BẠCH THỊ HƯƠNG GIANG- A2QTKD-K47-LUẬT KINH DOANH QUỐC TẾ (1)

7/22/2019 BCH TH HNG GIANG- A2QTKD-K47-LUT KINH DOANH QUC T (1)

1/81

TRNG I HC NGOI THNG

KHOA QUN TRKINH DOANH

---------***---------

KHA LUN TT NGHIP

Chuyn ngnh: Lut kinh doanh quc t

HY HP NG TRONG TRNG HP HNG HAKHNG PH HP THEO CNG C VIN

NM 1980 VHP NG MUA BN HNG HA

QUC T

Hv tn sinh vin: Bch ThHng Giang

M sinh vin: 0852020007

Lp: Anh 2 Khi 1 QT

Kha: 47

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS. Nguyn Minh Hng

H Ni, thng 05 nm2012


2/81

MC LC

LI NI U ....................................................................................................... i

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V HP NG MUA BN HNG HAQUC T V CH TI HY HP NG TRONG TRNG HP

HNG HA KHNG PH HP THEO CNG C VIN NM 1980 V

HP NG MUA BN HNG HA QUC T............................................ 1

1.1. Khi qut chung v Cng c Vin nm 1980 v hp ng mua bn

hng ho quc t................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1. Gii thiu Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn hng ho

quc t(CISG) ....................................................................................................... 1

1.1.2. Hp ng mua bn hng ho quc ttheo CISG................................ 4

1.2. Khi qut chung vchti huhp ng trong hp ng mua bn hng

ha quc t ............................................................................................................ 5

1.2.1. iu kin p dng ch ti hu hp ng trong hp ng mua bn

hng ha quc t..................................................................................................... 5

1.2.2. Hu quphp l ca vic huhp ng ........................................... 11

1.3. Khi qut chung vtnh ph hp vi hp ng ca hng ho............... 12

1.3.1. Tnh ph hp ca hng ho ............................................................... 12

1.3.2. Trch nhim ca ngi bn vvic hng ho khng ph hp vi hp

ng 16

1.3.3. Quyn khi phc tnh ph hp ca hng ha vi hp ng ca ngi

bn trc hn giao hng ....................................................................................... 19

1.3.4. Kim tra cht lng hng ho v khiu ni trong trng hp hngho khng ph hp vi hp ng ........................................................................ 19

CHNG 2: HY HP NG TRONG TRNG HP HNG HA

KHNG PH HP THEO CNG C VIN NM 1980 VHP NG

MUA BN HNG HA QUC T ................................................................ 21

2.1. Cc trng hp dn n vic p dng chti huhp ng do hng ho

khng ph hp theo Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn hng

ho quc t .......................................................................................................... 21


3/81

2.1.1. Cc trng hp hng ho khng ph hp cu thnh vi phm cbn. .. 21

2.1.2. Trng hp khng th khi phc tnh ph hp ca hng ha trong

khong thi gian m ngi mua gia hn thm hoc thi hn m ngi bn

yu cu ngi mua gia hn thm. ........................................................................ 312.2. Mt s gii hn v quyn hu hp ng ca ngi mua do hng ho

khng ph hp vi hp ng ............................................................................ 34

2.2.1. Trng hp ngi mua khng khiu ni hoc khng kp thi khiu

ni vskhng ph hp ca hng ha. ............................................................... 34

2.2.2. Trng hp ngi mua mt quyn huhp ng do khng thng bo

kp thi. ................................................................................................................ 40

2.2.3. Khnng ngi bn gim gi hng hoc sa cha hng ho hoc giao

hng thay th ........................................................................................................ 42

CHNG 3: GII PHP NHM HN CHVIC HY HP NG DO

HNG HA KHNG PH HP THEO CNG C VIN NM 1980 V

HP NG MUA BN HNG HA QUC T V BI HC KINH

NGHIM I VI VIT NAM ...................................................................... 46

3.1. nh gi cc quy nh v thc tin huhp ng do hng ho khng

ph hp theo Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn hng ho quc

t...........................................................................................................................46

3.1.1. nh gi cc quy nh lin quan n hu hp ng do hng ho

khng ph hp theo CISG.................................................................................... 46

3.1.2. nh gi thc tin huhp ng do hng ho khng ph hp theo

CISG..................................................................................................................... 48

3.2. Gii php nhm hn ch vic hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ngdn n huhp ng theo CISG .................................................................... 51

3.2.1. Cc bn tha thun cthvtnh ph hp ca hng ho v khnng

p dng chti huhp ng .............................................................................. 51

3.2.2. Sdng hp l cc gii hn vhuhp ng do hng ho khng ph

hp vi hp ng theo CISG ............................................................................... 52

3.2.3. To iu kin thit lp giao dch mi gia cc bn trn c s hp

ng c bhu ................................................................................................. 54


4/81

3.2.4. Kt hp p dng cc thi quen, tp qun thng mi, cc quy phm

tphp quc ttrong cc giao dch mua bn hng ho quc t .......................... 54

3.2.5. Bsung cc quy nh mi vcc vn php l mi pht sinh ...... 56

3.3. Bi hc kinh nghim i vi Vit Nam ..................................................... 563.3.1. Bi hc kinh nghim cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam..................... 57

3.3.2. Kin nghhon thin thm cc quy nh php lut ca Vit Nam v

vn hy hp ng trong trng hp hng ha khng ph hp dn n hy hp

ng ..................................................................................................................... 61

KT LUN ......................................................................................................... 65

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................... 67


5/81

1

DANH MC VIT TT

Tvit tt Ting Anh Ting Vit

CISG, Cng cVin nm 1980,

Cng c

Convention on Contracts for theInternational Sale of Goods

Cng c Vin nm 1980v hp ng mua bn

hng ha quc t

UCC Uniform Commercial Code Blut thng mi thng

nht Hoa K

PECL Principles of European on

contract law

B nguyn tc Chu u

vhp ng

UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on

International Trade Law

y ban ca Lin Hp

Quc vLut thng mi

quc t

ICC International Chamber of

Commerce

Phng thng mi quc t


6/81

i

LI NI U

1. Tnh cp thit ca tiSau 25 nm mca thtrng v 5 nm gia nhp tchc Thng mi th

gii, hot ng kinh t i ngoi ca Vit Nam trong nng ct l ngoithng tin b r rt. Th trng c rng m ti hn 150 nn kinh t thnh

vin. Cc hp ng xut nhp khu gia cc thng nhn Vit Nam v cc

thng nhn nc ngoi cng nhiu hn vs lng v ln hn vgi trhp

ng. c bit, lnh vc xut nhp khu hng ho c bc tng trng vt

bc v tr thnh mt trong nhng ngnh ch cht ca cc hot ng ngoi

thng ni chung.

Vi tnh hnh mua bn hng ho quc tdin ra nhn nhp nhvy, tnh

cht v quy m ca cc giao dch ny ngy cng a dng v phc tp. Do vy,

khi m khong cch kinh t, k thut v vn ho vn cha c xo b hon

ton, rt nhiu cc thng nhn Vit Nam gp phi cc trng hp vi phm dn

n huhp ng gy thit hi ln v quan trng nht l khin cho mc ch khi

giao kt hp ng lc ban u khng c thc hin. Mt trong nhng nguyn

nhn phbin dn n huhp ng chnh l do hng ho khng ph hp vihp ng.

Vy thno l hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng? Trng hp no

hng ho khng ph hp vi ng c thdn n huhp ng? Php lut hp

ng ca Vit Nam vn cha c nhng quy nh c th r rng v trng hp

ny. Tuy nhin, nhng ngun lut khc nhBlut thng mi thng nht Hoa

K, chth44/99/EC ca Nghvin chu u1, Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp

ng mua bn hng ho quc tu c nhng quy nh lin quan, c bit lCng c Vin nm 1980 - ngun lut iu chnh phn ln cc hp ng mua

bn hng ho quc ttrn thgii. Chnh v vy, ngi vit chn Cng c

Vin nm 1980 nhm lm r thm vn trn v chn ti: Huhp ng

trong trng hp hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng theo Cng c Vin

1iu 2, chth44/99/EC vmua bn hng ho v cc bin php m bo. Xem ti

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31999L0044:EN:NOT.


7/81

ii

nm 1980 v hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t lm ti kho lun tt

nghip ca mnh.

2. Mc ch nghin cuBng vic chn ti Huhp ng trong trng hp hng ho khng

ph hp theo Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn hng ho quc

t lm ti kho lun tt nghip, ngi vit s lm r trng hp hu hp

ng do hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng trong khun khcc giao dch p

dng Cng c Vin 1980 trn mt l lun v thc tin. T ngi vit a ra

nhng gii php nhm hn ch trng hp ny v bi hc kinh nghim i vi

cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khi tham gia quan hmua bn hng ho quc t.

3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu: i tng nghin cu:

i tng nghin cu ca kho lun tt nghip ny l cc quy nh ca

Cng c Vin 1980 vhuhp ng trong trng hp hng ho khng ph hp

vi hp ng v cc tranh chp c th trong thc tin c lin quan n vn

ny.

Phm vi nghin cu:Phm vi nghin cu ca kho lun l cc trng hp hu hp ng do

hng ho khng ph hp ca cc giao dch mua bn hng ho quc t trong

khun khCng c Vin 1980.

Vmt thi gian: Cc tranh chp din ra tkhi Cng c Vin nm 1980

vhp ng mua bn hng ha quc tc hiu lc cho n nay.

V mt ni dung: Hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng gm c hai

dng: Khng ph hp vmt thc t (sai lch so vi hp ng) v khng phhp vmt php l (sai lch so vi cc chng tngoi hp ng). Trong kho

lun tt nghip ny xin php chphn tch cc trng hp hng ho khng ph

hp vmt thc t.

4. Phng php nghin cu:Kho lun sdng phng php nghin cu tng hp, phn tch, so snh

nh gi cc thng tin sliu thu thp c c lin quan n trng hp hu

hp ng do hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng theo Cng c Vin 1980.


8/81

iii

Ngoi ra phng php cng sdng mt sphng php nghin cu lut hc

nhphng php so snh lut hc, phng php bnh lun n l.

5. Kt cu ca ti:Ngoi li ni u, kt lun v danh mc tham kho, ni dung kho lun

c chia lm 3 chng:

- Chng 1: Tng quan vHp ng mua bn hng ho quc tv Chti

hu hp ng trong trng hp hng ho khng ph hp theo cng c Vin

nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn quc t.

- Chng 2: Huhp ng trong trng hp hng ho khng ph hp theo

Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn quc t.

- Chng 3: Gii php nhm hn chvic huhp ng do hng ho khng

ph hp theo Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn quc tv bi hc

kinh nghim i vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam.

Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n TS. Nguyn Minh Hng ngi

trc tip hng dn, chbo v tn tnh gip em trong sut qu trnh lm kha

lun. Em cng by tsbit n i vi tp thging vin trng i hc Ngoi

thng tn tnh dy dv trang bcho em nhng kin thc qu bu trong thi

gian hc tp v nghin cu ti trng.


9/81

1

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN VHP NG MUA BN HNG HA

QUC TV CHTI HY HP NG TRONG TRNG HP

HNG HA KHNG PH HP THEO CNG C VIN NM

1980 VHP NG MUA BN HNG HA QUC T1.1. Khi qut chung v Cng c Vin nm 1980 v hp ng mua bn

hng ho quc t

1.1.1. Gii thiu Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn hng

ho quc t(CISG)

Cng c Vin 1980 ca Lin Hp Quc vhp ng mua bn hng

ha quc t(vit tt theo ting Anh l CISG - Convention on Contracts for the

International Sale of Goods) c son tho bi y ban ca Lin Hp Quc v

Lut thng mi quc t(UNCITRAL) l kt quca mt nlc hng ti vic

thng nht ngun lut p dng cho hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t.

c c thng qua ti Vin (o) ngy 11 thng 04 nm 1980 ti Hi

nghca y ban ca Lin hp quc vLut thng mi quc t, sau hn 30 nm

CISG tr thnh Cng c c p dng rng ri nht trong scc iu c

quc ta phng vmua bn hng ha quc t. Cho n hin nay, c tnhCng c Vin nm 1980 iu chnh hn ba phn t thng mi hng ha

trn ton thgii. Tnh n thi im thng 2 nm 2012, c gn 80 quc gia

tham gia Cng c.2

Cng c Vin 1980 ca Lin Hp Quc vhp ng mua bn hng ha

quc tbao gm cc ni dung chnh sau:

Phn 1: Phm vi p dng v cc quy nh chung (iu 1 13)

Phn ny bao gm cc quy nh vnhng trng hp Cng c c p

dng (iu 1 6) cng nhnhng quy nh din gii vtuyn b, xsv vic

p dng tp qun thng mi ca cc bn. ng thi cng nu ra nhng vn

lin quan hnh thc hp ng.

Phn 2: Hnh thnh hp ng (trnh t, thtc k kt hp ng) (iu 14-

24)

2Tnh n ngy 01/01/2012 theo website ca Uncitral, xem ti http://www.uncitral.org/


10/81

2

Trong phn ny, Cng c Vin cp n cc vn php l t ra

trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng. CISG nh ngha cho hng, phn bit cho

hng vi li mi cho hng v chra cc c im ca mt cho hng. ng thi

Cng c cng quy nh vhiu lc ca cho hng, thu hi v hy bcho hng.Song song vi cho hng, Cng c cng c quy nh tng i chi tit v r

rng vchp nhn cho hng v cc kha cnh php l lin quan bao gm: ni

dung chp nhn cho hng; hiu lc ca chp nhn v iu kin cu thnh hp

ng cng vi cho hng; thi hn chp nhn v chp nhn mun, ko di thi

hn chp nhn; thu hi chp nhn; thi im hp ng c hiu lc.

Phn 3: Mua bn hng ha (iu 25 - 88)

Phn 3 bao gm cc vn php l lin quan n thc hin hp ng mua

bn hng ha quc tv c xem l phn chnh ca Cng c Vin nm 1980.

Phn Mua bn hng ha bao gm cc chng:

Chng I: Nhng quy nh chung

Chng II: Ngha vca ngi bn

Chng III: Ngha vca ngi mua

Chng IV: Chuyn ri ro

Chng V: Cc iu khon chung v ngha v ca ngi bn v ngi

mua.

Chng I bao gm nhng quy nh chung vcc phm tr khc nhau nh

cch xc nh vi phm cbn, thng bo hy hp ng, vin dn thng tin

Cc phm tr ny c tc dng trong vic to csthc hin hay lm r hn mt

sni dung cc chng sau.

Trng tm ca phn 3 nm cc quy nh vngha vca ngi bn vngi mua trong chng II v chng III. Vngha vca ngi bn, Cng c

quy nh rt r ngha vgiao hng v chuyn giao chng t, c bit l ngha v

m bo tnh ph hp ca hng ha c giao (vmt thc tcng nhvmt

php l). Song song vi ngi bn, ngi mua cng phi m bo thc hin

nhng ngha vchnh ca mnh, bao gm thanh ton v nhn hng.

Cng c Vin khng c chng ring dnh cho vi phm hp ng v cc

ch ti do vi phm hp ng. Nhng ni dung ny cng c cp trong cc


11/81

3

chng II, III v V. Theo , nhng ch ti khi xy ra vi phm hp ng bao

gm buc thc hin ng hp ng, i bi thng thit hi, hy hp ng.

ng thi, CISG cng quy nh thm nhng bin php khc nhgim gi hng,

gia hn thi hn thc hin ngha v. Nhng bin php ny khng mang tnh chti, trng pht m li to iu kin cho cc bn, c bit l bn vi phm tip tc

hon thnh cc ngha v, thc hin hp ng.

Cng c Vin cng tch ring vn chuyn ri ro thnh chng IV ca

phn III. Theo , ty thuc vo tng trng hp v giai on cth, ri ro c

quy nh thuc vbn no. y l csxc nh phm trch nhim v ngha

vca cc bn c bit trong trng hp c xy ra vi phm hp ng.

Chng V ca Phn 3 quy nh vvn tm ngng thc hin ngha v

hp ng, vi phm trc hp ng, vic p dng cc bin php php l trong

trng hp giao hng tng phn, hy hp ng khi cha n thi hn thc hin

ngha v. c bit chng V cn nhng quy nh cthvchti bi thng

thit hi mt trong nhng bin php c p dng ph bin nht trong cc

tranh chp thuc khun khCISG. Ngoi ra, cc vn vcn cmin trch,

hu qudo hy hp ng, bo qun hng ha khi xy ra vi phm cng c

cp n.

Phn 4: Cc quy nh cui cng (iu 89 - 101)

Phn ny bao gm cc vn mang tnh thtc nhthi im Cng c

c hiu lc, hiu lc ca Cng c so vi hiu lc ca cc ngun lut khc, th

tc gia nhp hay tbCng c i vi cc quc gia v cc vn khc.

Nhvy, sau hn 20 nm c hiu lc, cng vi cc quy nh c nh

gi l hin i, mm do v linh hot, Cng c Vin nm 1980 v hp ngmua bn hng ha quc tc nh gi l mt trong nhng cng c thng

nht vlut tthnh cng nht. c Lin Hp Quc bo trson tho v thc

thi, CISG to ra c s tin cy tpha cc quc gia (trong qu trnh son

tho) m cn nhn c stin tng tng o doanh nghip (trong qu trnh

thc thi). S thnh cng ca Cng c Vin 1980 c khng nh trong thc

tin vi hn 2500 v tranh chp c Ta n v trng ti cc nc/quc t

gii quyt c lin quan n vic p dng v din gii Cng c Vin 1980 c


12/81

4

bo co. Khng chcc nc thnh vin m cc quc gia cha phi l thnh vin

vn p dng Cng c, hoc do cc bn trong hp ng la chn Cng c Vin

1980 nhl lut p dng cho hp ng, hoc do cc ta n, trng ti dn chiu

n gii quyt tranh chp. Nhiu doanh nghip ti cc quc gia cha phi lthnh vin CISG tnguyn p dng CISG cho cc giao dch thng mi quc

tca mnh, bi v hthy c nhng u vit ca CISG so vi lut quc gia.

1.1.2. Hp ng mua bn hng ho quc ttheo CISG

Cng c Vin nm 1980 vHp ng mua bn hng ha quc tkhng

c iu khon no nu ra nh ngha php l cthcho hp ng mua bn hng

ha quc t. Tuy nhin, thng qua iu 31 v 53 ca Cng c, ta c thkt lun

mt hp ng mua bn hng ha c hnh thnh trong trng hp ngi bn

c quy nh thc hin ngha vgiao hng (v chng t) v ngi mua c

quy nh thc hin ngha v thanh ton. Cng c cng a ra tiu ch xc

nh xem loi hng ha nhthno thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Cng c (t

iu 2 n iu 6 Cng c).

Ngoi ra, xc nh tnh cht quc t (international character) cho hp

ng, iu 1 ca Cng c c nu: Cng c ny p dng cho cc hp ng

mua bn hng ha gia cc bn c tr s thng mi ti cc Quc gia khc

nhau. Nhvy, Cng c Vin a xem trsthng mi l tiu ch xc

nh hp ng k kt gia cc bn c phi l hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t

hay khng. Trong trng hp c nhiu trs thng mi, bn giao dch c th

chn ra trsc mi lin quan cht chnht ti hp ng. Trong trng hp hai

bn khng c trsthng mi th sly ni ctr thng xuyn lm tiu ch

xc nh tnh cht quc tca hp ng (iu 10 CISG).Tuy nhin, trong trng hp cc bn khng chng minh c tr s

thng mi ca mnh mt cch chnh thc nhti khon 2 iu 1 Vic xc nhn

c cc bn c trsthng mi ti cc quc gia khc nhau khng c chp

nhn nu vic xc nhn ny khng xut pht thp ng, tcc giao dch vn

c gia cc bn hoc tcc thng tin c trao i gia cc bn trc hoc vo

thi im k hp ng. V dmt trong cc bn giao dch khng chng minh


13/81

5

mnh l i l hp php ca mt bn c trsthng mi khc th hp ng k

kt gia hai bn khng c xem l hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t.

Ngoi ra Cng c Vin khng ly cc yu t mang tnh quc tch

(nationality), quy ch dn s (civil character) v quy ch thng mi(commercial character) lm tiu ch xc nh hp ng mua bn hng ha quc

t. iu 1 khon 3 c nu: Quc tch cng nhtcch dn shoc thng mi

ca cc bn hoc tnh cht dn shay thng mi ca hp ng khng c xt

ti khi xc nh phm vi p dng ca Cng c ny.

1.2. Khi qut chung vchti huhp ng trong hp ng mua bn hng

ha quc t

Lut Thng mi 2005 ca Vit Nam quy nh hy hp ng l vic hy

bhon ton hoc mt phn hp ng (iu 312): Hy bhon ton l vic bi

bton bvic thc hin tt ccc ngha vhp ng i vi ton bhp ng;

tng t: hy bmt phn hp ng l vic bi bthc hin mt phn ngha v

hp ng, cc phn cn li trong hp ng vn c hiu lc. B lut thng nht

thng mi thng nht Hoa Kquy nh khc hn khi phn thnh hai thut ng

ring bit cho 2 trng hp ca hy hp ng (hy hp ng do hai bn tha

thun trc, hy hp ng do mt bn gy ra vi phm). Tuy nhin, bn cht ca

hy hp ng trong UCC vn l vic hai bn sgii thot cho nhau tt cmi

ngha vca hp ng, trnhng ngha vpht sinh sau khi hy hp ng v t

gii quyt tranh chp (iu 2 106 khon 3, 4 UCC).

Bn cnh , theo tinh thn ca hu ht php lut cc nc, khi xy ra vi

phm hp ng, bn bvi phm cha p dng chti ny ngay m p dng cc

chti khc (bt buc thc hin ngha ng ngha v, pht vi phm, bi thngthit hi). Trong trng hp vic p dng cc ch ti khc khng khc phc

c tnh trng vi phm, chti hy hp ng mi c p dng. Vic p dng

chti hy hp ng phi m bo nhng iu kin vni dung v hnh thc.

1.2.1. iu kin p dng chti huhp ng trong hp ng mua

bn hng ha quc t

1.2.1.1.iu kin vni dung


14/81

6

Php lut cc nc khc nhau th c cch quy nh khc nhau v cc

trng hp c p dng chti hy hp ng.

Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005 li quy nh: Trcc trng hp min

trch quy nh ti iu 294 ca Lut ny, chti hy bhp ng c p dngtrong cc trng hp sau y:

a. Xy ra hnh vi vi phm m cc bn tha thun l iu kin hy

bhp ng;

b. Mt bn vi phm cbn ngha vhp ng.

CISG li c quy nh ring cho tng bn vcc trng hp c p dng

ch ti hy hp ng. Theo , iu 49 khon 1 Cng c quy nh i vi

trng hp ngi mua: Ngi mua c thtuyn bhy hp ng:

a. Nu vic ngi bn khng thc hin mt ngha vno ca hpht

sinh thp ng hay tCng c ny cu thnh mt vi phm cbn hp ng;

hoc

b. Trong trng hp khng giao hng, nu ngi bn khng giao hng

trong thi gian c ngi mua gia hn thm cho hchiu theo khon 1 iu

47 hoc nu ngi bn tuyn b s khng giao hng trong thi gian c gia

hn ny.

Song song, iu 64 khon 1 cng quy nh v quyn hy hp ng ca

ngi bn: Ngi bn c thtuyn bhy hp ng:

a. Nu skin ngi mua khng thc hin ngha vno ca h theo

hp ng hay Cng c cu thnh mt svi phm cbn hp ng; hoc

b. Nu ngi mua khng thc hin ngha vtrtin hoc nhn hng trong

thi hn bsung m ngi bn chp nhn cho hchiu theo khon 1 iu 63 haynu htuyn bskhng lm vic trong thi hn y.

Thi hn gia hn thm c ni ti y l mt thi gian hp l c

mt bn chp nhn thm bn cn li c thhon thnh ngha vca mnh.

Nhvy, chti hy hp ng c thc p dng trong cc trng hp

sau: do hai bn tha thun trong hp ng; do c xy ra vi phm gy ra thit hi

nghim trng; do bn vi phm khng thkhc phc c thit hi trong thi hn

c gia hn thm.


15/81

7

Trng hp cc bn tha thun trc vtrng hp hy hp ng

Vic p dng chti ny c thc quy nh ngay trong iu khon ca

hp ng bn cnh nhng quy nh trong php lut vcc tnh trng vi phm c

thdn n c thp dng c chti hy hp ng nh1.2.1.1. iu 312khon 4 im a Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005 c quy nh: chti hy hp

ng cng c p dng nu c tha thun ngay trong hp ng. Trn thc

t, c nhng trng hp vi phm hp ng cha n mc nghim trng dn

n hy hp ng, nhng v l mt trng hp m hai bn tha thun trong

hp ng nn dn n chti hy vn c p dng. Tng t, iu 2-106 khon

3 UCC cng quy nh vtrng hp ny ny.

Trng hp xy ra vi phm gy ra thit hi nghim trng

C th thy cc ngun Lut u c im chung l ch ti hy hp ng

c p dng trong trng hp xy ra vi phm nghim trng. Tuy nhin, mi

ngun lut c cch din gii khc nhau vvi phm nghim trng. Trong trng

hp ca B lut thng mi thng nht Hoa Kcng nhBnguyn tc Chu

u vhp ng, mt bn c quyn hy hp ng khi bn kia c svi phm cc

iu khon ch yu. Trong khi lut Cng ha Php s dng thut ng viphm chyu lm c s cho vic p dng ch ti hy. Trong , cCng

c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn hng ha quc tv Lut Thng mi

Vit Nam c s gp g trong vic s dng thut ng vi phm c bn

(fundamental breach).

lm r hn v trng hp vi phm nghim trng dn n hy hp

ng, kha lun ny sphn tch nhng vn lin quan n vi phm cbn bao

gm khi nim v cch xc nh vi phm cbn.- Khi nim vi phm cbn

Rt nhiu chuyn gia cng nhcc nh kinh doanh nh gi thut ngvi

phm c bn rt m h v kh p dng. ng thi, mi ngun lut cng c

cch quy nh khc nhau cho khi nim ny.

Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 nh ngha ti iu 13 khon 3: Vi

phm cbn l svi phm hp ng ca mt bn gy thit hi cho bn kia n

mc lm cho bn kia khng t c mc ch giao kt. Vi khi nim ny,


16/81

8

CISG li quy nh tng i cthhn ti iu 25: Mt svi phm hp ng

do mt bn gy ra l vi phm cbn nu svi phm lm cho bn kia bthit

hi m ngi b thit hi, trong mt chng mc ng k bmt ci m h c

quyn chi trn cshp ng, trphi bn vi phm khng tin liu c huqu v mt ngi c l tr minh mn cng s khng tin liu c nu h

cng vo hon cnh tng t.

Nhvy, c th thy cLut Thng mi Vit Nam ln CISG u nhn

nhn vi phm cbn tgc hu quca vi phm thay v quy nh cthv

hnh vi vi phm. Vbn cht, vi phm cbn l mt svi phm hp ng. l

vic vi phm bt kmt ngha v c hai bn tha thun trong hp ng

hoc pht sinh thp ng hay quy nh ca ngun lut p dng cho hp ng.

Tuy nhin, nu Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 ch cp n hu qu

lm cho mt bn khng t c mc ch giao kt th Cng c Vin nm

1980 c thha hu qu l bn bvi phm bmt quyn chi trn cs

hp ng trong chng mc ng kv bn vi phm lng trc c thit hi

.

Chnh cch quy nh c vmh nhtrn mra mt phm tr rng

ln bao gm nhng quy nh php lut c lin quan n vi phm cbn v thc

tin m vic xc nh vi phm c bn tr thnh vn chnh. Khi nim vi

phm c bn tr thnh trung tm trong nhiu tranh chp ca ca cc giao

dch mua bn hng ha quc t. Vic nh gi khng ng tnh c bn

(fundamentality) ca vi phm c th dn n vic xc nh nhm v quyn v

ngha vca cc bn, do lm mt i tnh cng bng cho cc phn quyt v gy

ra nhng thit hi khng ng c. Chnh v vy, vic xc nh vi phm cbncn phi da vo nhng tiu ch nht nh.

- Tiu ch xc nh vi phm cbn

Mc d cch nh ngha c thkhc nhau, vn trng tm ca vic xc

nh vi phm cbn chnh l tnh nghim trng ca thit hi. y l tiu ch

u tin nh gi tnh cbn ca vi phm.

Ti iu 25 Cng c Vin, thut ng ng k (substianlly) c s

dng din gii mc thit hi m bn b vi phm gp phi hay mc


17/81

9

nhng li ch m bn bvi phm khng t c do hnh vi vi phm.3Phn mt

i ny cng ln th thit hi cng nghim trng v do bn vi phm cng db

xem l gy ra vi phm cbn cho hp ng. Thng thng, nhng li ch bmt

i ny c th hin qua vic cc bn khng thc hin c mc ch m hmong mun khi k kt hp ng. V d, nu ngi bn giao hng km cht

lng khin ngi mua khng thtiu thshng ha trn thtrng nh

nh ban u; nu ngi mua vi phm ngha vthanh ton, ngi bn khng th

c c s tin nh mong mun phc vnhng khoch t ra. y

chnh l im gp ggia CISG v Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005.

Ngoi ra, tnh nghim trng ca thit hi cng c thc nh gi thng

qua khnng khc phc hu qu. Hu qudo vi phm cbn gy ra khng nht

thit l khng khc phc c. Tuy nhin c thvic khc phc sgy ra chi ph

qu ln hay nhng ph tn v l cho cc bn.

Bn cnh vic nh gi tnh nghim trng ca thit hi, tnh tit vi phm

cng l mt tiu ch xc nh vi phm c bn. Vi phm cbn khng nht

thit l vi phm mt ngha vchyu hay mt ngha vcbn ca hp ng.

Vic vi phm bt kngha vno, d l ngha vph, nhng mang y cc

tiu ch nu ti iu 25 th u c coi l vi phm cbn. V dnhngi mua

vi phm ngha vbo mt hng ha Do , nu chxem xt hu quv kh

nng khc phc hu qum khng xem xt tnh tit vi phm c thsdn n

vic nh gi khng ng n tnh cht cbn.

Ngoi ra, mt trong nhng tiu ch CISG a ra xc nh vi phm c

bn chnh l vic bn vi phm phi lng trc c nhng hu quca vi phm

hay cn gi l tnh c thdon c (foreseeability). Theo iu 25 CISG,nu bn vi phm khng thc bit hay tin liu c mnh svi phm ngha

vv gy ra thit hi nghim trng cho bn cn li th vi phm skhng c

xem l vi phm cbn (theo Perovic 2004).

3Xem Explanatory Note by the UNCITRAL Secretariat on the United Nations

Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, on 29, c tihttp://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/p23.html


18/81

10

Trng hp bn vi phm khng thkhc phc thit hi trong thi hn gia

hn thm

Cc ngun lut cho php khi xy ra vi phm, bn vi phm c php thc

hin cc bin php nhm khc phc cc thit hi gy ra. Hay ni cch khcy l vic buc bn vi phm phi thc hin ng hp ng nhm mc ch ti

a ha li ch nhn c ca cc bn tvic thc hin hp ng thnh cng. Cc

bin php ny khng lm mt i quyn i bi thng thit hi ca bn b vi

phm.

c bit, bn vi phm sc gia hn thm thi gian tin hnh cc

bin php ny. Cng c Vin nm 1980 quy nh vgia hn thm thi gian

loi trcc thiu st trong thc hin ngha v ti iu 47 khon 1 (gia hn cho

ngi bn) v iu 63 khon 1 (gia hn cho ngi mua). Bnguyn tc Chu u

vhp ng cng a ra quy nh tng tti iu 8:106 khon 1.

Tuy nhin, vic khc phc cc tn tht gy trong thi gian c gia hn

thm gy ra ph tn qu ln hoc nhng chm trkhng ng c cho cc bn, ch

ti hy hp ng sbp dng. Tng t, nu vt qua thi hn m bn vi

phm vn cha tin hnh thnh cng bin php no, hp ng cng stng b

hy.

1.2.1.2.iu kin vhnh thc

Ngoi cc iu kin vni dung, vic p dng chti hy hp ng cng

yu cu vic p ng iu kin vhnh thc.

Trc khi p dng ch ti hy hp ng cc bn cn tuyn b hy hp

ng. CCng c Vin nm 1980 ln Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005 u c

quan im chung v vic bn b vi phm phi thng bo v tuyn b hy hpng ca mnh n cc bn lin quan. Theo , Lut Thng mi Vit Nam

quy nh ti iu 315: Bn tm ngng thc hin hp ng, nh ch thc hin

hp ng hoc hy b hp ng phi thng bo cho bn kia bit v vic tm

ngng hp ng... Tng tiu 26 CISG cng nu r: Mt li tuyn b v

vic hy hp ng chc hiu lc nu c thng bo cho bn kia bit. Bn cnh

, CISG cng a ra thi hn tuyn b, nu ngi mua khng tin hnh thng bo


19/81

11

cho ngi bn bit trong thi hn ny, ngi mua sbmt quyn hy hp ng

(iu 49 khon 2).

C mt im ng ch l tuyn bhy hp ng ngay ckhi cha c

hnh vi vi phm hp ng. Cng c Vin nm 1980 cho php p dng ch tihy hp ng bt klc no tsau khi k hp ng m khng cn chvic thc

hin hp ng hoc hnh vi vi phm v tn tht c hay cha.4Hay ni cch

khc csca vic hy hp ng l da trn nng lc thc txt xem bn kia

c ththc hin c hp ng hay khng; hoc c thda trn tuyn bca h

vvic khng thi hnh cc ngha vhp ng. Do , trong trng hp cha c

cc chng cchng minh vi phm v tn tht, tnh hp php ca vic tuyn b

hy hp ng skhng c m bo. Chnh v vy, bn tuyn bhy hp ng

phi lm ng tc thng bo vquyt nh ca h. Nu trong trng hp bn

i tc khng thchng minh c khnng thc hin ngha vca mnh, bn

c nh tuyn bhy hp ng c thtuyn bhy m khng sbkhiu ni.

Vvn ny, Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005 khng c quy nh vtrng

hp cho php p dng chti trc khi xy ra tn tht.

1.2.2. Hu quphp l ca vic huhp ng

Hy hp ng c xem l chti nng nht trong cc chti v n dn

n hu quphp l rt nng ncho cc bn. Tuy rng cc ngun lut quy nh

vcc trng hp p dng chti hy hp ng khng ging nhau, hu ht cc

ngun lut c quan im ging nhau vcc hu quphp l. l:

Thnht, khi p dng chti hy hp ng, hai bn sgii thot cho nhau

tt cmi ngha vca hp ng (trnhng ngha vpht sinh sau khi hy hp

ng v tgii quyt tranh chp). iu 314 khon 1 Lut Thng mi 2005 caVit Nam quy nh: sau khi hy bhp ng, hp ng khng c hiu lc t

thi im giao kt, cc bn khng phi tip tc thc hin cc ngha v tha

thun trong hp ng, tr tha thun vcc quyn v ngha vsau khi hy b

hp ng v v gii quyt tranh chp. Cng c Vin 1980 cng thng nht

quan im ny.

4Xem iu 72 khon 1 Cng c Vin.


20/81

12

Hu quphp l thhai l vic cc bn phi hon trnhng g nhn

c tbn kia trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng hay cc bn c quyn i li

li ch do vic thc hin phn ngha vca mnh theo hp ng. Nu cc bn

u c ngha vhon trth phi thc hin ngha vhon trng thi. Trnghp khng thhon trli ch nhn c th phi hon trbng tin.

Hu quphp l tip theo l vic bn bvi phm c bi thng thit hi

gy ra do bn vi phm hoc np pht nu hp ng c quy nh. Mc d cn

nhiu mu thun vvic p dng hnh thc pht vi phm, cc ngun lut u c

chung quan im vvic chp nhn hnh thc bi thng thit hi. ngha ca

nhng quy nh ny l nhm bo vquyn li cho bn bvi phm c bit l cc

li ch vti sn v loi trkhnng bn vi phm li dng hy hp ng trn

trnh cc trch nhim ca mnh.

1.3. Khi qut chung vtnh ph hp vi hp ng ca hng ho

1.3.1. Tnh ph hp ca hng ho

Php lut cc nc quy nh tng i ging nhau vkhi nim tnh ph

hp vi hp ng ca hng ha (conformity of goods). Theo , cc nc u

c quan im hng ha ph hp vi hp ng khng ch gii hn vnhng

quy nh trong hp ng m cn phi ph hp vi nhng quy nh ca php lut.

Chth44/99/EC ca Nghvin chu u a ra nhng tiu ch to nn tnh ph

hp ca hng ha ti iu 2 khon 2:

Hng ha c coi l ph hp vi hp ng nu:

a. p ng cc m tca ngi bn v c cc tnh cht ca hng mu m

ngi bn cung cp cho ngi mua trc ;

b. ph hp cho bt kmc ch cthno m ngi mua mong mun tc hoc ngi bn cho bit vo thi im giao kt hp ng hoc ngi

bn chp nhn;

c. ph hp vi mc ch s dng thng thng ca cc hng ha cng

chng loi;

d. Cc phm cht v c tnh thhin nhhng ha cng loi thng c

v p ng yu cu hp l ca ngi mua, da trn tnh cht cbn ca hng

ha v tnh n bt cthng bo cng khai no vcc c im cthca hng


21/81

13

ha c ngi bn, ngi sn xut hoc i din ca ha ra, c bit qua

cc qung co hoc nhn hiu.

Tng t, CISG cng quy nh ti khon 1,2 iu 35:

1. Ngi bn phi giao hng ng s lng, phm cht v m t nhquy nh trong hp ng, v ng bao b hay ng gi nhhp ng yu cu.

2. Trnhng trng hp cc bn c tha thun khc, hng ha bcoi l

khng ph hp vi hp ng nu:

a. Hng ha khng thch hp cho cc mc ch sdng m cc hng ha

cng loi vn thng p ng.

b. Hng khng thch hp cho bt kmc ch cthno m ngi bn

c bit mt cch r rng hoc ng vo lc giao kt hp ng, tr trng

hp nu cn cvo cc hon cnh cthc ththy rng ngi mua khng

tnh n nng lc hay snh gi ca ngi bn hoc nu i vi hlm nh

thl khng hp l.

c. Hng khng c cc tnh cht ca hng mu m ngi bn cung cp

cho ngi mua.

d. Hng khng c ng phong b theo cch thng thng cho nhng

hng cng loi hoc, nu khng c cch thng thng, th bng cch thch hp

gign v bo vhng ho .

Tng t, Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005 v Blut Thng mi thng

nht Hoa K cng c nhng quy nh tng t nh ch th 44/99/EC v Cng

c Vin nm 1980.5

Nhvy, trc tin, c ththy ngha vm bo hay giao hng ph hp

vi hp ng l ngha vca ngi bn. ng thi, hng ha ph hp vi hpng cng phi p ng nhng tiu ch nht nh.

1.3.1.1. Hng ha ph hp vi slng, phm cht v m tnhhp

ng

Ngi bn phi p ng tiu ch vslng hng ha. Thng thng, do

tnh cht phong ph v phc tp v tnh cht hng ha cng nh qung ng

vn chuyn hng trong cc giao dch mang tnh quc tny, hai bn thng quy

5iu 39 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005


22/81

14

nh mt mc xp xhoc c thm dung sai vs lng hng. Theo , ngi

bn c php giao hng vi slng nm trong mc xp xhay dung sai ny.

Trong trng hp p dng mc xp x, ngi bn phi cn phi tnh ton cn

trng cung cp mt slng hp l. Vic cung cp thiu hay tha qu nhiuso vi mc xp xc thbxem l vi phm ngha vgiao hng ng slng v

gy ra cc ph tn khng ng c cho cc bn (v d: chi ph lu kho, chi ph vn

chuyn).

Bn cnh tiu ch vslng, tiu ch vphm cht hng ha cng phi

c m bo. V kha cnh ny, phm cht c hiu theo ngha rt rng,

khng nht thit gii hn nhng c im mang tnh k thut hay phm cht

quy cch ca hng ha. V d: trong mt vi trng hp, hng ha khng ng

ngun gc xut xnhhp ng yu cu cng c thbxem l khng ph hp.

Ngoi ra, giao hng vi phm cht tng t, d l phm cht tt hn cng cha

c khng nh l khng vi phm hp ng.

Hng ha c giao ti thiu phi p ng y v chnh xc cc c

im mang tnh cht m t trong hp ng (V d: mu sc, kch c) Phng

Thng mi Cng nghip chra rng trong trng hp hng ha khng c hoc

kh xc nh cc quy chun vphm cht, ngi bn c ngha vcung cp hng

ha ph hp vi mc ch v m t.

1.3.1.2. Hng ha c bao b, c ng gi v c bo qun theo hp

ng

Mt trong cc tiu ch xc nh tnh ph hp ca hng ha theo hp ng

chnh l tnh trng bao b, ng gi hay bo qun ca hng ha. Trng hp bao

b, cch ng gi hay bo qun hng ha khng ging nhquy nh trong hpng hoc theo cch thng thng hoc thch hp m hng ha cng loi c

ng gi v bo qun, hng ha c thbnghi ngkhng m bo cht lng

nhngi mua yu cu v c thdn n vic kt lun ngi mua vi phm ngha

vca mnh.

1.3.1.3. Hng ha phi ph hp vi mc ch sdng

Bn cnh cc tiu ch trn, Cng c Vin nm 1980, BLut Thng

mi Thng nht v chth44/99/EC u cp n tnh ph hp vi mc ch s


23/81

15

dng xc nh tnh ph hp ca hng ha. Theo , hng ha s b xem l

khng ph hp nu khng thch hp cho cc mc ch s dng m hng ha

cng loi vn thng p ng [1]; hoc khng ph hp vi bt cmc ch s

dng cthno m ngi bn c bit mt cch r rng hay ng vo thiim giao kt hp ng [2].

Vi trng hp [1], tnh thch hp vi mc ch sdng y c nh

gi thng qua suy ngh thng thng ngi mua v ngi bn vcng nng s

dng ca hng ha.6Thng thng, tnh ph hp vi mc ch sdng thng

c xc nh theo cc tiu chun ca nc ngi bn. Do , trn thc tgiao

dch, ngi mua nn thng bo vi ngi bn vnhng yu cu c bit hoc

nhng gii hn ca nc ngi mua. V tt nht l tiu chun c thm nc

ngi mua ra vtnh ph hp vi mc ch sdng ca hng ha.

Vi trng hp [2], tnh thch hp vi mc ch sdng cthc hiu

l mc ch ca ngi mua khi nhp khu loi hng ha ny.7V dhng ha c

thnhm mc ch bn li thu li nhun hoc tr thnh nguyn, nhin liu u

vo cho qu trnh sn xut Tiu ch ny c dng trong trng hp ngi

mua mua hng nhm mc ch sdng cth. Hay ni cch khc, nu ngi bn

bit r nh ca ngi mua, ngi mua thng da vo knng v sphn

on ca ngi bn c c loi hng ha p ng c mc ch sdng

(theo Hubber & Mullis 2007).

1.3.1.4. Hng ha c tnh cht ca hng mu

Ngi bn cng c trch nhim giao hng ha c cc tnh cht ca hng

mu. Theo , UCC quy nh ti im c, khon 1 iu 2-313 nhsau: Nu

tha thun c hnh thnh c phn da trn bt khng mu hay m hnh no,tt chng ha c giao phi m bo ph hp vi hng mu v m hnh .

Tng t, i vi CISG, ngi bn cng bxem l giao hng khng ph hp nu

hng ha khng c cc tnh cht ca hng mu.8 ngha ca iu khon ny l

6Fit for ordinary use

7Fit for particular purposes8Xem iu 35 khon 2 im c Cng c Vin


24/81

16

thay v quy nh trong hp ng cc c im, phm cht ca hng ha, ngi

bn trin khai mt ngha vthay thm tv nhn din hng ha.

1.3.2. Trch nhim ca ngi bn vvic hng ho khng ph hp

vi hp ngTrch nhim ca ngi bn vvic hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng

c thc hiu l ngi bn vi phm mt trong cc tiu ch xc nh tnh

ph hp ca hng ha nhphn 1.3.1 v hnh vi vi phm ny c th gy ra

thit hi nht nh cho ngi mua.

Bn cnh , cc ngun lut cng quy nh trong trng hp no ngi

bn phi chu trch nhim vvic hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng v cc

chti c thc p dng nu xy ra trng hp .

1.3.2.1. Phm vi trch nhim ngi bn phi chu v vic hng ha

khng ph hp

iu 36 Cng c Vin nm 1980 quy nh:

1. Ngi bn chu trch nhim chiu theo hp ng v Cng c ny, v

mi skhng ph hp no ca hng ha tn ti vo lc chuyn giao quyn ri ro

sang ngi mua, ngay ckhi skhng ph hp ca hng ha chc pht hin

sau .

2. Ngi bn cng chu trch nhim vmi skhng ph hp ca hng

ha xy ra sau thi im ni im trn v l hu quca vic ngi bn vi

phm bt cmt ngha vno ca mnh, k c vic khng th hon ton m

bo rng trong mt thi hn no , hng ha vn thch hp cho mc ch s

dng thng thng hay mc ch cthhoc vn duy tr c nhng tnh cht

hay c tnh quy nh.Tng t, khon 2, khon 3 iu 40 Lut Thng mi 2005 ca Vit Nam

cng cp n vn ny:

2. Trtrng hp quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny, trong thi hn khiu ni

theo quy nh ca Lut ny, bn bn phi chu trch nhim v bt k khim

khuyt ca hng ha c trc ri ro cho bn mua, k c trng hp khim

khuyt c pht hin sau thi im chuyn ri ro.


25/81

17

3. Bn bn phi chu trch nhim vkhim khuyt ca hng ha pht sinh

sau thi im chuyn ri ro nu khim khuyt do bn bn vi phm hp ng.

Nhvy, cCISG v Lut Thng mi Vit Nam u sdng thi im

chuyn giao ri ro hng ha lm cn cxc nh phm vi m ngi bn phichu trch nhim nu hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng. Theo , phm vi

chu trch nhim ca ngi bn c quy nh nhsau:

Th nht, ngi bn phi m bo tnh ph hp ca hng ha ti thi

im chuyn giao ri ro. C ngha l ti thi im ny, hng ha phi tnh trng

hon ho, ph hp vi yu cu v mong mun ca ngi mua. Ni cch khc,

ngi bn sphi chu trch nhim nu c bt ckhim khuyt no c pht

hin ti thi im ny.

Thhai, trn thc t, c nhng khim khuyt hay bt ph hp chc

pht hin sau khi ri ro c chuyn cho ngi mua, c bit chpht sinh

trong qu trnh sdng. Vi trng hp ny ngi bn phi chu trch nhim vi

bt ckhim khuyt no ca hng ha pht sinh hoc l hu quca vic bn

bn vi phm hp ng [1]; hoc trong thi hn m ngi bn m bo rng

hng ha ph hp vi mc ch sdng thng thng hay mc ch cthhoc

vn duy tr c nhng tnh cht hay c tnh quy nh [2].

y, ngi bn sphi chu trch nhim nu nhng khim khuyt ny l

do ngi bn vi phm mt trong cc ngha vtrc thi im chuyn giao ri ro

(trng hp [1]). Ngha vc thhiu l ngha vm bo hng ha ph hp

vi hp ng nhmc 1.3.1 nhng cng c thl bt kngha vno khc. V

dtrng hp ngi bn c chnh thu tu v ngi bn thu tu ca mt

cng ty khng m bo nng lc chuyn ch. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn, hngha bhhi do hng tu khng nng lc. Nhvy, ngi bn vn phi chu

trch nhim vi khim khuyt ca hng ha trong trng hp ny mc d ngi

bn khng trc tip vi phm.

i vi trng hp [2], ngi bn phi chu trch nhim vskhng ph

hp nu khim khuyt pht sinh trong thi hn m ngi bn m bo rng

hng ha ph hp vi mc ch sdng thng thng hay mc ch cthhoc

vn duy tr c nhng tnh cht hay c tnh quy nh. m bo ny c thl


26/81

18

mt m bo r rng hoc mt m bo ng . i vi Cng c Vin nm

1980, vic thc hin m bo ny cng c xem l mt ngha v. Do trng

hp [2] c xem l trng hp [1] v c din gii l ngi bn vi phm ngha

vtrn.Nh vy, trong phm vi phn tch trn, ngi bn phi chu trch

nhim vi hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng. Tuy nhin, cng c trng

hp ngi bn c thot khi trch nhim ny. Theo , ngi bn c min

trch trong trng hp ti thi im giao kt, ngi mua mt cch hp l bit

c skhng ph hp vi hp ng ca hng ha. Vvn cCng c Vin

v Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005 u c quan im tng ng.9

1.3.2.2. Cc chti p dng trong trng hp hng ha khng ph hp

vi hp ng

Sau khi xc nh c trch nhim ca ngi bn trong vic hng ha

khng ph hp hp ng, ngi bn c thphi chu cc chti sau:

Ngi bn phi khi phc tnh ph hp vi hp ng ca hng hng bng

cch sa cha phn hng ha bkhim khuyt hoc giao hng thay thv mi chi

ph sa cha hay giao hng do ngi bn chu. iu ny c th dn n vic

ngi bn phi giao hng thnh tng phn hoc giao hng chm.

Ngi bn c thphi chp nhn gim gi hng ty vo khim khuyt

ca hng ha.

Ngi bn phi chu khon pht vi phm trong trng hp ng c quy

nh vpht vi phm.

Ngi bn phi bi thng thit hi nu skhng ph hp ca hng ha

gy ra cc thit hi cho ngi mua.Hp ng c thbhy nu hp ng c quy nh hoc svi phm ca

ngi bn c xem l vi phm nghim trng dn n hy hp ng (vi phm c

bn, vi phm chyu)

Ty thuc vo tnh hnh thc t, ngi bn sphi chu mt chti cth

hoc cc chti kt hp vi nhau.

9iu 35 khon 3 CISG, iu 40 khon 1 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005


27/81

19

1.3.3. Quyn khi phc tnh ph hp ca hng ha vi hp ng ca

ngi bn trc hn giao hng

phn 1.3.2.2 c nhc n bin php khi phc tnh ph hp ca hng

ha nhmt ngha vca ngi bn nu hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng.Tuy nhin, cc ngun lut cng cp n bin php ny nhmt quyn ca

ngi bn v quyn ny chc p dng nu hng cha n hn phi giao.

Tht vy, iu 8 104 ca bnguyn tc chu u vHp ng quy nh

trong trng hp nu mt bn khng c khnng thc hin c mt ngha v

nh tha thun trong hp ng, trc thi hn ngha vc thc hin bn

ny c tha ra nghthc hin mt ngha vthay th. Ngha vny c thl

ngha vm bo hng ha ph hp vi hp ng. Tng t, iu 37 Cng c

Vin nm 1980 cng cp n vic sa cha phn hng khng ph hp, giao

hng thiu hoc giao hng thay thnu hng ha c giao trc hn.

Tuy nhin, ngi bn chc s dng quyn ny nu c sng

ca ngi bn. V quyn ny cng khng loi trngha vchu pht vi phm hay

bi thng thit hi ca ngi mua trphi c tha thun khc.

1.3.4. Kim tra cht lng hng ho v khiu ni trong trng hp

hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng

xc nh xem ngi bn c thc svi phm ngha vgiao hng ph

hp vi hp ng hay khng, ngi mua cn thc hin vic kim tra cht lng

hng ha hay cn gi l gim nh hng ha. Vic kim tra cht lng hng ha

v pht hin khim khuyt s tr thnh c s ngi mua khiu ni vhng

ha khng ph hp vi hp ng.

1.3.4.1. Kim tra cht lng hng haVic kim tra cht lng hng ha c thdo chnh ngi mua hoc mt

bn thba m nhn. Bn thba c th l cquan chuyn trch vgim nh

cht lng hng ha do cc bn tha thun thu hoc l ngi tiu dng cui

cng trong trng hp hng ha c bn li. Cch thc gim nh hng ha

cng ty thuc vo loi hng, cc c tnh ca hng, slng, bao b ng gi

cng nhni thc hin gim nh.


28/81

20

Ngoi ra, vic kim tra hng ha phi c thc hin trong mt thi hn

ph hp v ty thuc theo tnh hung cth. Thi hn ph hp y c hiu

l thi hn hp l v khng chm trtrnh vic hng ha bhhi, tn tht

sau khi hng c giao. Ty theo tnh hung cthc ngha l ty vo thi imsm nht m ngi mua c khnng tip cn c vi hng thc hin gim

nh cht lng. Vvn ny, Cng c Vin cp n hai trng hp

c bit: a im ca hng bi trong qu trnh vn chuyn (redirection) hoc

hng c ngi mua gi i tip (redispatch) trong trng hp ngi mua khng

c khnng kim tra v ngi bn bit hoc c thlng trc c sthay

thi .10

1.3.4.2. Khiu ni trong trng hp hng ha khng ph hp vi hp

ng

Sau khi pht hin ra skhng ph hp trong hng ha, ngi mua c th

tin hnh khiu ni vi ngi bn. y ng thi l c s ngi mua tin

hnh cc bin php xl vi phm c bit l chti hy hp ng.

Khiu ni v tnh ph hp ca hng ha phi y cc ni dung (bn cht

khim khuyt, m tkhim khuyt, yu cu ca ngi mua) v m bo c gi

n ngi bn trong thi hn hp l. Thi hn hp l c nhn mnh bt u tlc

m ngi bn nhn bit hoc ng lphi nhn bit c khim khuyt v c

di ty thuc vo cc yu tnhtha thun vm bo cht lng ca cc bn,

quy nh ca php lut tng nc iu 39 CISG, iu 2-607 UCC hay iu 47 Lut

Thng mi Vit Nam 2005 u thng nht v quan im ny.

10iu 38 Cng c Vin.


29/81

21

CHNG 2: HY HP NG TRONG TRNG HP HNG HA

KHNG PH HP THEO CNG C VIN NM 1980 V HP

NG MUA BN HNG HA QUC T

Qua cc nghin cu chng 1, c ththy khng phi trng hp hngha khng ph hp no cng c thdn n hy hp ng. Mi ngun lut cng

c cc quy nh ring vvn ny. Kha lun ny slm r vtrng hp hu

hp ng do hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng trong khun khcc giao

dch p dng Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn hng ha quc t.

Theo Cng c Vin nm 1980, i vi trng hp hng ha khng ph

hp vi hp ng dn n hy hp ng, vi phm thuc v trch nhim ca

ngi bn v quyn hy hp ng thuc vngi mua v ngi mua chc th

thc hin quyn ny khi svi phm ca ngi bn cu thnh mt vi phm cbn

hoc ngi bn khng thkhi phc sph hp ca hng ha trong thi hn

c ngi mua gia hn thm.

2.1. Cc trng hp dn n vic p dng chti huhp ng do hng ho

khng ph hp theo Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn hng

ho quc t2.1.1. Cc trng hp hng ho khng ph hp cu thnh vi phm c

bn

2.1.1.1. Hng ho khng ph hp vslng, phm cht v m t.

Theo iu 35 khon 1 im a, ngi bn buc phi m bo giao hng

ng slng, phm cht v m ttrong hp ng. Nhvy, vic cung cp hng

ha khng ng slng, phm cht v m ttrong hp ng n mt gii hn

no sbxem l vi phm cbn v do ngi mua c quyn hy hp

ng. Nhvy, vn t ra l lm sao xc nh vi phm nghim trng

n mc l vi phm cbn hay cha?

Trng hp hng ha khng ph hp vslng

Trc ht, v y l mt vi phm mang tnh hnh thc, skhng ph hp

c chia thnh hai dng: giao hng thiu (quantity shortage/shortfall) v giao

hng tha (quantity surplus/excess)


30/81

22

i vi trng hp giao hng thiu, vi phm ny thng bxem l giao

hng chm hoc khng giao hng ty theo tnh hung cthv thng khng b

xem l mt vi phm cbn. Bn cnh , CISG quy nh cc bin php xl

thay v p dng ngay chti hy hp ng.i vi trng hp hng ha bgiao tha, theo tinh thn Cng c Vin

nm 1980 vi phm ny cng khng bxem l vi phm cbn. V theo lthng

hng ha vn ph hp vi cc tiu ch khc (trong c tnh tiu thc), do

vn tn ti khnng ngi mua bn li phn hng tha cho bn thba. Tuy

nhin, l do ny khng lm mt i quyn ca ngi mua c quy nh ti iu

51 khon 2 CISG: l ngi mua c thchp nhn hay tchi s lng ph

tri. Trong trng hp ngi mua chp nhn ton b hoc mt phn s lng

phtri, ngi mua phi trthm stin tng ng vi phn hng 11. Trong

trng hp ngi mua khng chp nhn, vic tchi khng nht thit l vic t

chi phn hng tha ti ni nhn hng. Da trn nguyn tc thin ch quy nh ti

iu 7 v nguyn tc p dng tp qun, thi quen thng mi theo iu 9 Cng

c, phn hng tha c thc ngi mua gi li v bo qun mt cch ph

hp trc khi hai bn c bin php xl khc. Nu v l do m bo ng gi

hoc chng tph hp, ngi mua khng thtchi v khng mun/khng th

bo qun phn hng tha, ngi mua c thtchi ton bshng c giao.

Tuy nhin, v y khng phi l mt vi phm cbn, ngi mua vn khng c

quyn hy hp ng.

Nh vy, ni chung giao hng nhm s lng khng b xem l mt vi

phm cbn v thng skhng bp dng chti hy hp ng.

Trng hp hng ha khng ph hp v phm cht v m t trong hpng

iu 35 khon 1 Cng c Vin nm 1980 v hp ng mua bn hng

ha quc tquy nh ngi mua c ngha vphi giao hng ph hp vi phm

cht v m t trong hp ng. Trong trng hp hng c giao b khim

khuyt, y s l cs tnh ton liu ngi bn c vi phm cbn dn n

ngi mua c quyn hy hp ng. Hay hiu cch khc, skhng ph hp v

11Xem li iu 52 khon 2 Cng c Vin.


31/81

23

phm cht v m t c nghim trng hoc gy hu qunghim trng n mc

cu thnh mt vi phm cbn khng?

Hy xem xt n lsau y:

Mt cng ty ca Vit Nam k hp ng nhp khu l hng gm 10 xeti qua sdng vi mt cng ty Hn Quc. Hp ng c k vo ngy 5

thng 5 nm 1996. Hp ng quy nh xe phi l xe ti gc v vic kim tra

phm cht do ngi bn tin hnh cng i. Tuy nhin, khi nhn hng vo ngy

2 thng 7 nm 1996, ngi mua pht hin thy c du hiu khim khuyt xe v

nghi ngy l cc xe chkhch c tho bghngi. Do ngi mua

cho thc hin gim nh v nhn c kt lun cc xe u l xe chkhch t7

n 12 ch v c l trn sn xe. Ngi mua gi khiu ni cho ngi bn

nhng ngi bn khng a ra nghsa cha hoc giao hng thay th. Nh

vy, trong trng hp ny theo iu 35 khon 1 CISG ngi bn Hn Quc vi

phm ngha vgiao hng ph hp vi phm cht v m ttrong hp ng.

Vn y l vi phm ca ngi bn liu l vi phm cbn? C mt

sim cbn cn lu nhsau:

Thnht, ngi bn giao mt loi hng khc hn vi chng loi m

ngi mua yu cu v hng ha ny chc chn khng p ng smong mun

ca ngi mua vbt ckha cnh g (yu cu cht lng, mc ch sdng).

Tuy nhin, ngi bn vn tin hnh kim tra phm cht v tin hng giao hng

m khng gp trngi g mc d skhng ph hp tn ti ton bhng ha v

d dng pht hin bi mt thng. Do vy, c du hiu bt thng trong qu

trnh cp giy kim tra phm cht. Nhvy, c thkt lun c ngi bn c

hnh vi vi phm v chnh hnh vi vi phm dn n vic ngi mua nhnc nhng hng ha khim khuyt vi hp ng. C thngay tu ngi bn

khng c khnng hoc khng c nh giao hng ph hp vi hp ng.

Th hai, khi ngi bn khiu ni vi ngi mua v s khng ph hp,

ngi mua khng a ra nghsa cha hoc giao hng thay th. Do , c

thsuy lun ngi bn khng c khnng hoc khng c nh khi phc s

ph hp ca hng ha.


32/81

24

Tcc im trn, ta c thkt lun ngi bn khng c khnng thc

hin hp ng v do ngi mua khng th thu c bt c li ch no m

ngi mua mong mun vo lc k hp ng. Do , vi phm ca ngi bn l vi

phm cbn. V trong trng hp ny ngi mua c quyn p dng ch tihy hp ng.

Nhvy, n l trn skhim khuyt ca hng cu thnh mt vi

phm c bn v tr thnh c s p dng ch ti hy hp ng. Tuy nhin,

khng phi bao giskhng ph hp ca hng ha vphm cht v m ttheo

hp ng cng cu thnh mt vi phm cbn. Nu skhng ph hp chdin ra

mt phm vi khng ng k v ngi bn vn c kh nng sa cha khim

khuyt cng nhkhc phc hu qumt cch hp l th vi phm ca ngi bn

cha n mc bxem l vi phm cbn. Bn cnh , cng c nhng trng hp

khim khuyt v phm cht v m t xut hin do qu trnh vn chuyn, bc

d hoc l li n t, vic xc nh vi phm c bn cng tr nn kh khn.

Chnh v vy, khng phi bao gingi mua cng c quyn hy hp ng trong

trng hp hng ha khng ph hp vi phm cht v m ttheo hp ng.

2.1.1.2. Hng ho khng ph hp vbao b, ng gi v bo qun

Vvn ny, Cng c Vin nm 1980 quy nh hng ha c giao

phi m bo vbao b, ng gi v bo qun nh quy nh trong hp ng12

hoc theo cch thng thng hoc thch hp m hng ha cng loi c ng

gi v bo qun13nu hp ng khng c quy nh g. Tuy nhin, khng ging

nhcc tiu ch vphm cht v m t, skhng ph hp vbao b, ng gi

hoc bo qun hu nhkhng a ra mt khng nh chc chn vvic hng ha

c khim khuyt v khim khuyt (nu c) c nghim trng hay khng. Do ,nu chda trn khim khuyt vbao b, ng gi hoc bo qun th khng th

khng nh c ngi bn gy ra vi phm cbn hay cha. Mun xc nh

c tnh nghim trng ca thit hi, cc bn cn tin hnh nhng kim tra trc

tip v chuyn su hn vtnh trng thc tca hng trong mt thi gian hp l.

12iu 35 khon 1 Cng c Vin13iu 35 khon 2 im d Cng c Vin


33/81

25

Tuy nhin, n lCISG ghi nhn nhng trng hp m khim khuyt bao

b, ng gi hay bo qun hng ha c thl vi phm cbn v dn n ngi

mua c quyn hy hp ng.

Nu khim khuyt bao b, ng gi hay bo qun sgy ra hu qutrctip v chc chn cho hng. V dnhit bo qun khng thch hp khin hng

ha bbin cht, xe t nguyn chic bva p dn n bin dng hhi nhiu

ch. Nu nhng khim khuyt nghim trng v hu nh khng c kh

nng khc phc, ngi mua hon ton c quyn hy hp ng.

ng thi, nhng khim khuyt ny xy ra l do mt hnh vi vi phm ca

ngi bn (cung cp bao b, ng gi hay bo qun khng ng cch, thu tu

khng m bo cht lng dn n hng bhhi, tn tht trong qu trnh vn

chuyn), ngi bn sbxem l gy ra vi phm cbn do ngi mua c th

hy hp ng.

Ngoi ra, trong trng hp hng ha c mua vbn li ngay lp tc,

ngi mua phi m bo hng ha tnh trng hon ho ti thiu phn bao b,

ng gi hay bo qun c thbn li cho bn khc. Hay ni cch khc nu

hng ha khng ph hp vbao b, ng gi hay bo qun, hng ha sbxem l

khng ph hp vi mc ch sdng ca ngi mua. Trng hp ny sc

phn tch mc 2.1.1.3 tip sau.

2.1.1.3. Hng ho khng ph hp vi mc ch sdng

Theo tinh thn ca Cng c Vin nm 1980 cng nhchth44/99/EC,

tnh ph hp vi mc ch sdng c xem l mt trong nhng tiu ch ngm

hiu v cht lng hng ha. Do , yu tny sc p dng trong trng

hp cc quy nh vslng, phm cht, m tv ng gi, bo qun khng choc khng r rng. Hay hiu cch khc, khi hng ha c giao c khim

khuyt nhng khng c quy nh cthtrong hp ng, cc bn sda vo mc

hng khng ph hp vi mc ch s dng xc nh xem vi phm ca

ngi bn c phi l vi phm cbn hay cha.

Nh phn tch mc 1.3.1.3 ca kha lun ny, skhng ph hp vi

mc ch sdng c hiu l khng thch hp cho cc mc ch sdng m

hng ha cng loi (cng m t) vn thng p ng (fit for ordinary use); hoc


34/81

26

khng ph hp vi bt cmc ch sdng c thno m ngi bn c

bit mt cch r rng hay ng vo thi im giao kt hp ng (fit for

particular purposes). Theo , CISG quy nh:

2. Trnhng trng hp cc bn c tha thun khc, hng ha bcoi lkhng ph hp vi hp ng nu:

a. Hng ha khng thch hp cho cc mc ch sdng m cc hng ha

cng loi vn thng p ng.

b. Hng khng thch hp cho bt kmc ch cthno m ngi bn

trc tip hoc gin tip bit c vo lc giao kt hp ng, trtrng hp nu

cn cvo cc hon cnh cthc ththy rng ngi mua khng tnh n

nng lc hay snh gi ca ngi bn hoc nu i vi h lm nh th l

khng hp l.

Trng hp hng ha khng thch hp cho cc mc ch sdng m cc

hng ha cng loi vn thng p ng theo im a khon 2 iu 35.

trng hp ny, bi v cht lng hng ha c so snh vi cht lng

ca hng ha cng loi/m t. Theo , vn t ra y l cht lng hng

ha c nh gi da theo tiu chun v cht lng hng ha cng loi ca

nc ngi bn hay nc ngi mua? Trong cc vvic thuc khun khCng

c, cquan gii quyt tranh chp thng ly cc tiu chun hoc cc quy nh

ca nc ngi bn vhng ha cng loi xem xt liu hng ha c giao

ph hp hay cha.

Mt tranh chp xy ra gia ngi bn Chu u v ngi mua M

vhp ng mua bn xng dnh cho t, a im giao l Rotterdam H Lan.

Loi xng tlu c sdng chu u l loi xng pha ch trong khi xngc sdng Mli l loi khng ch. V th, ngi bn giao hng l xng

c pha ch tri vi hiu bit v mong mun ca ngi mua l loi xng khng ch

(mc d khng c quy nh c thno trong hp ng vvic xng c ch hay

khng ch). Do , y, p dng iu 35 khon 2 im a CISG v tiu chun

hng ha nc ngi mua, hng vn bxem l khng ph hp vi mc ch s

dng thng thng ca hng ha cng loi. Tuy nhin, v tlu thtrng chu

u vn sdng xng pha ch v a im giao hng li l mt ni thuc chu u


35/81

27

nn ngi bn c xem l khng c iu kin bit hoc suy on nhu cu

chnh xc ca ngi mua. Do y ngi bn khng bxem l gy ra vi

phm cbn.

Mt vn khc c t ra khi p dng iu 35 khon 2 im a l liumc cht lng no mi c chp nhn. Nhiu nh nghin cu Cng c

cho rng iu 35 khon 2 im a c hiu hng ha c giao phi c cht

lng trung bnh xt trn mt bng cc hng ha cng m t. Ngoi ra, cng c

mt s kin cho rng hng ha c giao c thl hng ha p ng cc yu t

phm cht mc ti thiu min vn p ng mc ch sdng ca ngi mua.

Tuy nhin, ni chung ta n hay trng ti snh gi tnh ph hp vi mc ch

sdng ca hng cng loi da trn mong mun hoc hiu bit ca mt ngi

thng thng a vngi mua i vi cng nng ca loi hng . Theo ,

nu cht lng hng ha c giao hon ton khc xa vi mc cht lng m

ngi mua mong mun v do lm mt i nhng li ch m ngi mua chi

theo iu 25 CISG, ngi bn c thbxem l gy ra vi phm cbn.

Mt tranh chp lin quan n vn tng pht sinh gia ngi bn H

Lan v ngi mua o vmt hng c ng lnh.14Sau khi xem xt mu do bn

H Lan cung cp, ngi mua k hp ng v giao hng cho ngi sdng

Latvia. Tuy nhin, ngi sdng pht hin c thuc ma nh bt nm trc

v Latvia c quy nh cm nhp c nh bt trn 6 thng nn ngi sdng

trli ton bshng cho ngi mua. Trong trng hp ny, ngi bn bkt

lun vi phm ngha vgiao hng ph hp theo iu 35 khon 2 im a. Mc

d th trng H Lan vn tn ti c ng lnh tma nh bt nm trc ln

nm nay, cquan gii quyt tranh chp y l ta n o lp lun rng ivi mt ngi mua hoc ngi sdng thng thng c ng lnh thng c

hiu l c thuc ma nh bt ngay trong nm . Do , nu bqua cc tnh tit

khc, ngi bn bxem gy ra vi phm cbn dn n ngi mua c thp dng

chti hy hp ng.

14Tranh chp s447 (20030227) tihttp://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/wais/db/cases2/030227a3.html


36/81

28

Trng hp hng ha khng ph hp vi bt cmc ch sdng cth

no m ngi bn c bit mt cch r rng hay ng vo thi im giao

kt hp ng theo iu 35 khon 2 im b

Tiu ch ti im b khon 2 iu 35 thng c p dng trong cc trnghp: hng ha c bit, c o v khng phbin trn thtrng; hng ha m

ngi mua thng thng khng c hiu bit hoc khng c cung cp r rng

cc tiu ch vphm cht, m t Tuy nhin ngi bn phi c ngi mua

thhin mt cch r rng hoc ng v nh sdng loi hng ha v do

hng c chn l da trn shiu bit hoc phn on mt cch hp l ca

ngi mua. V d: i vi cc hng ha c thit kring, cu to phc tp, hm

lng khoa hc kthut cao Trong trng hp ngi bn bit n mc ch

s dng c th ca ngi mua v c ngi mua tin tng cung cp hng,

ngi bn sb coi l gy ra vi phm nu giao hng khng ph hp. Nu tnh

cht vi phm nghim trng, vi phm sbxem l vi phm cbn v hp

ng c thsbhy.

V dnhtranh chp din ra gia ngi mua Thy Sv ngi bn

vhp ng mua bn b tr chi dnh cho trem lp t trong cng vin gii

tr.15B tr chi c dnh s cho bn thba thu. Su ngy sau khi hng

c giao, ngi mua tuyn bhy hp ng v hai l do: thnht, slng v

lp rp cc tr chi khng ging nhtha thun trong hp ng; thhai, hng c

du hiu khng m bo an ton (khng c giy chng nhn an ton, c b

long)

Trong trng hp ny, sau khi tin hnh gim nh, c quan gii quyt

tranh chp y l mt ta n Thy S kt lun: thnht, hng ha cgiao khng ph hp vi tha thun trong hp ng (theo iu 35 khon 2 im

a); thhai, hng ha c giao khng m bo an ton do dn n khng m

bo ph hp vi mc ch sdng cthca ngi mua (theo iu 35 khon 2

im b). Kt lun theo im b c gii thch bi v hng ha c tiu dng v

mc ch thng mi v c sdng ti ni cng cng, tnh m bo an ton

15Tranh chp sOA.2000.459 (20070419) tihttp://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/wais/db/cases2/070419s1.html


37/81

29

c xem l mt tha thun ngm hiu ca hai bn vcht lng. V bn cnh

, btr chi lp t trong cng vin gii tr ca ngi bn cng khng p ng

cc quy nh php lut vm bo an ton ca nc ngi mua16. Chnh vi phm

lin quan n tnh an ton ca tr chi ny khin cho ngi mua khng ththc hin c mc ch thng mi ca mnh - y l thu li nhun tvic

cho bn thba thu. Tnh trng ny khin ngi mua mt i mt cch ng k

cc li ch m hmong mun thu c trn cshp ng. Do , vi phm ca

ngi bn c kt lun l vi phm cbn v ngi mua c quyn hy hp

ng.

Slin quan gia im a v im b ca khon 2 iu 35 Cng c Vin

iu 35 khon 2 im b c xem l mt smrng so vi im a trong

vic bo vnhng li ch m ngi mua nhn c tvic giao kt v thc hin

hp ng. CISG gii thch rng mc d hng ha vn thch hp cho mc ch ca

cc loi hng ha thng dng, hng ha vn c khnng khng ph hp vi

mc ch s dng c th ca ngi mua. Do , khi xem xt vi phm, ta n

hoc trng ti thng u tin p dng im b (ph hp vi mc ch sdng c

th) so vi im a (ph hp vi mc ch sdng ca hng cng loi). V d:

Mt ngi mua mun mua thc n cho mt loi ch cnh qu him v kn n.

Ngi mua tin tng nh ngi bn cung cp loi thc n ph hp. Tuy

nhin, loi thc n ngi bn giao li gy hi cho loi ch mc d loi thc n

ny c dng bnh thng cho hu ht nhng loi ch cnh khc. Nu p dng

khon a, ngi bn skhng bxem l gy ra vi phm v do khng phi chu

bt ctrch nhim no. Tuy nhin, bi v ngi mua tin tng vo khnng

v hiu bit ca ngi bn trong vic cung cp loi thc n ph hp, do ngibn b giao hng khng ph hp theo im b khon 2 iu 35.

S lin quan gia tnh ph hp iu 35 khon 2 im a, b v iu 35

khon 1

iu 35 khon 2 ni chung v im a,b ni ring thng c dng trong

trng hp khi hp ng khng c quy nh r rng v phm cht, m t hay

16Lut lin bang vm bo an ton trong lp t v thit bkthut ca Thy S(Federal Law of 19 March 1976 on the safety of technical installations and equipments)


38/81

30

ng gi, bo qun hng ha. Tuy nhin, cng c trng hp hng ha c giao

p ng cc tiu ch vmc ch sdng theo khon 2 im a,b nhng khng

ph hp vi quy cch hoc m ttrong hp ng theo khon 1. y, hng ha

c hiu l hng thay thkhc chng loi (aliud). Vy th liu ngi bn c bxem l vi phm ngha v giao hng ng m t trong hp ng khng? Vi

trng hp ny, CISG thin vquan im d cung cp hay c khnng cung cp

hng thay thnhng khc chng loi, ngi bn vn bxem l vi phm ngha v

hoc khng khnng thc hin ngha v[Nagy 2007, trang 12, on 2]

2.1.1.4. Hng ho khng c cc tnh cht ca hng mu

iu 35 khon 2 im c Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng hng ha

mua bn quc tquy nh:Trnhng trng hp cc bn c tha thun khc,

hng ha b coi l khng ph hp vi hp ng nu: Hng khng c cc tnh

cht ca hng mu m ngi bn cung cp cho ngi mua.Ngi bn sb

xem l vi phm nu giao hng khng c cc tnh cht ca hng mu m ngi

bn cung cp cho ngi mua trc . Trong trng hp hng ha c giao

khc bit ng kvi hng mu v gy ra thit hi nghim trng cho ngi mua,

ngi bn bxem l gy ra vi phm cbn v do ngi mua c quyn hy

hp ng.

Mt trong nhng n lin hnh trong trng hp ny l tranh chp gia

cng ty Rotorex ca Mv cng ty Delchi ca vhp ng mua bn my nn

kh.17 Nhng my ny sc s dng sn xut my iu ha khng kh.

Trc khi thc hin hp ng, ngi bn Rotorex gi cho ngi mua Delchi

mt my nn mu km theo mt bn thng sk thut. Tuy vy, sau khi hng

c giao, ngi mua pht hin 93% my nn kh c khnng lm lnh thp hnv tiu thnng lng nhiu hn so vi mu v so vi thng sk thut. Sau

nhng n lc khng thnh cng ca ngi mua khc phc cc li k thut

ny, ngi mua yu cu ngi bn giao hng thay th. Ngi bn tchi. Ngi

mua tuyn bhy hp ng v i ngi bn bi thng thit hi.

17Tranh chp s88-CV-1078 19940909 xem tihttp://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/wais/db/cases2/940909u1.html


39/81

31

Ta n xc nh hnh ng hy hp ng ca ngi mua l hp l.

y, my nn kh khng ph hp vi quy cch do cng sut lm mt thp v tiu

thnhiu nng lng. M cng sut lm mt v khnng tiu thnng lng l

nhng yu t c bn to nn gi tr ca mt chic my nn kh. Vi phm nykhin cho ngi mua khng thc hin c mc ch ca mnh l sn xut ra

nhng chic iu ho t tiu chun, tiu thc trn th trng. Do n

c coi l mt vi phm cbn theo iu 25 CISG (theo Nguyn Minh Hng

2010). y, ngi mua c quyn hy hp ng theo iu 49.

Mt vn t ra l nu hng ha c cc tnh cht ca hng mu (iu 35

khon 2 im a) nhng khng thch hp cho cc mc ch sdng thng thng

m cc hng ha cng loi vn thng p ng (iu 35 khon 2 im c) th s

xl thno? Cung cp hng mu c xem l mt tha thun vcch m t,

nhn din hng ha v c ngha phn nh cht lng cng nhmc ch s

dng thng thng ca hng ha. Tuy nhin khng phi bao gisphn nh

cng chnh xc v ph hp vi mong mun ca ngi mua. Nu ngi mua vn

tin hnh giao kt hp ng bt chp vic nhn thc c skhng tng ng

hng mu v cht lng cng nhmc ch sdng thng thng ca hng ha,

ngi bn skhng bxem l gy ra vi phm (theo im c). Ngc li, nu ngi

mua khng c khnng nhn thc c skhng tng ng , ngi bn s

phi chu trch nhim vi skhng ph hp ca hng ha (theo im a). Quay

li n lvmt hng c ng lnh phn 2.1.1.3, chi tit c thuc ma nh bt

nm trc khng c ngi bn tit l cho ngi mua. Do , mc d c

ng lnh c giao p ng tiu ch l c cc tnh cht ca hng mu, ta n

da trn skhng ph hp vi mc ch sdng thng thng theo iu 35khon 2 im b v kt lun ngi bn gy ra vi phm.

2.1.2. Trng hp khng thkhi phc tnh ph hp ca hng ha

trong khong thi gian m ngi mua gia hn thm hoc thi hn m

ngi bn yu cu ngi mua gia hn thm.

Tnh ph hp ca hng ha c thc khi phc bng cch sa cha cc

h tn, khim khuyt hoc giao hng thay th. Cc bin php khi phc ny

khng lm mt i cc quyn khc ca ngi mua nhpht bi thng thit hi


40/81

32

v chc p dng nu khng gy ra cc chi ph hay chm trv l cho cc

bn.

Cc bin php khi phc ny c tin hnh trong mt thi hn m ngi

bn c ngi mua gia hn thm theo iu 47 khon 1. CISG c quy nh vitng bin php nhsau:

- Quyn ca ngi mua: iu 46 khon 2, 3 cho php ngi mua yu cu

ngi bn phi loi tr s khng ph hp (sa cha khim khuyt) hoc giao

hng thay thnu skhng ph hp to thnh mt svi phm cbn hp

ng. Vic yu cu sa cha hay thay thphi c gi i cng mt lc vi vic

thng bo skhng ph hp chiu theo iu 39 hoc trong mt thi hn hp l

sau .

- Quyn ca ngi bn: iu 48 a ra bin php loi tr cc thiu st

trong thc hin ngha v(bao gm cvic khi phc tnh ph hp ca hng ha)

nhmt quyn ca ngi bn. Tuy nhin, quyn ny chc p dng khi ngi

mua ng .

1. Vi iu kin tun thquy nh ca iu 49, ngi bn c th, ngay c

sau khi ht thi hn giao hng, loi trmi thiu st trong vic thc hin ngha

vca mnh, ph tn do ngi bn chu, vi iu kin l iu khng ko theo

mt schm trv l v khng gy ra cho ngi mua nhng trngi phi l hay

skhng chc chn vvic ngi bn hon trcc ph tn m ngi mua gnh

chu. Tuy nhin, ngi mua vn c quyn i bi thng thit hi chiu theo

Cng c ny.

2. Nu ngi bn yu cu ngi mua cho bit l ngi mua c chp nhn

vic loi trthiu st ni trn ca ngi bn hay khng v nu ngi mua khngp ng yu cu ny ca ngi bn trong mt thi hn hp l, th ngi bn c

thloi trthiu st trong phm vi thi hn m ngi bn ghi trong n

yu cu. Ngi mua khng th, trc khi ht thi hn y, sdng bt cbin

php bo hphp l no khng thch hp cho vic thi hnh ngha vca ngi

bn.

ng thi, iu 51 khon 1 cng cho php ngi bn giao hng thay th

trong trng hp mt phn hng ha khng ph hp vi hp ng.


41/81

33

1. Nu ngi bn chgiao mt phn hng ha hoc nu chmt phn

hng ha giao ph hp vi hp ng th cc iu 46 n 50 sc p dng

i vi phn hng ha thiu hoc phn hng khng ph hp vi hp ng.

2. Ngi mua chc tuyn bhy bton bhp ng, nu vic khngthc hin hp ng hoc mt phn hng giao khng ph hp vi hp ng cu

thnh mt svi phm cbn hp ng.

Cn lu , CISG quy nh khi phn hng khng ph hp cu thnh mt vi

phm cbn th ngi mua c php la chn gia tuyn bhy (theo iu 51

khon 1) hoc yu cu giao hng thay th(theo iu 46 khon 2, 3).

Mc d CISG cho php thc hin cc bin php khi phc tnh ph hp

ca hng ha. Tuy nhin trn thc t, c thngi bn hon ton khng kh

nng khi phc sph hp hng ha hoc nu khi phc sgy ra nhng ph tn

v l hoc schm trkhng ng c cho cc bn. Do , khng phi bao gi

ngi bn cng m bo giao hng ph hp vi hp ng trong thi hn gia hn

thm ti iu 47. Trong trng hp ny, ngi bn sbxem l gy ra vi phm

c bn v ngi mua c php p dng ch ti hy hp ng theo iu 49

khon 1, iu 51 khon 2 v trong mt thi hn hp l theo iu 49 khon 2 im

b(ii) v (iii).18

Hy xt tranh chp sau thy r hn vic p dng hy hp ng do

ngi mua khng khnng thc hin cc bin php khi phc tnh ph hp

ca hng ha: Mt ngi bn c v ngi mua tin hnh mua bn phn mm.19

Tuy nhin, CD-Rom m ngi bn cung cp khng c y cc m un s

dng phn mm. Ngi mua khiu ni vskhng ph hp ca hng ha vi

ngi bn. Tuy nhin ngi bn vn khng thcung cp c cc m un cnthit bi v ngi mua chcn mt loi m un c bit sdng phn mm

ny ti o v loi m un ny vn cha c to ra. Ta n kt lun ngi

bn c gy ra vi phm cbn do ngi bn khng khnng khi phc tnh

ph hp ca hng ha dn n lm mt i nhng li ch m ngi mua mong

18Xem gii thch vthi hn thng bo hy hp ng ti mc 2.2.2 kha lun ny

19Xem tranh chp s5 Ob 45/05m (20050621) tihttp://www.unilex.info/case.cfm?pid=1&do=case&id=1047&step=Abstract


42/81

34

mun c c. Do , trong trng hp ny, ngi mua c p dng quyn hy

hp ng theo iu 49 khon 1.

2.2. Mt sgii hn vquyn huhp ng ca ngi mua do hng ho

khng ph hp vi hp ngKhi nghi nghng ha c du hiu khng ph hp, ngi mua phi tin

hnh cc bin php kp thi xc nh xem ngi bn c gy ra vi phm khng

v dn n ngi mua c quyn p dng cc bin php theo iu 45, trong

c chti hy hp ng. Theo , Cng c Vin nm 1980 quy nh vtrch

nhim ca ngi mua khi pht hin hng ha c du hiu khng ph hp vi hp

ng. Khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng kp thi cc trch nhim ny sdn

n vic ngi mua bmt quyn hy hp ng.

2.2.1. Trng hp ngi mua khng khiu ni hoc khng kp thi

khiu ni vskhng ph hp ca hng ha.

Khi pht hin ra hng ha khng ph hp, ngi mua phi tin hnh thng

bo hay khiu ni vskhng ph hp ca hp ng n ngi bn. Vic khiu

ni kp thi s tr thnh csngi mua sdng cc quyn ca mnh theo

iu 45 Cng c. Tuy nhin, khiu ni hp l v hp php, ngi mua phi

m bo cskhiu ni l bin bn gim nh chng nhn hng ha khng ph

hp, cung cp y nhng chi tit v s khng ph hp ca hng cng nh

nhng yu cu khc ng cch v kp thi. Nu khng m bo c cskhiu

ni, ni dung v hnh thc khiu ni cng nhthi hn khiu ni, ngi mua s

mt i quyn hy hp ng ca mnh trong trng hp hng ha khng ph hp

cu thnh mt vi phm cbn.

2.2.1.1. Cskhiu ni bin bn gim nh cht lng hng haTrc ht, vic kim tra hng ha phi c thc hin ng cch thc v

m bo tnh khch quan.

Nhvy, vn thnht cn cn ch trng y l cch thc kim tra.

Cch thc kim tra hng ha phthuc vo nhiu yu tnhloi hng, slng,

tnh trng bao gi Trng hp bin bn gim nh c lp bi mt bn khng

trnh chuyn mn hoc kthut, csvt cht tin hnh cc bin php

kim tra thch hp vi hng, bin bn gim nh smt i tnh chnh xc v do


43/81

35

khng th tr thnh cshp php ngi mua tin hnh khiu ni hoc

bng chng c quan gii quyt tranh chp xc nh tnh ph hp ca hng

ha.

Xt tranh chp din ra gia ngi bn c trs v ngi mua c trsH Lan vhp ng mua bn pho mt.20Mt thi gian ngn sau khi hng

c giao, ngi mua gi khiu ni cho ngi bn vskhng ph hp ca ph

mt vi hp ng. Tuy nhin, ngi mua khng chdn thm vni dung khim

khuyt cthy l pho mt bnhim khun. Ngi bn yu cu ngi mua

thanh ton tin hng cn ngi mua H Lan yu cu phi gim tin hng do hng

khng ph hp vi hp ng. Cquan gii quyt tranh chp l mt ta n ca H

Lan pht hin ngi mua chkim tra cht lng ph mt bng cch kho st

bng mt thng. Ta n cho rng l do hng c giao trng thi ng lnh l

khng c s cho vic ngi mua khng thc hin cc kim tra chuyn su

hn. V ng l ngi mua phi thc hin r ng mt vi mu tin hnh

kim tra. ng thi, ngi mua khng chng minh c ngi bn bit hoc

khng thkhng bit n vic pho mt bnhim khun vo lc ng lnh ph

mt. Do , yu cu ca ngi mua bbc bv ngi mua phi thc hin thanh

ton y cho ngi bn.

Ngoi ra bin bn gim nh cng phi m bo tnh khch quan. Trong

trng hp nu bin bn gim nh c du hiu khng khch quan trong nh gi

ca bn gim nh, bin bn gim nh kh tr thnh c sngi mua tin

hnh khiu ni v c bit l bng chng ng tin cy cquan gii quyt tranh

chp xc nh hng ha c ph hp hay khng. Do c yu t ch ca con ngi,

vic chng minh skhng khch quan ca bin bn gim nh kh khn hn sovi chng minh cch thc kim tra khng ph hp.

Thhai, vic kim tra cht lng hng ha phi c tin hnh trong mt

thi hn hp l. iu 38 khon 1 Cng c Vin nm 1980 quy nh: Ngi

mua phi kim tra hng ha hoc bo m c skim tra hng ha trong mt

thi hn ngn nht m thc tc thlm c tu tnh hung c th. Nh

20Tranh chp s900336 (19911219) xem tihttp://www.unilex.info/case.cfm?pid=1&do=case&id=34&step=Abstract


44/81

36

gii thch ti mc 1.3.4.1, vic kim tra cht lng phi thc hin trong mt thi

hn ph hp y c hiu l thi hn hp l v khng chm trtrnh vic

hng ha bhhi, tn tht sau khi hng c giao, hoc ti thi im sm nht

ngi mua c kh nng tip cn c vi hng thc hin gim nh chtlng. Theo , Cng c Vin quy nh cc thi im c xem l thi im

hp l ngi mua tin hnh kim tra: ngay khi nhn c hng i vi hp

ng c chuyn ch (vic chuyn ch do bn th ba tin hnh)21; ngay ti a

im n mi sau khi hng bi trong qu trnh vn chuyn (redirection) hoc

hng c ngi mua gi i tip (redispatch) trong trng hp ngi mua khng

c khnng kim tra v ngi bn bit hoc c thlng trc c sthay

thi .22 Do , i vi nhng hng ha c hn s dng ngn v d b nh

hng bi cc yu t l ha bn ngoi nh lng thc, thc phm, nu ngi

mua khng tin hnh kim tra cht lng hng ha trong mt thi hn hp l,

bin bn gim nh ca ngi mua skh c thtrthnh cn cngi bn

khiu ni hoc cquan gii quyt tranh chp xc nh sph hp ca hng ha.

Xt tranh chp din ra gia ngi mua c v ngi bn Php v hp

ng mua bn cnh ca. Ca c sn xut hng lot. Hai thng sau khi chuyn

hng cui cng c giao, ngi mua khiu ni vi ngi bn vvic hng c

khim khuyt. Tuy nhin ngi bn khng chp nhn v cho rng qu thi hn

khiu ni. Sau , ngi bn khi kin ngi mua v khng thanh ton tin

hng.

Cquan gii quyt tranh chp l mt ta n ca c pht hin ngi

mua tin hnh vic kim tra phm cht hng ha qu mun. Ta n gii thch

rng mc d ngi mua bn li sca, ngi mua vn khng c min khitrch nhim kim tra cht lng ca trphi ngi mua l mt trung gian thun

ty hoc hng c giao thng cho ngi tiu dng cui cng. Do ngi bn

khng thbit trc hoc suy on c ngi mua sbn li shng , ngi

mua khng c min tr trch nhim theo iu 38 khon 3 Cng c Vin.

Ngoi ra, vic ca c bc li khng thl l do khin ngi mua khng thc

21iu 38 khon 2 Cng c Vin22iu 38 khon 3 Cng c Vin


45/81

37

hin vic gim nh cht lng hng ha. Chcn mmt sca mu l ngi

mua c thxc nh c vic hng ha c bli do vic sn xut hay khng. Do

, vic tin hnh gim nh bxem l qu thi gian hp l v v vy ko theo

vic khiu ni qu mun dn n ngi mua bmt i quyn hy hp ng theoiu 49 khon 1.

2.2.1.2. Hnh thc v ni dung khiu ni

Tuy rng Cng c Vin nm 1980 vhp ng mua bn hng ha quc

t khng quy nh c thngi mua phi thng bo v s khng ph hp ca

hng ha thng qua phng tin no, bao gm nhng ni dung g. Tuy nhin,

nhiu nh nghin cu cng nhcquan gii quyt tranh chp a ra nhng lu

quan trng cho ngi mua vvic khiu ni.

Vhnh thc khiu ni, iu 27 CISG quy nh: Trphi trong Phn II

ca Cng c ny c quy nh g khc, trong trng hp mt thng bo, mt yu

cu hay mt thng tin khc c gi bi mt bn ca hp ng chiu theo

Cng c ny v bng mt phng tin thch hp vi hon cnh, th mt s

chm tr hoc lm ln trong vic chuyn giao thng tin hoc vic thng tin

khng n ngi nhn cng skhng lm bn mt quyn vin dn cc thng

tin ca mnh. Do , khiu ni ca ngi mua sc bo n ngi mua bng

bt c phng tin no thch hp vi hon cnh, c th l vn bn hoc bng

ming. Cc hc givCISG cho rng ti thiu phng tin phi l phng

tin m cc bn giao dch u sdng. ng thi, ngi mua phi m bo ch

dn c chnh xc ngy thng v ngi m mnh lin lc. Trong v tranh

chp vhp ng mua bn giy23, ta n cho rng, khiu ni qua in thoi ch

c chp nhn nu ngi mua chng minh c mnh lin lc vi ai vo lcno v khiu ni nhng ni dung g Bn cnh , ngi bn v ngi mua c

thttha thun vhnh thc khiu ni.

Vni dung khiu ni, mt khiu ni y phi nu c cc chi tit

lin quan khim khuyt nh tn, bn cht. Trong trng hp ngi mua khng

xc nh c y l loi khim khuyt g, ti thiu ngi mua cng phi m t

23Tranh chp s3/13 O 3/94 (19940713) tihttp://www.unilex.info/case.cfm?pid=1&do=case&id=49&step=Abstract


46/81

38

c cc c im m khim khuyt thhin ra bn ngoi (symptoms). Ngi

mua nn sdng bin bn gim nh nhmt bng chng chng t s khng

ph hp ca hng. Bn cnh vic ch r khim khuyt, cc chuyn gia CISG

cng cho rng ngi bn nn chng a ra cc bin php c th x lkhim khuyt nhyu cu sa cha, yu cu giao hng thay th... Cc ni

dung trn khng c nu cthr rng slm mt i tnh hp l cho khiu ni,

ng thi kh trthnh mt bng chng chnh xc v ng tin cy gp phn

bo vquyn ca ngi bn theo iu 45. Quay li tranh chp vhp ng mua

bn pho mt ti mc 2.2.1.124, ni dung ca khiu ni khng r rng v cth

tr thnh du hiu u tin thhin ngi mua khng thc hin ngha vkim

tra cht lng hng ha v do dn n nhng bt li ca ngi mua khi phn

quyt c ban hnh.

2.2.1.3. Thi hn khiu ni

Cng c Vin nm 1980 quy nh hai trng hp khin ngi bn mt

quyn khiu ni ti iu 39:

1. Ngi mua bmt quyn khiu ni v vic hng ha khng ph hp

hp ng nu ngi mua khng thng bo cho ngi bn vskhng ph hp

trong mt thi hn hp l ktlc ngi mua pht hin hoc ng lra

phi pht hin ra skhng ph hp.

2. Trong mi trng hp, ngi mua bmt quyn khiu ni vvic hng

khng ph hp vi hp ng nu hkhng thng bo cho ngi bn bit vvic

chm nht trong thi hn 2 nm k tngy hng ha thc sc giao

cho ngi mua trphi thi hn ny tri ngc vi thi hn bo hnh quy nh

trong hp ng. trng hp ti khon 1, thi hn khiu ni c tnh bt u t lc

ngi mua pht hin ra hoc ng lphi pht hin c skhng ph hp.

Thi hn ra ti khon ny c slin quan mt thit ti thi hn kim tra cht

lng hng ha c quy nh ti iu 38 CISG. Theo tinh thn Cng c, vic

kim tra cht lng hay cha khng c tnh quyt nh vquyn khiu ni ca

24 Xem li tranh chp vPh mt ti mc 2.2.1.1, trang 39


47/81

39

ngi mua nhng l cscho vic tnh ton thi hn khiu ni. Thi hn khiu

ni c xc nh da trn thi im bt u v di ca thi hn.

Vthi im bt u tnh thi hn, c hai trng hp nhsau: Thnht,

nu hng ha biu hin khim khuyt ngay ti thi im giao hng, thi hnkhiu ni sc tnh tthi im ng lngi mua phi thc hin vic kim

tra cht lng hng ha nu ngi mua tin hnh mun hoc khng tin hnh;

nu ngi mua tin hnh kim tra cht lng trong mt hp l, thi hn khiu

ni sc tnh tthi im . Thhai, khim khuyt ca hng ha l li n t

hoc khng thc pht hin qua vic kim tra cht lng nhti iu 38, thi

hn khiu ni sc bt u tthi im ng lngi bn phi pht hin ra

khim khuyt ( v d: sau mt thi gian lu kho, sdng)

Vdi thi hn, cc chuyn gia cng nhcquan gii quyt tranh chp

u ng rng di ny phthuc vo nhiu yu tnhc im hng ha

(hng tiu ththeo ma, hng ha dhng), mc ch ca ngi mua i vi

hng v khnng ngi bn bit c mc ch . Theo , vi tng vvic th

s c mt di thi hn khiu ni ring. V d tranh chp lin quan n hp

ng mua bn phn mm in n gia ngi bn c v ngi mua o25, cquan

gii quyt tranh chp l mt ta n ca c cho rng thi hn hp l khiu ni

vskhng ph hp ca hng ha l mt ngy sau khi nhn c hng (do li

phn mm c thpht hin c ngay khi mi ci t v sdng) Nhiu ta n

hoc trng ti thng s dng thi hn trung bnh l 1 thng lm thi hn

khiu ni. Trong mt tranh chp khc lin quan n my sn xut giy26, ta n

li cho rng vic khiu ni tin hnh trong vng 1 thng tsau khi kim tra cht

lng my l hp l v do ngi mua khng bmt i cc quyn yu cu camnh. Trong mt tranh chp khc cng lin quan n my mc27, ngi mua

25Tranh chp s2 Ob 48/02a (20030227 ) tihttp://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/wais/db/cases2/961204g1.html26Tranh chp sVIII ZR 287/98 (19991103) tihttp://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/wais/db/cases2/991103g1.html

27Tranh chp s5 U 195/94 (19950821) tihttp://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/wais/db/cases2/950821g1.html


48/81

40

vt qua thi hn 1 thng v dn n khng thc hin c cc quyn ti iu

45.

Xt trng hp tip theo ti khon 2 iu 39, khon ny thng c p

dng cho cc khim khuyt tim n chpht sinh sau mt thi gian di c sdng. Bn cnh , khon 2 iu 39 cng c ngha nhmt sbo vngi

bn trc cc khiu ni gi n qu lu ktngy hng c giao. Thi hn ny

c tnh tngy ngi bn thc snhn c hng. Trong trng hp a im

nhn hng b thay i nhiu 38 khon 3, thi hn sc bt u t ngy

hng n a im mi.

Gii hn thi hn khiu ni ph thuc vo thi hn bo m trong hp

ng cng nhphp lut ca tng nc, c bit l nhng nc tham gia Cng

c ca Lin hip quc vthi hiu trong mua bn hng ha quc tnm 197428.

Theo , nu thi hn 2 nm c thbrt ngn hoc ko di ty theo quy nh

ca hp ng hoc php lut tng nc.Thi hn khiu ni ti khon 2 sc

p dng nu trong hp ng khng nhc g n thi hn bo m (guaranty

period CISG trnh sdng tbo hnh warranty) v thi hn 2 nm ny

khng phi l gii hn thi hn khiu ni.

2.2.2. Trng hp ngi mua mt quyn huhp ng do khng

thng bo kp thi.

Ngoi vic p ng cc iu kin ni dung nh phn tch ti 2.1, ngi

mua cn phi m bo mnh thng bo hy hp ng trong mt thi hn hp

l. Cng c a ra mt thi hn chung cho nhng trng hp hy hp ng

m khng phi do giao hng chm iu 49 khon 2 im b. Theo , thi hn

thng bo hy hp ng trng hp hng ha khng ph hp cng p dng theoquy nh ny. CISG a ra cc thi hn nhsau:

2. Tuy nhin trong trng hp nu ngi bn giao hng th ngi mua

smt quyn hy hp ng nu ngi mua khng tuyn bhy hp ng:

28Ting Anh l Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods.

Cng c c k kt vo thng 6 nm 1974 v sa i vo nm 1980 ph hp viCISG.


49/81

41

b. i vi cc trng hp vi phm khc trng hp giao hng chm tr,

trong mt thi hn hp l:

i. Ktlc ngi mua bit hay ng lphi bit vsvi phm ;

ii. Sau khi ht mi thi hn m ngi mua gia hn thm cho ngibn chiu theo khon 1 iu 47 hoc sau khi ngi bn tuyn brng hs

khng thc hin ngha v ca mnh trong thi hn c gia hn thm ;

hoc

iii. Sau khi ht mi thi hn bsung m ngi bn yu cu chiu

theo khon 2 iu 48 hay sau khi ngi mua tuyn bl hkhng chp nhn

cho ngi bn thc hin ngha v.

im b(i) ch ra rng ngi mua phi tuyn b k t lc ngi mua

bit hay ng lphi bit vsvi phm . Trong trng hp vi phm l v

tnh ph hp ca hng ha, phi phn bit gia thi hn hy hp ng v thi

hn khiu ni theo iu 39 ca hng ha. Theo , thi hn khiu ni ti iu 39

khon 1 bt u tkhi ngi bn pht hin ra hoc ng lpht hin ra khim

khuyt ca hng ha. V thi hn thng bo hy hp ng theo iu 49 khon 2

im b(i) c tnh tthi im m skhng ph hp ca hng ha nghim

trng n mc cu thnh mt vi phm cbn hoc khng thkhi phc c.

ng thi, im b(ii) v (iii) chra rng ngi mua c quyn tuyn b

hy hp ng trong trng hp ngi bn khng c khnng khi phc tnh ph

hp ca hng ha trong thi hn m ngi mua gia hn thm (theo khon 1 iu

47) hoc thi hn m ngi bn yu cu ngi mua gia hn thm (theo iu 48);

hoc vic khi phc gy ra nhng ph tn hoc chm trkhng ng c cho

cc bn. Thi hn ny thng c bt u tlc thi hn gia hn thm ca ccbin php sa cha chm dt.

Cng nhcc quy nh khc, thi hn thng bo hy hp ng ti iu

49 khon 2 im b c xc nh ty vo tng v vic c th. Trong mt v

tranh chp lin quan n hp ng mua bn my mc phc vcng nghip ti

chti nha gia ngi mua Ecuado v ngi bn Italy.29Sau khi pht hin c

29Tranh chp ngy 13/12/2011 tihttp://www.unilex.info/case.cfm?pid=1&do=case&id=927&step=Abstract


50/81

42

my c khim khuyt, ngi mua yu cu ngi bn sa cha. Sau mt vi

ln sa cha, my vn khng th s dng c. 5 tun sau ln sa cha cui

cng, ngi mua tuyn b hy hp ng. Ta n cho rng vic ngi mua

tuyn bhy hp ng sau 5 tun ktngy sa cha my cui cng l vn nmtrong thi hn ph hp theo iu 49 khon 2 im b(ii). Do , ngi mua c

p dng chti hy hp ng cng cc bin php lin quan.

Tuy nhin, trong mt tranh chp khc gia ngi bn H Lan v ngi

mua c vhp ng mua bn chn dt acrylic.30Sau khi hng c giao, ngi

mua pht hin thiu mt 5 cun chn v bo vi ngi bn nhng khng thng

bo c th l loi chn kiu no. Do , ngi bn giao nhm thm 5 cun

chn loi khc. 8 tun sau , ngi bn tuyn bhy hp ng mc d ngi

bn nghgiao li hng ph hp. Trong trng hp ny, cquan gii quyt

tranh chp l ta n ca c cho rng ngi bn mt quyn tuyn bhy hp

ng theo iu 49 khon 2 im b(i). Ta n gii thch rng, thi gian 8 tun thc

hin cc hnh ng hp l i n quyt nh hy hp ng (xem xt, thng

lng gia 2 bn, xin tvn php l) l qu di. V bn cnh , ngi bn

nghc giao hng thay th. Do vy, ngi mua bmt quyn hy hp ng.

2.2.3. Khnng ngi bn gim gi hng hoc sa cha hng ho

hoc giao hng thay th

Chti hy hp ng c xem l bin php p dng cui cng trong mi

trng hp vi phm kcvi phm vgiao hng khng ph hp vi hp ng.

Do , trc khi quyt nh xem ngi mua c quyn p dng chti hy hp

ng hay khng, ta n v trng ti vn thng u tin xem xt cc bin php c

tnh phc hi khc. Cc bin php ny thc cht l vic bt buc ngi bn honthnh cc ngha v. Mc ch ca nhng bin php ny l m bo hp ng vn

c thc hin trn csmt i mt schi ph chi nht nh. Cc bin php

ny bao gm: khi phc tnh ph hp ca hng ha v gim gi hng.

2.2.3.1. Bin php khi phc tnh ph hp ca hng ha

30Tranh chp s2 U 31/96 (19970131) tihttp://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/wais/db/cases2/970131g1.html


51/81

43

L bin php mang tnh phnh chti hy hp ng, nu tnh ph hp

ca hng ha cn c thkhi phc m khng khin cc bn phi chu cc ph tn

hoc chm trkhng ng c, ngi mua smt i quyn p dng ch ti hy

hp ng. khc phc cc khim khuyt ngi bn c thsa cha phn hngha khng ph hp hoc giao hng thay th.

Nhmc 2.1.2 phn tch, cc bin php ny c CISG nu ra di

dng quyn ca cc bn. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, cc ni dung ny mang tnh

gnh nng cho c2 bn. Theo , trong trng hp pht hin hng ha khng

ph hp vi hp ng, ngi bn c thchng a ra li nghkhc phc

cc khim khuyt cng nhnghngi mua gia hn thm mt thi gian hp l

ngi bn thc hin cc bin php khc phc. Bn cnh , ngi mua cng

phi to chi cho ngi bn thc hin vic khi phc tnh ph hp cng nh

gia hn thm thi gian hp l ngi bn hon thnh ngha vca mnh.

Trn thc tc rt nhiu tranh chp m ngi mua bmt quyn hy

hp ng do cquan gii quyt tranh chp pht hin ra ngi mua khng to

iu kin cho ngi bn p dng cc bin php mang tnh phc hi. Xt tranh

chp vhp ng mua bn vi dt gia ngi mua v ngi bn c.31Sau

khi hng c giao, ngi mua khiu ni vi khng m bo tnh ph hp nh

tha thun. Vi khng slng v khng ng csn xut vy v o.

Ngi bn gi mu vi mi v hi thm thng tin vquy cch sn xut vy v

o. Tuy nhin ngi mua tchi khng cung cp thm thng tin. Theo , c

quan gii quyt tranh chp l ta n ca c cho rng ngi mua khng c

quyn hy hp ng theo iu 49 khon 2 im b(ii) v (iii). Ta n gii thch

rng ngi mua khng to iu kin cho ngi bn thc hin cc quyn tiiu 48 cng nhkhng gia hn thm thi gian ngi bn phc hi tnh ph

hp ca hng ha theo iu 47.

2.2.3.2. Khnng gim gi hng

Ngoi trhy hp ng, gim gi hng c xem l bin php cui cng

v chp dng khi ngi bn khng ththc hin c vic khi phc tnh ph

31Tranh chp s6 O 107/98 (19980924) tihttp://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/wais/db/cases2/980924g1.html

7/22/2019 BCH TH HNG GIAN

Documents

BẠCH THỊ HƯƠNG GIANG- A2QTKD-K47-LUẬT KINH DOANH QUỐC TẾ (1)