Upload
rafiekamaruddin299
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 1/53
What are Materials?
• That’s easy! Look around.• Our clothes are made of materials,
our homes are made of materials -mostly manufactured. Glasswindows, inyl sidin, metalsilerware, ceramic dishes"
• Most thins are made from manydi#erent kinds of materials.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 2/53
What are Materials?• Materials may be defned as substance
o which something is composed ormade.
• We obtain materials rom earth crust andatmosphere.
1-2
• Examples Silicon and Iron
constitute 27.72 and 5.00percentage o weight oearths crust respectiely.
!itrogen and "#ygen constitute 7$.0$ and20.%5 percentage o dryair by olume
respectiely.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 3/53
Materials $cience
• %e&ned as the study of the'ro'erties of solid materials and howthose 'ro'erties are determined (y amaterial’s com'osition and structure.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 4/53
)ro'erties are the way the material res'onds to theenironment and e*ternal forces.
Mechanical 'ro'erties + res'onse to mechanical forces,strenth, etc.
&lectrical and magnetic 'ro'erties - res'onse electrical and
manetic &elds, conductiity, etc.'hermal 'ro'erties are related to transmission of heat andheat ca'acity.
"ptical 'ro'erties include to a(sor'tion, transmission and
scatterin of liht.(hemical stability in contact with the enironment - corrosionresistance.
)roperties
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 5/53
Models Materials
Why study materials?• a''lied scientists or enineers must make material choices• materials selection
– in-serice 'erformance – deterioration – economics
T"really, eeryone makes material choices!aluminum lass 'lastic
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 6/53
Materials $cience and/nineerin
• 0n interdisci'linary study that com(inesmetallury, 'hysics, chemistry, andenineerin to sole real-world 'ro(lems
with real-world materials in an acce'ta(lesocietal and economical manner.• The oal of materials science is to ena(le
the scientist and enineer to desin,select, and use materials for s'eci&ca''lications and to deelo' new materialsfor future a''lications.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 7/53
MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
PHYSICAL MECHANICAL ELECTRO-
CHEMICAL
TECHNOLOGICAL
• Extractive• Casting• Metal Fr!ing• "el#ing• P$#er Metall%rg• Mac'ining
• Str%ct%re• P'sical
Pr(erties
$cience of Metallury
• )e*r!atin
+e'avi%r
• T'er!#na!ics• C'e!istr• Crrsin
T'e ,ra# scienti*ic an# tec'nlgical seg!ents * Materials Science are s'$n
in t'e #iagra! ,el$
T gain a c!(re'ensive %n#erstan#ing * !aterials science. all t'ese as(ects
'ave t ,e st%#ie#
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 8/53
1
• Subatomic leel
/lectronic structure of indiidual atomsthat de&nes interaction amon atoms
2interatomic (ondin3.
• *tomic leel
0rranement of atoms in materials 2for
the same atoms can hae di#erent'ro'erties, e.. two forms of car(on4ra'hite and diamond3
•
Microscopic structure0rranement of small rains of materialthat can (e identi&ed (y microsco'y.
•
Macroscopic structure$tructural elements that may (e iewed
Structure
Monarch butterfly~ 0.1 m
Annealing * a (l&cr&stalline grain str%ct%re
/) si!%latin %sing Mnte Carl Ptts !#el
/) si!%latins invlve 01.111 sites an# ta2es a #a& t r%n n a *ast
$r2statin. 3) si!%latins invlve 40 !illin sites. r%ns n 5111 (rcessrs * ASCI-Re#
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 9/53
5
+ength,scales
0nstrom 6 78 6 797:,:::,:::,::: meter 6 7:-7: m
;anometer 6 7: nm 6 797,:::,:::,::: meter 6 7:-5 m
Micrometer 6 7<m 6 797,:::,::: meter 6 7:-= m
Millimeter 6 7mm 6 797,::: meter 6 7:-> m
nteratomic distance @ a few 8
0 human hair is @ A: <m
/lonated (um's that make u' the data track on B% are@ :.A <m wide, minimum :.1> <m lon, and 7CA nm hih
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 10/53 The Materials Tetrahedron
A !aterials scientist 'as t cnsi#er *%r 6intert$ine#7 cnce(ts. $'ic' are sc'e!aticall s'$n as t'e
6Materials Tetra'e#rn7
"'en a certain (er*r!ance is ex(ecte# *r! a c!(nent t'e 6ex(ectatin7 is (%t *rt' as a set *
(r(erties T'e !aterial is snt'esi8e# an# *%rt'er !a#e int a c!(nent , a set * (rcessing !et'#s
9casting. *r!ing. $el#ing. ($#er !etall%rg etc:
T'e str%ct%re 9at vari%s lengt'scales: is #eter!ine# , t'is (rcessing
T'e str%ct%re in t%rn #eter!ines t'e (r(erties. $'ic' $ill #ictate t'e (er*r!ance * t'e
c!(nent
Hence eac' * t'ese as(ects is #e(en#ent n t'e t'ers
T'e Materials Tetra'e#rn
T'e ,ra# gal * Materials Science is t%n#erstan# an# 6engineer7 t'is tetra'e#rn
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 11/53
Models Materials
Materials $cience and/nineerin
structure
'ro'erties• material
characteristic• res'onse to e*ternal
stimulus• mechanical,
electrical, thermal,manetic, o'tical,deterioratie
'erformance• (ehaior in a
'articulara''lication
• arranement of internal com'onen• su(atomic• atomic• microsco'ic• macrosco'ic 2(ulk3
• method of're'arin
material
'rocessincharacteriDation
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 12/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 13/53
What do MS& students do
• They . . . .• Design and invent new materials foremerging applications
• Develop new processes for manufacturing
materials• Relate structure and properties to processing methods
• Work on teams to invent the future
• Develop their ideas from the nanoscale up!• They research, publish, travel, study abroad
• And so much more…
7>
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 14/53
Iistory of Materials
• Materials are so im'ortant in thedeelo'ment of ciiliDation
• /en our history has (een de&ned (y the
materials we use"• The stone ae• The (ronDe ae• The iron ae
• What would (e a ood material name fortoday?
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 15/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 16/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 17/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 18/53
Iistory of Materials
• Man has (een studyin materials since (eforeleain the cae.
• %ue to lack of communication, early man s'enthundreds of millennia e*'erimentin with stonetools.
• einnin of the Material $cience - )eo'le (eanto make tools from stone + $tart of the $tone 0ea(out two million years ao.
• ;atural materials4 stone, wood, clay, skins, etc.• The &rst metal tools a''eared 'erha's only si*
thousand years ao.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 19/53
Iistory of Materials
• The $tone 0e ended a(out A::: years ao withintroduction of ronDe in the Jar /ast.
• ronDe is an alloy 2a metal made u' of more thanone element3, co''er K CA of tin K other
elements.• ronDe4 can (e hammered or cast into a ariety
of sha'es, can (e made harder (y alloyin, corrodeonly slowly after a surface o*ide &lm forms.
• t was found that the 'ro'erties of a material could(e altered (y heat treatments and (y the additionof other su(stances 2alloyin in case of metals3.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 20/53
Iistory of Materials
• The ron 0e (ean a(out >::: years ao andcontinues today.
• se of iron and steel, a stroner and chea'er materialchaned drastically daily life of a common 'erson.
• The ne*t (i ste' was the discoery of a chea''rocess to make steel around 71A:, which ena(ledthe railroads and the (uildin of the moderninfrastructure of the industrial world.
• 0s our knowlede of materials rows, so does theso'histication of our tools.• The more so'histicated our tools, the more
so'histicated our accom'lishments.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 21/53
• 0e of 0danced materials4throuhout the ron 0e many newty'es of materials hae (een
introduced 2ceramic,semiconductors, 'olymers,com'osites"3.
• nderstandin of the relationshipamong structure/ properties/processing/ and perormance o
materials.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 22/53
CC
0 (etter understandin of structure-com'osition-'ro'erties relations haslead to a remarka(le 'roress in 'ro'erties of materials. /*am'le is thedramatic 'roress in the strenth to density ratio of materials, that resultedin a wide ariety of new 'roducts, from dental materials to tennis racHuets.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 23/53
The evolution of engineering materials with time ote the highly nonlinear scale"#rom $ # Ashby, Materials $election in Mechanical %esin, %nd ed, &utterworth'(einemann, )*ford, +-
WW
ncreasin demand ofnot only hih Huality
metallic alloys (ut non-metallic materials.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 24/53
.chematic illustration of theintegral relationship amongmaterials, the processing ofthose materials, andengineering design
)rocessing and SelectingMaterials
Materials/ esign and)rocessing are stronglyinter,related.
-or the successulselection o materials/ onehas to understand therelationships among thesethree components.
/ l f M t i l
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 25/53
/*am'le of Materials/nineerin Work + Ii'
m'lant
• With age or certain illnesses 1ointsdeteriorate. )articularly those with large
loads such as hip3.
Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 26/53
/*am'le + Ii' m'lant
• 4euirements – mechanical
strength manycycles3
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility
0da'ted from Ji. CC.CF, /allister0e
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 27/53
/*am'le + Ii' m'lant
0da'ted from Ji. CC.CF, /allister0e
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 28/53
$olution + Ii' m'lant
• Ney )ro(lems tooercome4 – f#ation agent to hold
acetabular cup – cup lubrication
material – emoral stem – f#ing
agent “glue”3
– must aoid any debris
in cup – Must hold up in body
chemistry – Must be strong yet
6e#ible
Acetabular
Cup and
Liner
all
Jemoral$tem
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 29/53
Blassi&cation of Materials
Metals and 0lloys Beramics, Glasses,and Glass-ceramics )olymers 2'lastics3, Thermo'lastics and Thermosets
$emiconductors Bom'osite Materials
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 30/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 31/53
The Mars oers - $'irit andO''ortunity
Spirit and "pportunity are made up o materials such as Metals (eramics (omposites )olymers Semiconductors
www.nasa.gov
T f M t i l
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 32/53
Ty'es of Materials• Metallic Materials
(omposed o one or moremetallic elements. Example:- Iron, Copper, Aluminum.
Metallic element may combinewith nonmetallic elements. Example:- Silicon Carbide, Iron xide.
Inorganic and hae crystalline structure.
8ood thermal and electricconductors.
Metals and *lloys
-errous &g9 Steel/(ast Iron
!onerrous&g9(opper*luminum
1-5
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 33/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 34/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 35/53
/*am'les of ceramic materials ranin from household to hih'erformance com(ustion enines which utiliDe (oth metals andceramics.
(eramics
T f M t i l
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 36/53
Ty'es of Materials
• )olymeric )lastic3 Materials "rganic giant molecules and mostly
noncrystalline. Some are mi#tures o crystalline and
noncrystalline regions. )oor conductors o electricity and
hence used as insulators. Strength and ductility ary greatly. +ow densities and decomposition
temperatures.
Examples- !ol$ vin$l Chloride %!&C', !ol$ester#
Applications
- Appliances, (&(s, )abrics etc#
1-6
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 37/53
)olymers include P)lasticsQ and ru((er materials
)olymers
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 38/53
Ty'es of Materials
• (omposite Materials Mi#ture o two or more materials. (onsists o a fller material and a binding material. Materials only bond/ will not dissole in each other. Mainly two types
o -ibrous9 -ibers in a matri#o )articulate9 )articles in a matri#
,Matri# can be metals/ ceramic or polymer Examples
-iber 8lass 4einorcing material in a polyesteror epo#y matri#3
(oncrete 8raels or steel rods reinorced incement and sand3
Applications
- *ircrat wings and engine/ construction.
1-8
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 39/53
)olymer com'osite materials4 reinforcin lass&(ers in a 'olymer matri*.
(omposites
Ty'es of Materials
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 40/53
Ty'es of Materials• /lectronic Materials
!ot Ma1or by olume but eryimportant.
Silicon is a common electronicmaterial.
Its electrical characteristics arechanged by adding impurities.
Examples- Silicon chips/ transistors
Applications- (omputers/ Integrated (ircuits/
Satellites etc.
1-9
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 41/53
$i wafer for com'uter chi'deices.
Semiconductors
Micro-/lectrical-Mechanical
$ystems 2M/M$3
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 42/53
e'resentatie e*am'les,a''lications, and 'ro'erties for each
cateory of materials
/*am'le of 0''lications )ro'erties
Metals and 0lloys
Gray cast iron 0utomo(ile enine (locks Basta(le, machina(le,i(ration dam'in
Beramics andGlasses $iOC-;aCO-BaO Window lass O'tically trans'arent,
thermally insulatin)olymers )olyethylene Jood 'ackain /asily formed into thin,
Re*i(le, airtiht &lm
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 43/53
/*am'le of 0''lications )ro'erties
$emiconductors$ilicon Transistors and interated niHue electrical
circuits (ehaior
Bom'osites Bar(ide cuttin tools for Iih hardness, yet Tunsten car(ide machinin ood shock resistance
-co(alt 2WB-Bo3
Ta(le Bontinued
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 44/53
;/113+r2s<C
leP%,lis'ing<T'!snLearning=
4epresentatie strengths o arious categories o materials
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 45/53
* section through a 1et engine.'he orward compressionsection operates at low tomedium temperatures/ andtitanium parts are oten used.'he rear combustion sectionoperates at high temperaturesand nic<el,based superalloysare reuired. 'he outside shell
e#periences low temperatures/and aluminum and compositesare satisactory. (ourtesy o 8&*ircrat &ngines.3
* ariety o comple# ceramiccomponents/ including impellersand blades/ which allow turbine
engines to operate moree=ciently at highertemperatures. (ourtesy o(ertech/ Inc.3
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 46/53
)olymers are usedin a ariety o
electronic deices/including thesecomputer dipswitches/ wheremoisture resistanceand low
conductiity arereuired. (ourtesyo ('S (orporation.3
Integrated circuitsor computers and
other electronicdeices rely on theuniue electricalbehaior osemiconductingmaterials.
(ourtesy o 4ogers(orporation.3
'he >,wing oradanced helicopters
relies on a materialcomposed o acarbon,fber,reinorced polymer.(ourtesy o Si<ors<y*ircrat iision?
@nited 'echnologies(orporation.3
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 47/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 48/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 49/53
Blassi&cation of Materials-ased on $tructure
Brystalline material is a material com'rised of one ormany crystals. n each crystal, atoms or ions show alon-rane 'eriodic arranement.
Single crystal is a crystalline material that is madeof only one crystal 2there are no rain (oundaries3. Grains are the crystals in a 'olycrystalline material. )olycrystalline material is a material com'rised ofmany crystals 2as o''osed to a sinle-crystal materialthat has only one crystal3. Grain (oundaries are reions (etween rains of a'olycrystalline material.
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 50/53
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 51/53
- t t i l i
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 52/53
%esin of materials hain s'eci&c desired characteristics directly from ourknowlede of atomic structure.
• MiniaturiBation9 P;anostructuredS materials, with microstructure thathas lenth scales (etween 7 and 7:: nanometers with unusual 'ro'erties.
/lectronic com'onents, materials for Huantum com'utin.
• Smart materials9 air'lane wins that deice themseles, (uildins thatsta(iliDe themseles in earthHuakes"
• &nironment,riendly materials9 (ioderada(le or 'hotoderada(le'lastics, adances in nuclear waste 'rocessin, etc.
• +earning rom !ature9 shells and (ioloical hard tissue can (e as stronas the most adanced la(oratory-'roduced ceramics, mollusces 'roduce
(iocom'ati(le adhesies that we do not know how to re'roduce"
• Materials for lihtweiht (atteries with hih storae densities, for tur(ine(lades that can o'erate at CA::B, room-tem'erature su'erconductors?chemical sensors 2arti&cial nose3 of e*tremely hih sensitiity, cotton shirtsthat neer reHuire ironin"
-uture o materials science
8/15/2019 Bab 1 What Are Materials1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bab-1-what-are-materials1 53/53
Materials of the Juture
Jour ty'es of materials used for smart actuator47. $ha'e memory alloysU metals, after hain (een
deformed, reert (ack to their oriinal sha'es whentem'erature is chaned.
C. )ieDoelectric ceramicsU e*'and and contract in res'onseto an a''lied electric &elds 2or oltae3U conersely,they also enerate an electric &eld when theirdimension are altered.
>. ManetostrictieU like 'ieDoelectric (ut in manetic&elds
F. /lectro-rheoloical maneto-rheoloical Ruids areliHuids that e*'erience dramatic chanes in iscosityu'on the a''lication of electric or manetic &elds.