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www.nece
Ba
es.com
atterieAL
©2016
esforLM®P
6 NEC Energy
TougProduc
Solutions, Inc
gh,CrtLine
c. All rights re
iticalvs.Le
eserved.
Applad‐Aci
P a
icatioid:
a g e | 1
ons
2 | P a g e
IntroduLead‐acid batt
improvement
low energy de
and total cost
their usefulne
density solutio
over lead‐acid
emerging app
utility and ben
Lead‐AcA typical 12 V
12.6 V to 12.8
constructions
FloodedBFlooded lead‐
maintained. S
must remain i
and to preven
SealedLeaThere are two
material that
are often refe
constructed to
or 3 times as m
Gelled Electro
avoided. Typic
Absorbed Gla
batteries, they
AdvancedAdvanced lead
battery perfor
purity of the l
LithiumThe term lithi
secondary or
energy is stor
Energy is stor
electrodes. Lit
shaped as cyli
generally sepa
Magnesium, o
Nickel, and Al
chemistry wit
amounts of si
volume and w
shown in Figu
ctionteries have been
ts in design, cons
ensity have mad
t of ownership in
ess and advantag
ons. Lithium‐ion
d batteries. The
plications and in
nefits of NEC Ene
cidBatter lead‐acid batte
8 V nominal. The
has a number o
Batteries‐acid batteries h
Standard flooded
in an upright po
nt leakage. Flood
ad‐Acid(SLo types of sealed
does not require
erred to as Valve
o vent retained
much per unit ca
olyte – The elect
cal batteries of t
ss Mat (AGM) –
y will not leak ac
dLead‐Acidd‐acid usually pe
rmance in some
ead, its mechan
m‐IonBattum‐ion refers to
rechargeable ce
ed using lithium
ed by the insert
thium‐ion cells c
indrical or prism
arated into two
or others) and lit
uminum). These
h the anodes m
licon. Lithium‐io
weight compared
re 1.
n in service for o
struction, and m
e them less than
n frequent and d
ges. Lithium‐ion
n batteries are ga
benefits of lithiu
use cases where
ergy Solutions A
riesry is constructed
ere are two basic
of product variat
ave a conventio
d batteries are lo
sition with valve
ded batteries are
LA)Batteriesd lead‐acid batte
e regular mainte
e Regulated Lead
gas if pressure b
apacity as floode
rolyte is a jelly a
this type may on
The electrolyte
cid but they can
Batteriesertains to variou
dimension such
ical dimensions
terieso a family of che
ells, which all sha
m‐ions in the cath
ion of lithium io
consist of anode
matic cells. Lithiu
groups: Lithium
thium metal oxid
e materials cons
ade in some cas
on batteries stor
d to lead‐acid or
over a century w
materials have in
n ideal in a grow
deep cycling app
battery packs h
aining increasing
um‐ion technolo
e lead‐acid batte
ALM® lithium‐ion
d using six 2 V no
c constructions u
tions that addres
nal liquid electro
ow cost and if pr
e caps not invert
e typically the he
series. Gelled elec
enance and can
d‐Acid (VRLA) ba
builds up due to
ed batteries.
and so will not le
nly last for 2 or 3
is held between
withstand carel
us incremental im
h as cycle life or
or thickness, or
mistries used fo
are a common tr
hode and anode
ns in/out of the
e and cathode m
m‐ion batteries
metal phosphat
de (Cobalt, Man
titute the catho
es of carbon wit
e the most ener
any other chem
with broad use ac
creased reliabilit
wing number of a
plications, even u
ave emerged in
g usage in indust
ogy over lead‐aci
eries are simply
n battery produc
ominal (2.10 V t
used today, floo
ss specific applic
olyte with remo
roperly maintain
ted. This is to ins
eaviest lead‐acid
ctrolyte and Abs
be oriented in a
atteries. They do
stressful charge
eak. Since the ele
3 years in hot clim
n the plates abso
less treatment a
mprovements to
discharge perfo
by introducing
or
rait:
.
aterials
are
te (Iron,
ganese,
de
th small
rgy per
mistry as
N
cross many appl
ty and kept initi
applications. Add
under extreme t
recent years as
trial, communic
id batteries are
not practical or
ct family versus
o 2.14 V) cells co
oded (wet) and s
cations and requ
ovable caps so th
ned are not over
sure gas venting
d battery type fo
sorbed Glass Ma
any direction wit
o not vent gas un
e or discharge. T
ectrolyte cannot
mates, although
orbed in a fine b
and are less sens
o lead‐acid cell c
ormance. The im
specific element
Figure 1
NEC Energy Solut
ications and ind
al costs low. Ho
ditionally, the pe
temperature env
small size, light
ations, motive, a
being realized in
cost effective. T
lead‐acid batter
onnected in seri
ealed batteries.
uirements.
he electrolyte ca
rly sensitive to h
g, access to regu
or a given voltag
at (AGM). These
thout concern fo
nder normal ope
The major drawb
t be diluted, ove
h with good care
boron‐silicate ma
sitive to overcha
construction. The
provements are
ts to enhance pe
1: Energy Densi
tions white pape
dustries. Over th
wever, size, wei
erformance, ser
vironments furth
weight, and hig
and military app
n a number of ne
This paper review
ries.
ies for a battery
Each of these b
an be monitored
high charging vol
lar electrolyte re
ge and capacity.
batteries use el
or electrolyte lea
erating condition
back is they cost
er charging must
e they can last fo
at. Like gelled el
arging.
ese are usually i
e realized by con
erformance or s
ity and Specific
er, 082016
e years,
ight, and
rvice life,
her limits
gh energy
plications
ew and
ws the
pack that is
battery
and
ltages. They
eplenishing,
ectrolyte
akage. They
ns, but are
between 2
t be
or 5 years.
ectrolyte
mproved
ntrolling the
ervice life.
Energy
NEC Energy Sol
Lithium iron p
phosphate ce
make a batter
3.7 V nominal
applications. L
and can be or
outgassing un
Compar
BatteryCaBattery capac
Amp‐hour, Ah
deliver 20 A fo
metric for this
C‐rate metric
cell, vehicle b
The realizable
capacity. For e
10 Ah, this eq
be 5 A for 2 h
Batteries are s
Nominal capa
given battery,
Lead‐acid batt
capacity varie
is, the smaller
current increa
discharge curr
Lithium‐ion ba
discharge curr
capacity at hig
batteries expe
Effect to the e
The comparis
lithium‐ion ba
Fig
lutions white pa
phosphate (LiFeP
lls and have a 3.
ry pack of 13.2V
l cell voltage, an
Lithium‐ion batt
riented in any di
nder normal ope
ringALM®
apacity,Amcity refers to the
h). One Amp‐hou
or 1 hour, howe
s relationship is
allows certain b
atteries, to large
e capacity of all b
example, a 1C ra
uates to a disch
ours. The time t
specified by a na
city is the total A
, usually provide
tery nameplate
es greatly with C‐
r the available ca
ases. This is calle
rent.
atteries typically
rent. The NEC En
gh discharge cur
eriences very litt
extent of lead‐ac
on of the capaci
attery is shown i
ure 3: Capacity
per, 082016
PO4) cells are the
.3 V nominal vol
nominal. Lithium
d hence are mo
tery packs, regar
rection. There is
rating condition
®Lithium
mp‐hour(Ahamount of char
ur equals 1 ampe
ver, in practice,
called C‐rate, w
battery specificat
e grid storage sy
batteries varies w
ate is the curren
arge current of
o discharge is of
ameplate capaci
Amp‐hours (Ah)
ed as part of its s
capacity is typic
‐rate. The availa
apacity and ener
ed the Peukert Ef
y have nameplat
nergy Solutions
rrents or C‐rates
tle internal resis
cid batteries.
ity change for a
n Figure 3 and F
y vs. Discharge R
e most common
tage. Four cells
m metal oxide‐b
re difficult to co
rdless of cell typ
s no issue with e
ns.
‐ionandL
)rge contained by
ere of current pr
the relationship
hich describes a
tions to be prov
ystem are descri
with the C‐rate a
t that discharge
10 A for 1 hour.
ften referred to
ity (the markete
available when
specification. Th
cally specified fo
able capacity dec
rgy. This is due t
Effect1. The Peuk
te capacities spe
ALM® lithium‐io
s greater than 1C
tance growth w
high quality 12 V
Figure 4. Figure
Rate
n type of lithium
are connected in
based chemistrie
onfigure for typic
e used, are light
electrolyte leakag
Lead‐Acid
y the battery, an
rovided for a pe
p between curre
current (charge
ided independe
bed using C‐rate
at which a batte
s the full capacit
A 5C rate would
as the run time
ed nominal capac
discharged from
is is when the b
r a 20 hour disch
creases as the di
to the increasing
ert Coefficient1 i
ecified at 1C or C
on battery produ
C. This is becaus
ith discharge (o
V, 35 Ah lead‐ac
3 shows the cap
n series to
es have a
cal 12 V
tweight
ge or
dBatterie
nd the typical un
eriod of 1 hour. T
ent and time for
e or discharge) r
nt of the physica
e.
ery is discharged
ty of a battery in
d be 50 A for 1/5
or discharge tim
city) for a partic
m 100% State‐of
attery is conside
harge time (i.e.
ischarge current
g internal resista
is used to calcul
C/2 rates, with a
uct families exhi
e the lithium‐ion
r charge) and he
cid battery and t
pacity degradati
Figure 4: Ca
es
nit of measureme
Theoretically, a 2
a given capacity
relative to a batt
al size of the bat
d (or charged) re
n 1 hour. For a b
5 hour or 12 min
me.
cular discharge o
f‐Charge (SOC) t
ered empty or a
a C‐rate of C/20
t increases. The
ance of the cells
ate how much t
capacity that is
bit less than 10%
n chemistry use
ence does not ex
he NEC Energy S
ion versus C‐rate
Figure 2: NALM® Family
apacity Dischar
3
ent is the Ampe
20 Ah battery is
y varies. A norma
tery’s stated cap
ttery. Batteries f
lative to its max
battery with a ca
nutes, and a C/2
or charge time (o
o the cut‐off vol
t 0% capacity.
0). Lead‐acid batt
shorter the disc
when the disch
the capacity vari
nearly indepen
% variation from
d in the ALM fam
xperience the Pe
Solutions ALM 1
e, and Figure 4 s
NEC Energy Soluof Lithium‐ion B
rge Run Time
3 | P a g e
re‐hour (or
able to
alized
pacity. The
from coin
ximum
apacity of
rate would
or C‐rate).
ltage for a
tery
charge time
arge
es with
dent of
m nominal
mily of
eukert
2V35
shows
utions Batteries
4 | P a g e
capacity degra
by less than 7
capacity. At a
ALM 12V35 re
BatteryEnBattery energ
of Wh (Watt‐h
different state
energy of a ba
SOC to the ba
BatteryDiDepth of Disc
charge (SOC)
or number of
modest cyclin
little as 30%.
more expensi
Effective DOD
batteries at o
significantly re
take into acco
The ALM fami
discharged to
Additionally, t
(BMS) that lim
battery.
TemperatAll battery tec
degradation d
condition.
Figure 6 and F
capacity/ener
C/20 discharg
Figure 5: Ene
adation versus r
% at a very high
modest C/2 rate
etains its full cap
nergy,Wattgy is calculated b
hour). Unlike ba
es‐of‐charge and
attery is the tota
ttery cut‐off vol
ischargingaharge (DOD) is a
is discharged do
charge/discharg
g requirements
There are deep
ve than convent
D limits are anoth
r beyond their s
educe its service
ount battery der
ily of lithium‐ion
100% DOD, wit
the ALMs contai
mits over‐dischar
tureEffectschnologies are s
due to temperat
Figure 7 show th
rgy of the ALM a
ge rate at 25 °C, t
ergy Performanc
run time. The ke
h 6C rate. At the
e, the lead‐acid
pacity.
t‐hour(Wh)by multiplying th
ttery capacity m
d C‐rate. All batt
al Watt‐hours av
tage or 0% SOC.
andDepthoa measure of how
own to 30% SOC,
ge cycles suppor
(for example, a
cycle lead acid b
tional lead‐acid
her significant d
pecified DOD dr
e life, requiring r
ating associated
n batteries can b
h minimal impac
n an internal Ba
rge to prevent d
onCapacityubject to perfor
ure variations fr
he influence of lo
and high quality
the lead‐acid ba
ce vs. Discharge
y point is the ca
same C‐rate the
battery capacity
)andPowere discharge pow
measured in Ah, t
teries are specifi
vailable when th
. For a battery w
ofDischargew deeply a batte
, this would be c
rted over the life
few hundred cy
batteries that ar
batteries.
erating factor fo
ramatically impa
replacement soo
d with their targe
be fully and repe
ct on battery life
attery Managem
amage or abuse
ymance or life tim
rom a nominal 2
ow temperature
lead‐acid batter
ttery energy dro
e Rate and Time
pacity of the AL
e 12V35 lead‐aci
y is reduced to 7
r(W)wer (Watts) by th
the energy spec
ed by a namepla
e battery is disc
with nominal ene
watts (W) of p
W for 1/5 hou
with increasin
Lithium‐ion ba
independent o
power perform
the NEC Energ
shows the ene
is the power d
the C‐rate, red
C‐rate, the 12
nameplate ca
reduced to 74
full energy.
e(DOD)ery is discharged
considered a 70%
e of the battery,
ycles over the life
e optimized for
or determining u
acts battery life.
oner than the de
et DOD operatio
eatedly
e.
ent System
e of the
me
0 – 25 °C
on usable
ries. For a
ops off
N
LM 12V35 is relat
id battery capac
75% of nameplat
he discharge tim
ification accoun
ate energy (mar
charged at a cert
ergy of 20 Watt‐
power for a one‐
ur or 12 minutes
ng C‐rate.
attery available
of the discharge
mance for a high
gy Solutions ALM
ergy versus C‐ra
discharge of the
duced by less th
V35 lead‐acid ba
pacity. At a mod
4% of nameplate
d. For example, i
% DOD. For conv
are typically ve
e of the battery)
improved cycle
usable capacity i
Depending on t
esign life specifie
on and applicatio
Figure
NEC Energy Solut
tively constant a
city is reduced to
te capacity. At th
me (hours). Energ
nts for the chang
rketed as nomin
tain discharge cu
‐hours, this equa
‐hour period, or
s. Like capacity, a
energy, like cap
e rate or time. Th
h quality 12 V, 3
M 12V35 lithium
te and discharge
ALM 12V35 is re
han 10% at a very
attery is reduce
dest C/2 rate, th
e energy, while t
if a fully charged
ventional lead a
ry sensitive to th
), the DOD may
life for DOD up
n a battery syste
he type of batte
ed in a data shee
on requirements
3: Energy (C/20
tions white pape
across the C‐rate
o less than 50% n
his discharge rat
gy is expressed a
ge in battery volt
al energy). The n
urrent (C‐rate) fr
ates to a dischar
r 5 W for four ho
available energy
acity, is almost
he comparison o
5 Ah lead‐acid b
‐ion battery, in
e (run) time. The
elatively constan
y high 6C rate. A
d to less than 50
e lead‐acid batt
the ALM 12V35 r
d battery to a 10
cid batteries, th
he DOD per cycl
need to be limit
to 80%, but the
em. Discharging
ery, cycles to 50%
et. System desig
s.
0) Over Tempera
er, 082016
e, reduced
nameplate
te, the
as a unit
tage over
nominal
rom 100%
rge of 20
ours, or 100
y decreases
of the
battery and
Figure 5
e key point
nt across
At the same
0%
ery is
retains its
00% state of
e cycle life,
e. For even
ted to as
se may be
g lead‐acid
% DOD may
gners must
ature
NEC Energy Sol
rapidly with u
The ALM ener
30 °C in nomin
At a C/2 disch
capacity, whic
decreasing te
battery exper
the lead‐acid
offering 1.6X t
as shown in F
At temperatu
However, imp
increasing tem
battery servic
ChargingLead‐acid batt
charge and m
Constant Curr
battery, the c
(trickle charge
discharging. T
Figure 8. The
greater than 1
The charging s
1. Initial cap
2. Remainin
(7 – 10 h
The absorptio
slowly until th
3. Once the
minimum
This is import
by manufactu
battery will re
dimensioned
possible to av
Some lead‐ac
batteries can
ChargingAThe ALM fami
a drop‐in repl
float life.
lutions white pa
sable energy red
rgy decreases at
nal energy.
harge rate, the le
ch is described o
mperature as sh
ience a decrease
battery drops fa
to 2.3X more av
igure 7.
res above 25 °C
provements in ca
mperature. The b
ce life rather tha
Lead‐AcidBteries require a
aximum service
rent, Constant V
harge voltage ra
e) from 13.0 V to
The typical lead a
total recharge ti
10 hours.
sequence is as fo
pacity of ~70% is
ng ~30% of capa
ours).
on stage is a requ
he battery is effe
e lead‐acid batte
m.
ant as lead‐acid
urer. A typical lea
equire a recharg
with every disch
void self‐discharg
id batteries, suc
speed up the ch
ALMFamilyily of lithium‐ion
acement for equ
per, 082016
duced by ~20% a
t ~ ½ this rate, w
ead‐acid battery
on page 3 and sh
hown in Figure 7
e in capacity and
aster between 0
ailable energy o
the usable capa
apacity versus h
biggest impact f
n usable capacit
Batteriesspecific charging
life. The metho
Voltage (CCCV) ch
ange is 14.2 V to
o 13.2 V applied
acid battery cha
ime for lead‐acid
ollows:
s reached in bulk
city is reached i
uired period whe
ectively charged
ery is charged, it
batteries have a
ad‐acid battery h
e every 6 month
harge below a sp
ge induced wear
h as deep cycle
harge time, the c
yofLithiumn batteries can b
uivalent lead‐ac
at 0 °C and ~60%
with only a ~25%
requires a dera
hown in Figure 4
7 both the ALM a
d usable energy.
°C to ‐30 °C, wit
over the same te
acity and energy
igher C‐rate can
rom higher tem
ty.
g sequence to as
d that is typicall
harging profile.
15.5 V, with a f
to keep the bat
rging profile is s
d batteries is ge
k charge stage (
n the absorption
ere the charge v
.
requires a float
a self‐discharge,
has a self‐discha
hs at 20 °C, and e
pecified minimu
r.
types, are const
complete charge
m‐IonBatterbe charged using
id batteries. Lea
% at ‐30 °C.
reduction at ‐
ting of usable
4. At
and lead‐acid
. However,
th the ALM
emperatures
is unchanged.
occur with
peratures is on
ssure a full
y used is a
For a 12 V
loat voltage
ttery from
hown in
nerally
5 – 8 hours)
n charge stage
voltage is held co
, maintenance, o
, which varies wi
arge of 2% per m
every 2 months
m SOC, it is impo
tructed to suppo
e routine is still m
iesg lead‐acid comp
ad‐acid float volt
Figu
onstant with a ti
or trickle charge
idely by battery
month at 20 °C, a
at 40 °C. Since t
ortant that the b
ort faster chargin
measured in hou
patible chargers
tages may be us
Figure
ure 7: Energy (C/
imer and the ch
e to maintain the
type (i.e. floode
and 8% per mon
the service life o
batteries remain
ng routines. Wh
urs.
as described ab
ed without impa
8: Lead‐Acid Ba
5
/2) Over Tempe
arge current dec
e SOC above a s
ed, SLA, advance
th at 40 °C. This
of a lead‐acid bat
n as fully charge
ile the use of th
bove. In this case
acting the ALM b
attery Charging
5 | P a g e
erature
creases
pecified
ed lead) and
means the
ttery is
d as
ese
e, ALMs are
batteries’
6 | P a g e
For new desig
over lead‐acid
rate and no se
recharge is re
The ALM fam
0% to 100% S
3C rate (2
6C rate (1
4C rate (1
9C rate (6
ALM 12V7https://wwALM 12V3https://ww
ALM batteries
where equipm
consumption
fast charging c
ChargingTLead‐acid batt
ambient temp
voltage must
voltage must
lower chargin
The amount o
manufacture
have built‐in a
charge rate ba
For ALM batteadjustment codisabled. Chatemperature c
The ALM charthe ALM 12V3temperature
BatteryLiBattery End o
capacity to a s
energy to a lo
capacity. For l
although appl
acceptable be
can be mislea
scenario. The
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elf‐discharge ind
quired. Even if t
mily, by model nu
OC.
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7s Data Sheet: ww.neces.com/a35 Data Sheet: ww.neces.com/a
s can be charged
ment availability
for fuel based g
capabilities vers
Temperaturtery chargers m
perature. As the
decrease. As the
increase. In add
g rate and curre
of voltage and ch
and type of lead
adjustments to a
ased on tempera
eries connected ompensation veargers should cocompensation.
rge rate must be35 are shown in must be conside
ifef Life (EOL) is de
specified level w
oad) is more likel
lithium‐ion batte
lication requirem
efore replaceme
ding, here it is u
two major facto
ions where simp
ure 9 shows the g
duced wear, no t
the ALM SOC fall
umber, has the f
LM 12V35s
LM 12V35i HP
12V7s
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assets/12V7s_da
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d at 30 – 60X fas
is critical, such a
enerators/charg
sus slower charg
reCompensust adjust the ch
temperature ris
e temperature fa
ition, the charge
ent when the tem
harge rate adjust
d‐acid battery. M
automatically co
ature. Figure 10
to lead‐acid batrsus temperaturntain instruction
e reduced as theTable 1 to illustrered carefully fo
etermined by the
where an acute b
ly. For lead‐acid
eries, the EOL ca
ments are more
nt is desired. W
used to denote t
ors in determinin
pler or faster cha
general charging
trickle or mainte
ls to 0%, it can b
following charge
atasheet.pdf
V35_datasheet.p
ster rate than eq
as recovery from
gers to charge up
ing lead‐acid ba
sationharge voltage wi
ses above 20 °C,
alls below 20 °C
e rate must be a
mperature drops
tments varies de
Most lead‐acid ba
ompensate the v
is a typical curv
ttery chargers, tre is not requirens on how to dis
temperature derate the rate verr outdoor applic
e capacity reduc
battery failure (u
batteries, EOL is
apacity is usually
likely to determ
hile the term ser
he actual useful
ng service life ar
arging routines a
g scheme that is
enance charge is
be recharged and
e rates for
quivalent lead‐ac
m a power outag
p a battery array
tteries.
ith changes in
the charge
the charge
adjusted to a
s below ~20 °C.
epending on the
attery chargers
voltage and
ve.
he voltage d and should besable the
ecreases below 2rsus temperaturcations.
ction from the Be
unable to hold a
s usually specifie
y lower, such as
mine how much c
rvice life as used
life of a battery
re calendar (or fl
N
Figure
Figure 10: Le
are needed, the
s recommend fo
s required. The s
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LMs
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20 ‐ 25 °C
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9
significant Total
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hows the relativ
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9 | P a g e
Cost of
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nger period,
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ating factors de
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s needed at BOL
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