Energy discrimination
He
Collision
Ar
Cl
Ar
Cl
As
As
Electrical potential (Octopole)
Reaction cell
Electrical potential (Q-pole)
Molecular interference(ArCl) has larger cross section than the analyte (As).
↓More frequent interactions with He.
↓A significant reduction in kinetic energy relative to the analyte (As). Energy filtering can be used to ensure only the analyteenters the quadrupole analyzer.
May 13, 2011Page 17
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2E5cps
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80Mass
Blank Acid Matrices and IPA in No Gas Mode
No Gas Mode
Unspiked 5% HNO3 + 5% HCl + 1% H2SO4 + 1% IPA MatrixUnspiked Matrix – ALL peaks are due to polyatomic interferences
Multiple polyatomic interferences affect almost every mass – Interferences are matrix-dependent
Color of spectrum indicates which matrix gave each interfering peak
May 13, 2011Page 18
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45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80Mass
2E5cps
He Mode
ALL polyatomic interferences are removed in He Mode
Unspiked 5% HNO3 + 5% HCl + 1% H2SO4 + 1% IPA MatrixALL polyatomic interferences are removed in He Mode (same cell conditions)
Blank Acid Matrices and IPA in He Mode
Color of spectrum indicates which matrix gave each interfering peak
May 13, 2011Page 19
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2E5cps
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80Mass
Blank Acid Matrices and IPA in No Gas Mode
No Gas Mode
Unspiked 5% HNO3 + 5% HCl + 1% H2SO4 + 1% IPA MatrixUnspiked Matrix – ALL peaks are due to polyatomic interferences
What will happen with a reactive gas like Hydrogen?
Color of spectrum indicates which matrix gave each interfering peak
May 13, 2011Page 20
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SO, SOH
S2, SO2, S2H, SO2H
ClO, ClOHCO2H
Cl2
2E5cps
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80MassH2 Mode
SO, SOH
S2, SO2, S2H, SO2H
ClO, ClOHCO2H
Cl2
Many polyatomic interferences remain (or new ones are created) in Reaction (H2) Mode.Interferences are different in each matrix!
Reaction mode is used on ALL other ICP-MS
Unspiked 5% HNO3 + 5% HCl + 1% H2SO4 + 1% IPA MatrixMany polyatomic interferences can still be seen in H2 Mode
Blank Acid Matrices and IPA in H2 (Reaction) Mode
Color of spectrum indicates which matrix gave each interfering peak
May 13, 2011Page 21
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45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80Mass
2E5cps
He Mode
We go back to He Mode and will add a 10 ppb spike
Unspiked 5% HNO3 + 5% HCl + 1% H2SO4 + 1% IPA MatrixALL polyatomic interferences are removed in He Mode (same cell conditions)
Blank Acid Matrices and IPA in He Mode
Color of spectrum indicates which matrix gave each interfering peak
May 13, 2011Page 22
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2E5cps
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80Mass
10ppb Spike in 5% HNO3 + 5% HCl + 1% H2SO4 + 1% IPA MatrixConsistent high sensitivity for all isotopes of all elements in He Mode
Matrix Mix with Spike (10ppb) in He Mode
He Mode
Good signal for all spike elements at 10ppb Spike. Perfect template fit for all elements – no residual interferences and no loss of analyte signal by reaction
Consistent sensitivity and perfect template match for all elements
May 13, 2011Page 23
Dynamic Range
9 orders dynamic range of the 7700 detector is really
available
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Detector range comparison: The entire green-shaded area is within the measurement range of the 7700 Series detector, but 90% of these concentrations would be over-range on other detectors, requiring manual signal attenuation or dilution for these concentrations to be measured on other ICP-MS instruments.
1) 7700 Series detector – 9 orders dynamic range, from 0 to 500ppm
2) Typical ICP-MS detector – 8 orders dynamic range, from 0 to 50ppm
3) Older, pulse-count only detector – 6 orders dynamic range, from 0 to 0.5ppm
7700 – 9 Orders Detector Dynamic Range
Original ICP-MS pulse-count detectors gave 6 ordersdynamic range (up to 2Mcps) Analog mode on other ICP-MS typically gives total of 8 ordersdynamic range (up to 400Mcps), equivalent to about 50ppmHigher than this, need different interface or different tuning
Agilent 7700 Series detector has 9 orders dynamic range in analog mode – up to 4,000Mcps or around 500ppmUpper range is even higher for mineral elements in He mode, as low-mass signal is reduced when cell is pressurized.
May 13, 2011Page 25
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78 Se [ 3 ]
Conc(ppt)
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0
CP
S
1x10
0
2
4
y = 0.1757 * x + 0.8000R = 0.9993
DL = 5.915 ppt
BEC = 4.553 ppt
7700x – Largest Analytical Range of any ICP-MS
Calibration rangesHg (10 – 200ppt) – NoGas ModeAs (10 – 200 ppt) – He ModeSe (10 – 200 ppt) – He ModeNa (0.05 – 1000 ppm) – He Mode
Overall calibration range 10ppt (Hg, As) to 1000 ppm (Na) in a single method - without manual attenuation of sensitivity to increase range
NaTypically, ICP-MS cannot measure above 200ppm Na without changing interface, quad resolution or ion lens settings
HgHg LOD on 7700x is about 2ppt –7700x can QUANTITATE at 10ppt!
7700x can do both of the above in the same run!
1000ppm Sodium
AsHg
Na
10 ppt Mercury
These 4 plots were obtained under the same analytical conditions on the 7700x – only the gas mode (no gas for Hg) changed
As
10 ppt Arsenic
Se
20 ppt Selenium
Good fit at 0.2ppm
May 13, 2011Page 26
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Application of the 7700 ICP MS to the foodanalysis
May 13, 2011Page 27
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Analysis of “Metals” in Food by ICP-MSWide Range of Food Matrices• Dairy, Meat, Fish, Grain, Vegetables, Fruit, etc• Processed goods
– Canned, frozen, dried and preserved food– Drinks (soda, tea, coffee etc.)– Preservatives, “fillers” and additives such as calcium carbonate
• “Nutraceuticals”
In order to measure all elements, MULTIPLE techniques have been required
• ICP-OES for majors, GFAAS for Cd & Pb; CV/AFS (or HGAAS) for Hg– Other elements such as As, Se, etc. must also be monitored (Hydride AAS)
• Disadvantages of multiple instruments– Lab cost increases– Capital expense on instruments– Staffing costs– Slows turnaround time
May 13, 2011Page 28
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Which Elements are Monitored in Foods?1. Toxic trace elements
As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, Cr(VI) - low level analysis (ppt to ppb)
2. Common elements that are toxic in excessAl, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Sn, etc.
3. Essential minerals at high levels (100ppb to 1000ppm)Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Fe
4. Essential elements at low levels (100ppt to 10ppb)V, Cr(III), Co, Se, I
5. Screening (semi-quant) analysisICP-MS can measure almost every element at ng/L levels and is virtually free from interferences – ideal screening tool
6. For some elements, chemical form may determine toxicity/availabilityChromatographic separation before ICP-MS analysis
May 13, 2011Page 29
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Analysis of Food CRM Digests Using Agilent 7700 with He Mode Only (single mode)Single sample preparation is required•Food CRMs microwave digested with 6ml HNO3 + 2ml H2O2
•Final volume 100 mL
Single analysis by 7700x ICP-MS for all the analytes!
Full mass range scan of food digest (e.g. microwave digestion)
May 13, 2011Page 30
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Putting All Together the advantages of the 7700xsimple, one cell gas, interference-free ICP-MS for real world sample analysis
One Configuration (standard –
robust plasma conditions)
One gas mode* (helium
collision)
One method for waters,
soils, wastes, food…
28 elements in less than 3.5 minutes per
run
* Plus no gas mode for non-interfered elements
May 13, 2011Page 31
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Method Detection Limits - 3σ (n = 10)in Parts Per Billion (in 1% HNO3/0.5% HCl)
•All elements except low mass non-interfered elements were run in helium mode•Low mass, non-interfered elements run in no gas mode
•No correction equations used
Element Mass MDL (ppb) Cell mode Element Mass MDL
(ppb) Cell mode
Be 9 0.005 No gas Zn 66 0.014 HeB 11 0.005 No gas As 75 0.011 He
Na 23 0.058 No gas Se 78 0.017 HeMg 24 0.002 No gas Sr 88 0.002 HeAl 27 0.007 No gas Mo 95 0.006 HeK 39 0.076 He Ag 107 0.002 HeCa 44 0.090 No gas Cd 111 0.002 HeV 51 0.014 He Sb 121 0.006 HeCr 52 0.004 He Ba 137 0.005 HeMn 55 0.008 He Hg 202 0.001 HeFe 56 0.014 He Tl 205 0.002 HeCo 59 0.004 He Pb 208 0.001 HeNi 60 0.014 He Th 232 0.001 HeCu 63 0.002 He U 238 0.001 He
May 13, 2011Page 32
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Excellent Linear Range for 56Fe in He Mode at 50x the Upper Calibration Limit – reduced need for reruns due to over range samples
Fe Calibration on left up to 10 ppm
500 ppm linear range sample
measured against curve on right resulted in 518 ppm (104%
recovery)
104% recovery
May 13, 2011Page 33
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Na, Ca, Mg measured at 50x the Upper Calibration Level (500 ppm each)
97.8% recovery
108% recovery
106.5% recovery
Wide linear dynamic range permits accurate quantification far beyond calibration range
-minimizes need for extremely high calibration levels-reduces need for dilution and re-analysis of over range samples
May 13, 2011Page 34
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Recoveries of Certified Values – Food CRMsin Helium Mode Only
NRC-CNRC DORM3 Fish Protein
NIST SRM 2976Mussel Tissue
NIST RM 8415 Whole Egg Powder
Certified value (mg/kg)
Recovery (%)
Certified value (mg/kg)
Recovery (%)
Certified value (mg/kg)
Recovery (%)
23 Na - - - - 3770 101.0
43 Ca - - - - 2480 109.7
52 Cr - - - - 0.37 93.0
55 Mn - - - - 1.78 91.9
56 Fe 347 93.4 171 92.7 - -
60 Ni 1.28 100.8 - - - -
63 Cu 15.5 92.6 4.02 82.6 2.7 96.5
66 Zn 51.3 89.4 137 88.4 - -
75 As 6.88 89.5 13.3 94.5 - -
78 Se - - 1.8 104.3 1.39 89.7
95 Mo - - - - 0.247 87.2
111 Cd 0.29 95.4 0.82 96.8 - -
202 Hg 0.382 101.4 0.061 112.0 - -
208 Pb 0.395 100.8 1.19 97.8 0.061 91.0
Recoveries include both
extraction efficiency by microwave
digestion and analytical accuracy
May 13, 2011Page 35
Chromatographic Applications of ICP-MS: Speciation analysis
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Chemical forms of trace elements
Inorganic Organometalliccompounds
Biomolecules Complexed with humic substances
Cr(III) vs Cr(VI)ToxicEssential
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Chromatographic ApplicationsSimple link to Agilent LCDirect sequence control from ICP-MS sample log tableMethod setup for LC/GC from ICP-MS PC
Predefined application packs available, as for 7500Data Analysis software now integrated into main suiteSame service support for all units
May 13, 2011Page 38
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Speciation with LC-ICP-MS and GC-ICP-MSEmerging elements/compounds:
• Pesticide and OP nerve agent residues• PBDEs• Nanoparticles
As Speciation using LC-ICP-MSAgilent Application Note: Routine Analysis of Toxic Arsenic Species in Urine Using HPLC with ICP-MS, 5989-5505EN, by TetsushiSakai and Steven Wilbur,
Agilent Technologies
Conventional “organo-metallic” compounds:• Inorganic vs organic arsenic• Organo-tin• Methyl-mercury, etc
Application Examples
May 13, 2011Page 39
Agilent Restricted1 : Sn(Ⅳ), 2 : MBT, 3 :TPrT (IS), 4 : DBT,5 : MPhT, 6 : TBT, 7 : DPhT, 8 : TPhT
concentration : 5ug/l (5pg) as metal
Chromatogram of Mixed Organotin Standards (Ethylated)
3 Sigma Detection Limit
MBT 4.4fg
TPrT 5.3fg
DBT 9.4fg
MPhT 44fg
TBT 9.9fg
DPhT 10fg
TPhT 11fg
Injection volume 1uL
May 13, 2011Page 40
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Summary
• The Agilent ICP-MS exceeds the tough sampling demands of the laboratory– The robust sample introduction system handles waters or digested
food samples easily• Without causing cone clogging, loose of sensitivity, matrix effects…
• The Agilent ICP-MS provides multielement measurement with unsurpassed management of interferences– The ORS offers a simple method of eliminating troublesome molecular
species• Without compromising detection limits
• The Agilent ICP-MS has the widest dynamic range of any commercial ICP-MS– 9 linear orders allows measurements at ppt and 100’s ppm in the
same acquisition• Improving productivity
Assessing the effectiveness of ICP-MS in the water and food analysis
May 13, 2011Page 41
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