Bab 03 Piping Input

Training on Caesar II1

Chapter III Piping Input

BAB IIIBAB IIIPIPING INPUTPIPING INPUT

BAB IIIBAB IIIPIPING INPUTPIPING INPUT

Input SpreadsheetInput Spreadsheet

Node & Elements DefinitionNode & Elements Definition

Fluida dan material pipaFluida dan material pipa

Pembebanan Pembebanan

TumpuanTumpuan

Input SpreadsheetInput Spreadsheet

Node & Elements DefinitionNode & Elements Definition

Fluida dan material pipaFluida dan material pipa

Pembebanan Pembebanan

TumpuanTumpuan



3.1 Input Spread Sheets

Nomor Nodal

Panjang Element

Diameter

Weight/Schedule



3.2.1 Node Number

•Untuk titik nodal yang pertama diketik nomor nodal awal dari (from) dan ke (to).

•Jumlah nodal maksimum yang dapat dimasukkan adalah 32000

•Jika increment pada nodal selanjutnya konstan, titik nodal selanjutnya tidak perlu dimasukkan lagi cukup tekan icon Continue

Jika ingin kembali ke element sebelumnya tekan icon previous element

3.2 Data Fields



3.2.2 Element Length

Cara penulisan panjang element seperti pada contoh dibawah ini :



DX

The delta X (DX) dimension defines the element’s projected

length along the global X direction.

DY

The delta Y (DY) dimension defines the element’s projected

length along the global Y direction.

DZ

The delta Z (DZ) dimension defines the element’s projected

length along the global Z direction.

Panjang Element :



Element Offsets

Element Offsets are used to correct an element’s modeled dimensions back to its actual dimensions.

1. Activate by double-clicking the Offsets checkbox on the Pipe Element Spreadsheet. Deactivate by double-clicking a second time.

2. Specify the distances from the TO node’s position in 3-D space to the actual TO end of the element.

3. Specify the distances from the FROM node’s position in 3-D space to the actual FROM end of the element.

Note Any offset direction distances left blank default to zero.



Thermal expansion is “ 0” for the offset portion of an offset element. No element flexibility

is generated for the offset portion of the element. A common usage for the offset element

is shown in the following figure:

Offset hanya Offset hanya bisa digunakan bisa digunakan untuk elemen untuk elemen yang lurusyang lurus



3.2.3 Pipe Section Properties

•Corrosion tolerance tidak diperhitungkan dalam strength & stiffness

•Berat dari insulation thickness secara otomatis dimasukkan

•Insulation faktor 1.75 diaplikasikan ke rigid element

Satuan : in

Satuan : in

Mill tolerance 12.5 %, adalah batas tebal dinding pipa boleh berkurang dari nilai nominalnya



3.2.3.1 Diameter Outside diameter (D0), jika dimasukkan nominal diameter langsung akan diubah menjadi D0

Untuk mencegah koversi ke outside diameter “turned off” nominal pipe schedule pada UNITS

Contoh nominal diameter

ANSI Nominal Pipe OD's, in inches (file ap.bin)½ ¾ 1 1½ 2 2½ 3 3½ 45 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2022 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 42



JIS Nominal Pipe OD’s, in millimeters (file jp.bin)15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400450500 550 600 650DIN Nominal Pipe OD’s, in millimeters (file dp.bin)15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100125 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20002200



3.2.3.2 Wt/Sch

The wall thickness/schedule field :

schedule pipa

tebal nominal pipa

The available schedules

ANSI B36.10 Steel Nominal Wall Thickness

S – Standard

XS - Extra Strong

XXS - Double Extra Strong

ANSI B36.10 Steel Pipe Numbers:

10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Schedules:

5S 10S 40S 80S



JIS PIPE SCHEDULES

1990 Steel Schedules:

10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

1990 Stainless Steel Schedules:

5S 10S 40S

DIN PIPE SCHEDULES

none

Note: Only the s (standard) schedule applies to wall thickness calculations for DIN



+Mill Tol %

The positive Mill Tolerance is used by the IGE/TD/12 code for determining the effects of increased weight and thermal force due to a potentially thicker wall. The user may change this value on an element by element basis. This option is only activated when the IGE/TD/

12 code is active.

-Mill Tol %

The negative Mill Tolerance is read in from the configuration file for use in minimum wall thickness calculations. Also, for the IGE/TD/12 code, this value is used in conjunction with the corrosion allowance to calculate a reduced section modulus for use in stress cal-culations.

The user may change this value on an element by element basis.

3.2.3.3 Mill Tolerance



Seam-Welded

This directive is only activated when the IGE/TD/12 code is active. This is used to indicate when straight pipes are seam welded and affects the Stress Intensification Factor calculations for that pipe section due to Seam Welded fabrication.

3.2.3.4 Corrosion

Enter the corrosion allowance to be used order to calculate a reduced section modulus. A “ setup file” directive is available to consider all stress cases as corroded.

3.2.3.5 Insul Thk (Insulation Thickness)

Enter the thickness of the insulation to be applied to the piping. Insulation applied to the outside of the pipe will be included in the dead weight of the system, and in the projected pipe area used for wind load computations. If a negative value is entered for the insulation thickness, the program will model refractory lined pipe. The thickness will be assumed to be the thickness of the refractory, inside the pipe.



3.2.4 Temperatur dan Tekanan



3.2.4.1 Temperatures

There are nine temperature fields, to allow up to nine different operating cases. Temperature values are checked (by the error checker) to insure they are within the code allowed ranges. Users can exceed the code ranges by entering the expansion coefficient in the tem-perature field in units of length/length (use <F1> to obtain more information on this sub-ject). The expansion coefficient can be a useful method of modeling cold spring effects. Values entered in the temperature field whose absolute values are less than the Alpha Tol-erance are taken to be thermal expansion coefficients, where the Alpha Tolerance is a configuration file parameter and is taken to be 0.05 by default. For example; if the user wanted to enter the thermal expansion coefficient equivalent to 11.37in./100ft., the calcu-lation would be:



Note: A cut short is no more than reducing a pipe element’s length to zero (for example; if we wanted 8.5 cm of cold spring we could put in an 8.5 cm long element and then thermally shrink its length to zero), a thermal expansion coefficient of -1.0 will do exactly that. This allows cold spring to be manipulated as an individual thermal case rather than as a concentrated force. However, the alpha tolerance in the setup file must be set to some number slightly larger than 1.0, i.e.

Alpha Tolerance = 1.1

Access to operating conditions 4 through 9 is granted through the Extended Operating Conditions input screen, accessible via the Ellipses Dots button directly to the right of the



3.2.4.2 Pressures

There are nine pressure fields, to allow up to nine different pressures cases. <F1> can be used to obtain the current input units for the pressure fields (English default is lbs/in.2 ).

When multiple pressures are entered, the user should be particularly careful with the setup of the analysis load cases, and should inspect CAESAR II’s recommendations carefully before proceeding. Access to operating conditions 4 through 9 is granted through the Extended Operating Conditions input screen, accessible via the Ellipses Dots button directly to the right of the standard Temperature and Pressure input fields. This dialog box may be retained open or closed at the convenience of the user.



3.2.5.1 Bend

= 1.5 x diameter

Jumlah Potongan pada belokan

Fitting thickness

Untuk Lebih jelasnya pada Chapter VI

Contoh penomoran nodal pada belokan :

3.2.5 Special Element Information



Radius

CAESAR II makes the long radius bend calculation whenever a bend is input. If the user wishes to use some other bend radius the new bend radius can be entered in this field.

Type

For most codes, this refers to the number of attached flanges, and can be selected from the drop list. If there are no flanges on the bend then leave the Type f i el d blank. A bend should be considered “ flanged” if there is any heavy/rigid body within 2 diameters of the bend that will significantly restrict the bends ability to ovalize. When using the BS 7159 or UKOOA Codes with Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) pipe, this entry refers to the material laminate type, and may be 1, 2, or 3. These laminate types are

• All chopped strand mat (CSM) constructing with internal and external surface tissue reinforced layer.

• Chopped strand mat (CSM) and woven roving (WR) construction with internal and external surface tissue reinforced layer.



= 1 x berat fluida yang mengalir di pipa + 1.75 x berat insulasi

3.2.5.2. Rigid dan Expansion Joints

• Bellow Stiffness properties (=1 untuk flexible bellow , 1E+12 untuk rigid bellow)

• Satuan untuk : tranlational stiffnes (lb/in), rotational stiffness (in.lb/deg)

• Nilai default untuk torsional stiffness adalah 0.1E+06

• If the weight of a rigid element is zero or blank, CAESAR II assumes the element is

an artificial “ construction element” rather than an actual piping element, so no insula-tion

or fluid weight is computed for that element. (Artificial = Weighless)



• Chopped strand mat (CSM) and multi-filament roving construction with internal and external surface tissue reinforced layer. Laminate type affects the calculation of flexibility factors and stress intensification factors for the BS 7159 and UKOOA Codes only.

Angle

Angle to a point on the bend curvature. The user may place additional nodes at any point on the bend curvature providing the added nodes are not within 5 degrees of each other. (The 5 degree node-spacing limit may be changed via the configuration file if necessary.) Note that the element To node is always physically located at the far end of the bend. By default CAESAR II places a node at the midpoint of the bend (designated by the letter M in this field), as well as at the 0-degree position (start) of the bend if possible.


Chapter III Piping InputMiter Points

Number of cuts in the bend if mitered.

The bend SIF scratch pad may be invoked from the pipe spreadsheet by choosing Kaux - Review SIFs at Bend Nodes. When the user enters a valid mitered bend node number, CAESAR II tells the user if the mitered bend input is closely or widely spaced. If the bend is determined to be widely spaced and the number of miter cuts is greater than 1, then it is recommended that the bend be broken down into “ n” single cut widely spaced miters, where “ n” is the total number of cuts in the bend. The number of cuts and the radius of the bend are all that is required to calculate the SIFs and flexibilities for the bend as defined in the B31 codes. The bend radius and the bend miter spacing are related by the following

equations:

Closely Spaced Miters

R = S / (2 tan )

q = Bend Angle / (2 n) where n = number of miter cuts

Widely Spaced Miters

R = r 2 (1.0 + cot q) / 2.0

r 2 = (ri + ro) / 2.0 = Bend Angle / 2.0



3.2.5.3. SIF & Tees

Jenis Intersection pada CAESAR II

This auxiliary screen is used to enter stress intensification factors, or fitting types at up to two nodes per spreadsheet. If components are selected from the drop list, CAESAR II automatically calculates the SIF values as per the applicable code (unless overridden by the user). Certain fittings and certain codes require additional data as shown. Fields are enabled as appropriate for the selected fitting.



3.2.6.1. Restraints

Restraint Type Abbreviation1 - Anchor ........................................................................................... A2 - Translational Double Acting ............................................ X, Y, or Z3 - Rotational Double Acting ......................................... RX, RY, or RZ4 - Guide, Double Acting ................................................................ GUI5 - Double Acting Limit Stop ......................................................... LIM6 - Translational Double Acting Snubber ............ XSNB,YSNB, ZSNB7 - Translational Directional ............................. +X, -X, +Y, -Y, +Z, -Z8 - Rotational Directional .................................... +RX, -RX, +RY, etc.9 - Directional Limit Stop .................................................. +LIM, -LIM10 - Large Rotation Rod ..................................... XROD, YROD, ZROD11 - Translational Double Acting Bilinear ............................ X2, Y2, Z212 - Rotational Double Acting Bilinear ......................... RX2, RY2, RZ213 - Translational Directional Bilinear ..................... -X2, +X2, -Y2, etc.14 - Rotational Directional Bilinear ................ +RX2, -RX2, +RY2, etc.15 - Bottom Out Spring ......................................... XSPR, YSPR, ZSPR16 - Directional Snubber ......................... +XSNB, -XSNB, +YSNB, etc.

3.2.6 Boundary Conditions



3.2.6.2. Displacement

D = displacement (in.)

R = rotations (derajat)

Jika pada kolom diatas tidak diisikan (blank) berarti pada nodal tersebut bebas bergerak, jika diisi dengan nilai nol berarti pada nodal tersebut tidak boleh terjadi perpindahan



3.2.6.3 Hangers

1-PSS-Grinnel 10-Basic Engineers

2-Bergen Paterson 11-Inoflex(Italy)

3-Power Piping 12-E. Myatt & Co.(Canada)

4-NPS Industries 13-Sinopec(China)

5-Lisega 14-Bhel(India)

6-Fronek 15-Flexider(Italy)

7-Piping Technology 16-Carpenter & Paterson (UK)

8-Capitol 17-Comet(UK)

9-Piping Services 18-Hydra(Germany)

19-Sarathi (India)

Jenis Hanger pada CAESAR II :

Tampilan ini untuk menggambarkan instalasi hanger



3.2.6.4. Nozzles

This auxiliary screen is used to describe flexible nozzle connections. When entered in this way, CAESAR II automatically calculates the flexibilities and inserts them at this location.

CAESAR II calculates nozzle loads according to WRC 297, API 650 or BS 5500 criteria.



3.2.7.1. Forces/Moments

This auxiliary screen is used to enter imposed forces and/or moments at up to two nodes per spreadsheet. Up to nine force vectors may be entered (load components F1 through F9).

3.2.7 Loading Conditions



3.2.7.2. Uniform Loads

This auxiliary screen is used to enter up to three uniform load vectors (load components U1, U2 and U3). These uniform loads are applied to the entire current element, as well as all subsequent elements in the model, until explicitly changed or zeroed out with a later entry.



3.2.7.3 Wind/Wave

This auxiliary screen is used to specify whether this portion of the pipe is exposed to wind or wave loading. (Note that the pipe may not be exposed to both.) Selecting Wind exposes the pipe to wind loading; selecting Wave exposes the pipe to wave, current, and buoyancy loadings; selecting Off turns off both types of loading. This screen is also used to enter the Wind Shape Factor (when Wind is specified) and vari-ous wave coefficients (if left blank they will be program-computed) when Wave Loading is specified.

Entries on this auxiliary screen apply to all subsequent piping, until changed on a later spreadsheet.



3.2.8 Piping Material

Material Elastic Properties

SC = cold allowable stressSH = hot allowable stressF1 = Force reduction faktor (0.3 – 1.0)

Elastic modulus dan poisons’s ratio akan

secara otomatis terisi jika materialnya telah dipilih



ANSI B31.1 (1967)

STOOMWEZEN (1989)

RCC-M C (1988)

RCC-M D (1988)

CODETI (1995)

NORWEGIAN (1990, Rev 1)

FBDR (1995)

BS7159 (1989)

UKOOA (1994)

IGE/TD/12 (1990)

DNV (1996)

ANSI B31.1 (1998) November 30, 1999

ANSI B31.3 (1999) April 15, 1999

ANSI B31.4 (1998) April 30, 1999

ANSI B31.4 Chapter IX (1998) April 30, 1999

ANSI B31.5 (1992) August 31, 1994

ANSI B31.8 (1995) December 7, 1995

ANSI B31.8 Chapter VIII (1995) December 7, 1995

ASME SECT III CLASS 2 (1998) July 1, 1999

ASME SECT III CLASS 3 (1998) July 1, 1999

U.S. NAVY 505 (1984)

CANADIAN Z662 (9/95)

BS 806 (1993, ISSUE 1, SEPTEMBER 1993)

SWEDISH METHOD 1 (2ND EDITION STOCKHOLM 1979)

SWEDISH METHOD 2 (2ND EDITION STOCKHOLM 1979)

List Caesar II Piping Code



Piping Materials

Material Name

Materials are entered either by name or number.

Nomor 1-17 correspond to the generic materials, without code allowable stresses.

Nomor 18 represents the cold spring element for “ cut short” and material 19 represents the cold spring element for “ cut long.”

Material 20 is used to define Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) pipe. Spreadsheet agak berbeda



When a material has been selected from the database, the physical properties as well as the allowable stresses are obtained and placed on the spreadsheet. At any later time, if the temperature or piping code is changed, these allowable stress values are automatically updated.

Material Properties

Modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and pipe density fields are automatically filled in when a material number is entered. If the user wishes to override any material property extracted from the database, he or she may do so simply by changing the value to be modified after the material number has been entered.



3.2.9 Density• Pipe density akan secara otomatis terisi

jika materialnya telah didefinisikan

• Fluid density dapat dinyatakan dalam specific gravity (SG) misalnya : 0.85 SG

Nilai untuk Insulation Density dapat

dilihat pada tabel

disamping ini



DensitiesPipe Density

The appropriate pipe density is filled in automatically when a proper material number is input. This value may be overridden by the user at any time. It will then be the user’s value that gets column-duplicated through the remainder of the input.

Insulation Density

The appropriate insulation density should be entered which corresponds to the type of insulation being used. <F1> can be used to obtain a list of suggested densities, in the proper units. If this cell is left blank and an insulation thickness has been specified, CAESAR II uses a value of .006655 lbs/in 2 .

Fluid Density

When the internal fluid the piping system transports would significantly effect the weight loads, the fluid density should be specified. When the specific gravity of the fluid is known, it can be entered here instead of the density, eg. .85SG. Specific gravities are con-verted to the appropriate densities immediately on input. Note that to enter specific grav-ity, follow the numeric value with the two letters SG (no spaces); this value will then be converted to density.



3.3 Menu Commands

3.3.1 File Menu

The File menu is used to perform actions associated with opening, closing and running the job file.



• New— Creates a new CAESAR II job. CAESAR II prompts for the name of the new model.

• Open— Opens an existing CAESAR II job. CAESAR II prompts for the name

• Save— Saves the current CAESAR II job under its current name.

• Save As— Saves the current CAESAR II job under a new name.

• Archive— Allows the user to assign a password to prevent inadvert-ent alteration of the model or to enter the password to unlock the file.

• Start Run— Runs the job — i.e., sends the model through interactive error checking. This is the first step of analysis, followed by the building of the static or dynamic load cases (see Chapter 6).



• Batch Run— Performs a “ Batch Run” (error checks the model in a

non-interactive way and halts only for fatal errors uses the existing or

default static load cases, and performs the static analysis). The next

stop is the output processor.

• Print— Allows the user to print out an input listing. CAESAR II

prompts the user for the data items to include.

• Print Preview— Provides print preview of input listing.

• Print Setup— Sets up the printer for the input listing.

• Recent File List— Open a file from the list of most recently used jobs.



3.3.2 Edit Menu

The edit menu provides commands for cutting and pasting, navigating through the spread-sheets, and performing a few small utilities. These commands are:



• Continue— Moves the spreadsheet to the next element in the model, adding a new element if there is no next element.

• Insert— Inserts an element either before or after the current element.



• Delete— Deletes the current element.

• Find— Allows the user to find an element containing one or more named nodes (if two nodes are entered, the element must contain both nodes).



• Global— Prompts the user to enter global (absolute) coordinates for

the first node of any disconnected segments.

• Close Loop— Closes a loop by filling in the delta coordinates

between two nodes on the spreadsheet.

• Increment— Gives the user the opportunity to change the automatic node increment.

• Distance— Calculates the distance between the origin and a node, or between two nodes.

• List— Presents the input data in an alternative, list format. This pro-vides the benefit of showing all of the element data in a context set-ting. The list format also permits block operations such as Duplicate,

Delete, Copy, Renumber on the element data.



List Input Format

Gunakan : [Pg Dn], [Pg Up], Ctrl +[Home], Ctrl +[End] untuk berpindah ke element berikutnya



3.3.3 Model Menu

The Model menu contains modeling aids, as well as means for entering associated, system wide information.



• Break— Allows the user to break the element into two unequal length elements or into many equal length elements. A single node may be placed as a break point anywhere along the element, or multiple nodes may be placed at equal intervals (the node step interval between the From and To nodes determines the number of nodes placed).

3.3.3.1 Break



• Val ve — Allows the user to model a valve or flange from one of the CAESAR II data-bases.

Choosing a combination of Rigid Type, End Type, and Class constructs a rigid

element with the length and weight extracted from the database.

3.3.3.2 Valve



3.3.3.3 Expansion joint• Expansion Joints— Activates the Expansion Joint Modeler. This modeler automati-cally builds a complete assembly of the selected expansion joint style, using the bel-lows stiffnesses and rigid element weights extracted from one of the vendors’ expansion joint catalogues.



3.3.3.4 Job title

• Title— Allows the user to enter a job title up to sixty lines long.



• Hanger Design Control Data— Prompts the user for system – wide hanger design cri-teria.

3.3.3.5 Hanger Design Control Data



3.4 Kaux Menu

• Review SIFs at Intersection Nodes— Allows the user to run “ what if” tests on the Stress Intensification Factors of intersections.

• Review SIFs at Bend Nodes— Allows the user to run “ what if” tests on the Stress Intensification Factors of selected bends.

• Special Execution Parameters— Allows the user to set options affecting the analysis of the current job. Items covered include ambient temperature, pressure stiffening, dis-placements due to pressure (Bourdon effect), etc.



Special Execution Parameters



• Include Piping Input Files— Allows the user to include other piping models in the current model. The same file may be included more than once by highlighting it in the list, then changing the rotation angle (ROTY) or nodal increment (Inc) before clicking the ADD button.



• Include Structural Input Files— Allows the incorporation of structural models into the piping model.



3.5 Plot

This menu option provides two types of graphics— the traditional CAESAR II graphics, as well as a "sneak preview" of CAESAR II’s new 3-D graphics library. When selected, these graphics will replace CAESAR II’s traditional graphics.



The model may be panned left, right, up, or down by using the [Home], [End], [PgUp], or [PgDn] keys respectively.

Zooming can be accomplished by clicking the mouse and dragging a box around the desired zoom area, or by using the + and - keys.

The model can be rotated by pressing the arrow keys.



Additional commands are available for displaying, highlighting, or labeling the plot. Some of these are :

• Volume— Toggles between volume and centerline representation

while in line drawing mode.

• Render— Renders the piping model.

• Wire Frame— Draws the piping model in wire frame.

• Line Drawing— Switches to line drawing mode from render or wire

frame.

• Highlight— Changes drawing color based on element attributes.

• Range— Displays elements based on node ranges.

• X— View along X-axis.

• Y— View along Y-axis.

• Z— View along Z-axis.



• Southeast— View in Southeast isometric mode.

• 4— View in all four modes simultaneously.

• Restraints— Displays non-anchor, non-hanger restraints.

• Anchors— Display anchors.

• Hangers— Displays hangers.

• Forces— Labels imposed forces.

• Displacements— Labels imposed displacements.

• Nozzles— Display flexible nozzles.

• Nodes— Labels plot with node numbers.

• Length— Labels plot with element lengths.



The View Spreadsheet command allows the user to maintain both the plot and the spreadsheet on the screen simultaneously.

The current plot may be output to the clipboard, a bitmap (.BMP) file, or a printer through use of the Edit-Copy, File-Save As Bitmap, or File-Print com-mands, respectively.



3.6 Alternative 3-D Graphics

CAESAR II provides a new preliminary 3-D graphics library called HOOP, which will be expanded in the future. Not all of the old graphics capabilities have been modified to support this new library. For this reason, two plot buttons can be found on the piping input spreadsheet. The icon with the "magnifying glass" produces the familiar graphics CAESAR II has always provided. The icon immediately to the left, a "magnifying glass with an H", produces graphics utilizing the new library. The toolbar controls for this new graphics library are discussed below.



• Reset Plot: Displays the plot in its default configuration.

• Undo, Redo: Operate the plot in typical "undo / redo" fashion.

• Zoom Window & Zoom Extents



• Predefined Views

--viewing down the "z" axis, to the "xy" plane

--viewing down the "y" axis, to the "xz" plane

--viewing down the “ x" axis, to the "yz" plane --the isometric view• Plot Manipulation

--activate an interactive rotation feature when the left mouse button is held down --activate a zoom in / out action when the left mouse button is held and the mouse is moved left or right

--activate an action when the left mouse button is held and the mouse is moved

--a future "walk through" capability



• Nodes: Places the node numbers on the plot.

• Fill: Present the plot in variety of modes.

--Gouraud Shading

--hidden line

--wire frame

--double line (volume)

--single line



• Element Selection

--Single element selection (clicking), the active spreadsheet is changed to the element selected.

--Group element selection (drag mouse for window around group).

• Annotate, Plot Information, and Save as Tiff File

• Plot Colors: produces a dialog which allows the user to specify the colors used for various plot entities (pipes, valves, background, etc).



• Plot Projection

--perspective projection

--orthographic projection

--stretched projection

• Display Restraints

--plot all restraints except anchors

--plot anchors

--plot spring hangers

• Select by Single Click

Clicking on elements when this option is selected causes the input spreadsheet for the chosen element to be displayed in the background. Additionally, a dialog box with basic element geometry information is updated within the plot window as shown in the following figure.



Tampilan Grafik 3 D



End of Chapter IIIEnd of Chapter IIIEnd of Chapter IIIEnd of Chapter III

Documents

Bab 03 Piping Input