Inglés B2

B2.2 Unit 2

Warm up video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=us0lQswwtZs

I WISH / IF ONLY

◙ I wish o if only se usan para expresar un deseo o bien lamentarnos de algo que ha

ocurrido en el pasado y se traduce normalmente como ojalá, aunque el uso de If only

es mucho más enfático. Después de I wish/ If only usamos los siguientes tiempos

verbales:

- Simple Past > para expresar el deseo de que algo sea diferente a como es en

realidad (en español, pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo). En el lenguaje más

formal se suele usar las forma were con todas las formas personales detrás de

I wish/ If only.

� I wish you were here! (Ojalá estuvieras aquí)

� I wish he were with us now! (Ojalá estuviera con nosotras ahora)

- Would + infinitivo > para expresar el deseo de que algo ocurra en el futuro o

para expresar una queja referida a una acción que nos gustaría que cambiara

(en español, pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo). Would no se usa para la

primera persona ni para hablar de algo que no depende de la voluntad del

sujeto.

� I wish they would come! (Ojalá vinieran)

� I wish I would work less. > NO (Sería > I wish I worked less)

� She wishes she would be taller > NO (Sería > She wishes she were

taller)

- Past Perfect > para expresar el deseo de que algo hubiera ocurrido de forma

diferente o expresar arrepentimiento por haber hecho algo (en español,

pretérito pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo).

� I wish they had come! (Ojalá hubieran venido)

◙ Además de las estructuras con el significado de ojalá, existen otras construcciones

en las que también se usa wish:

- Subject + wish + object + noun phrase

� We wish you a merry Christmas.

- Subject + wish + (object) + to- infinitivo

� I wish to make a complaint.

- Subject + for + noun phrase

� We wish for peace and love.

- Subject + object + adjective

� The officers wish him alive.

- Subject + not wish + object + on + somebody

� I wouldn’t wish it on my worst enemy.

Exercise9. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense:

a) I wish he _________________ here now (to be).

b) If only you _________________ here yesterday (to be).

c) We wish you _________________ tomorrow (to come).

d) You will wish you _________________ earlier yesterday (to leave).

e) We wish you _________________ yesterday (to arrive).

f) I wish that he _________________ us next year (to visit).

g) If only she _________________ at home now (to be).

h) You wish that he _________________ you last week (to help).

i) He will always wish he _________________ rich (to be).

EMPHASIS

PASSIVE VOICE

◙ La voz activa se emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o

cosa que realiza la acción significada por el verbo. Por el contrario, la voz pasiva se

emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o cosa que “sufre”,

que recibe, la acción significada por el verbo.

◙ Sólo pueden usarse en voz pasiva aquellos verbos que puedan llevar objeto.

� The ball was struck by the boy.

� Gold has been found by the explorers.

◙ La voz pasiva en la forma del indicativo se forma con el verbo to be + participio

pasado del verbo principal. A continuación mostramos un cuadro con los diferentes

tiempos verbales:

a. El presente simple de indicativo

Ejemplo de conjugación con el verbo to show:

Simple Present Indicative of To Be Simple Pr esent Indicative of Passive Voice

of To Show

I am I am shown

you are you are shown

he is he is shown

b. Los demás tiempos del indicativo

El verbo To Be comparado con la voz pasiva del verbo To Show

Present Continuous Present Continuous

I am being I am being shown

you are being you are being shown

he is being he is being shown

Present Perfect Present Perfect

I have been I have been shown

you have been you have been shown

he has been he has been shown

Present Perfect Conti nuous Present Perfect Continuous

I have been being I have been being shown

you have been being you have been being shown

he has been being he has been being shown

Simple Past Simple Past

I was I was shown

you were you were shown

he was he was shown

Past Continuous Past Continuous

I was being I was being shown

you were being you were being shown

he was being he was being shown

Past Perfect Past Perfect

I had been I had been shown

you had been you had been shown

he had been he had been shown

Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

I had been being I had been being shown

you had been being you had been being shown

he had been being he had been being shown

Simple Future Simple Future

I will (shall) be I will (shall) be shown

you will be you will be shown

he will be he will be shown

Future Continuous Future Continuous

I will (shall) be being I will (shall) be being shown

you will be being you will be being shown

he will be being he will be being shown

Future Perfect Future Perfect

I will (shall) have been I will (shall) have been shown

you will have been you will have been shown

he will have been he will have been shown

Future Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

I will (shall) have been being I will (shall) have been being shown

you will have been being you will have been being shown

he will have been being he will have been being shown

◙ Los tiempos Present Perfect Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous y

Future Perfect Continuous de la voz pasiva se hacen muy largos e incómodos, por lo

que se usan muy poco.

◙ Oraciones interrogativas y negativas:

- Interrogativas:

� (You were shown the sights) Were you shown the sights?

� (She is being shown the sights) Is she being shown the sights?

� (He will have been shown the sights) Will he have been shown the sights?

� (We should be shown the sights) Should we be shown the sights?

- Negativas:

� You were not shown the sights.

� She is not being shown the sights.

� He will not have been shown the sights.

� We should not be shown the sights.

a) Cambio de voz del verbo:

◙ Normalmente, cuando se pasa una frase de activa a pasiva, cambiando sólo la voz

del verbo y dejando el resto de las palabras de la oración tal como están en la frase

activa, se produce un cambio en el significado.

� Active Voice: He is driving to the airport.

Passive Voice: He is being driven to the airport.

[La persona a la que se refiere el sujeto de la primera frase se comporta activamente:

está ejerciendo la acción de conducir. La persona a la que se refiere el sujeto de la

segunda frase está actuando de forma pasiva: él o ella no conduce sino que alguien le

está llevando al aeropuerto].

b) Cambio de voz del verbo manteniendo el significado de la oración:

◙ Para mantener el significado de una oración cuando se altera la voz del verbo, es

necesario alterar el orden de las palabras de la oración.

- Cambio de activa a pasiva > Cuando un verbo que lleva objeto se cambia de activa a

pasiva, para mantener el significado de la frase, dicho objeto se ha de convertir en el

sujeto del verbo y el que en la frase activa es sujeto puede situarse después del verbo

acompañado de la preposición by pasando a ser agente.

� The wind is rippling the water. [el verbo is rippling tiene como sujeto wind y

como objeto water. Cuando el verbo pasa a pasiva y se mantiene el significado

de la frase, lo que antes era objeto, water, se convierte en el sujeto del verbo y

lo que antes era sujeto, wind, se convierte en el agente (objeto de la

preposición by)].

� The water is being rippled by the wind.

� Active: The squirrel ate the nut.

� Passive: The nut was eaten by the squirrel.

� Active: The child will open the parcel.

� Passive: The parcel will be opened by the child.

◙ Cuando se cambia la voz del verbo en una frase manteniendo el significado de la

misma, es necesario asegurarse de que el verbo concuerde con el nuevo sujeto.

� Active: The boys are mowing the lawn.

� Passive: The lawn is being mowed by the boys.

[En la primera frase, el sujeto boys es plural; por tanto, debe usarse el auxiliar are;

en la segunda frase, el sujeto lawn es singular; por tanto, se emplea el auxiliar is].

- Cambio de pasiva a activa > Cuando un verbo pasa de pasiva a activa, para

mantener el significado de la frase, el que es el sujeto pasa a ser el objeto del verbo y,

si la frase incluye una proposición introducida por la preposición by, el que es objeto

de la preposición pasa a ser el sujeto del verbo.

� Passive: The clover is being eaten by the cow.

� Active: The cow is eating the clover.

� Passive: The wine was ordered by the dealer.

� Active: The dealer ordered the wine.

� Passive: The deer could have been killed by the poacher.

� Active: The poacher could have killed the deer.

c) Cambio de voz de un verbo que lleva tanto objeto directo como indirecto:

◙ Cuando un verbo en voz activa lleva tanto objeto directo como objeto indirecto,

cualquiera de ellos puede convertirse en el sujeto del verbo al pasarse la oración a

pasiva, manteniéndose el significado de la misma. El objeto que no pasa a ser sujeto

queda como objeto. Cuando un verbo en pasiva lleva objeto indirecto, éste va

normalmente precedido por una preposición.

� Active: The guide will show you the museum.

� Passive: You will be shown the museum by the guide.

� Passive: The museum will be shown to you by the guide.

[En la primera frase (Active) el verbo will show lleva el objeto directo museum , y el

objeto indirecto you . En las frases segunda y tercera el verbo will be shown está en

pasiva, y el significado se ha mantenido al alterar el orden de las palabras y usar la

preposición by. En la segunda frase, el que era objeto indirecto, you, es ahora el sujeto

del verbo, y el que era el objeto directo, museum, se mantiene como objeto directo. En

la tercera frase, el que era objeto directo, museum, ha pasado a ser el sujeto del

verbo, y el que era objeto indirecto, you, ahora va precedido de la preposición to].

� Active: The policeman gave you a medal.

� Passive: You were given a medal by the policeman.

� Passive: A medal was given to you by the policeman.

◙ La voz pasiva en la forma del subjuntivo se forma de la misma manera que el

indicativo. A continuación mostramos un cuadro los siguientes tiempos verbales:

Simple Present Simple Past

I am shown I were shown

you are shown you were shown

he is shown he were shown

Present Continuous Past Continuous

I am being shown I were being shown

You are being shown you were being shown

he is being shown he were being shown

Present Perfect Past Perfect

I have been shown I had been shown

you have been shown you had been shown

he have been shown he had been shown

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

I have been being shown I had been being shown

you have been being shown you had been being shown

he have been being shown he had been being shown

a) Presente simple del subjuntivo > se emplea normalmente en cláusulas

subordinadas que empiezan con that en frases que contienen órdenes o solicitudes

formales.

� I request that he be invited to speak.

� We asked that our suggestions be considered.

� They will insist that their colleague be admitted to the association.

b) Formas del pasado del subjuntivo > se emplea para expresar deseos y condiciones

falsas o improbables.

� I wish he were allowed to come. (deseo)

� It would have been better if they had been invited. (falsa condición o premisa)

Exercise2. Change the following affirmative stateme nts into questions. For

example:

You are required to prepare the documents for the meeting.

Are you required to prepare the documents for the meeting?

1. They should be informed.

2. She might have been invited to come.

3. You had been told not to say anything about that.

4. They will be used when needed.

5. It has been stored in an appropriate place.

6. They were being repaired.

Exercise3. Change the following affirmative stateme nts into negative statements.

For example:

They would have been trained to do this job.

They would not have been trained to do this job.

1. We could have been observed from that building there.

2. It is being dealt with successfully.

3. They were being kept under observation.

4. You will be held responsible if something goes wrong.

5. They were expected to get here at ten o'clock.

6. He will be asked to collaborate.

7. It was sent to the correspondent department on time.

Exercise4. For each of the following sentences, fir st indicate the tense of the

underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Active Voice to the

corresponding tense in the Passive Voice. Take note of the resulting change in

the meaning of the sentence. For example:

They drive to work at seven o'clock every morning.

Simple Present: They are driven to work at seven o'clock every morning.

Did he notice?

Simple Past: Was he noticed?

She is not telling the truth.

Present Continuous: he is not being told the truth.

We have sent a message.

Present Perfect: We have been sent a message.

I will pay.

Simple Future: I will be paid.

1. Do they expect to have any guests for dinner? _________________

2. He is giving orders and instructions. __________________

3. They have moved to a different city. __________________

4. She will fly to Madrid next week. _________________

5. He has offered a discount in all his products. __________________

6. They have stopped to take a rest. __________________

7. Will you have given permission? _________________

8. We sent a quite long letter. __________________

9. We were teaching Spanish and French. __________________

10. I understand perfectly what you mean. ___________________

11. He is offering free advice for unemployed people. _________________

12. She will rush to the station. __________________

Exercise5. For each of the following sentences, fir st indicate the tense of the

underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Passive Voice to the

corresponding tense in the Active Voice. Take note of the resulting change in the

meaning of the sentence. For example:

We are paid on a monthly basis.

Simple Present: We pay on a monthly basis.

She is not assisted every day.

Simple Present: She does not assist every day.

Was he not being flown to LA?

Past Continuous: Was he not flying to LA?

It has been grown here for the past ten years.

Present Perfect: It has grown here for the past ten years.

Might they be called at five in the afternoon tomorrow?

Simple conjugation with might: Might they call at five in the afternoon tomorrow?

1. We can be heard easily from far away. _________________

2. She is being given spiritual guidance. __________________

3. Were they not flown over the mountains? ________________

4. I had been transferred to another department.

5. He is being convinced. __________________

6. We have been sent an anonymous gift. __________________

7. He is not being taught music properly. _________________

8. Should they have been driven to their destination? ______________

9. They will be watched constantly. __________________

10. We had been taken to the beach today. __________________

11. Has he been checked into the hotel? ______________

12. Could I have been told the news last week? __________________

Exercise6. Change the underlined verbs in the follo wing sentences from the

Active Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Pas sive Voice. Preserve the

meaning of the sentences by using the preposition b y and making the necessary

changes in word order. For example:

The teenager drove the car.

The car was driven by the teenager.

The girl is riding the horse.

The horse is being ridden by the girl.

The student has cooked a delicious lunch.

A delicious lunch has been cooked by the student.

The president of the company will thank the members of all the departments.

The members of all the departments will be thanked by the president of the

company

company.

The children can understand the text.

The text can be understood by the children.

1. That woman founded this association.

2. This picture won the prize.

3. The girl is playing the piano.

4. The mailman has already delivered all the letters.

5. The pilot can fly the aeroplane.

6. The child bought the white t-shirt.

7. The cat chased the mouse.

8. The workers will paint the walls.

9. The stranger could have stolen the wallet.

10. The dealer has sold the jewels.

11. The dog splashed the water.

12. The man has watered the flowers.

Exercise7. Change the underlined verbs in the follo wing sentences from the

Passive Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Ac tive Voice. Preserve the

meaning of the sentences by omitting the prepositio n by and making the

necessary changes in word order. For example:

Their new song was heard by everyone.

Everyone heard their new song.

The instructions were followed by the officials.

The officials followed the instructions.

The money is being counted by the cashier.

The cashier is counting the money.

The animals in the zoo have been fed by the tourists.

The tourists have fed the animals in the zoo.

The landscape will be photographed by the photographer.

The photographer will photograph the landscape.

1. The bill was paid by the boss.

2. The cake was made by the cook.

3. The wiring must be checked by the electrician.

4. The crow was being scolded by the squirrel.

5. The book was written by a specialist.

6. The house was decorated by a student.

7. The seeds were taken by the birds.

8. The beer has been drunk by the guests.

9. The mail is opened every day by the secretary.

10. The ingredients have been added and mixed by the cooks.

11. The bird was seen by the naturalists who were observing.

12. His work will be published by the magazine next month.

Exercise8. Complete the following sentences using t he Simple Present

Subjunctive of the Passive Voice of the verbs shown in brackets. For example:

She ordered that the most important details _______ known. (to make)

She ordered that the most important details be made known.

He advises that the plane ________ at a high altitude. (to fly)

He advises that the plane be flown at a high altitude.

1. They demand that the change of plans _____________ at nine o'clock. (to report)

2. It is necessary that their accomplishments ____________. (to recognize)

4. It is crucial that we _____________ of any change. (to inform)

5. He asks that his papers and documents ____________ in order. (to put)

6. They requested that their qualifications ______________. (to accept)

7. We insist that he not _____________ his rights. (to deny)

8. It is important that the requirements _____________. (to meet)

9. She requests that the most experienced candidate ___________. (to choose)

10. It is recommended that care __________ in making the repairs. (to take)

11. He insists that smoking ______________. (to forbid)

VOCABULARY

Ooops! Don´t put your foot in it! (¡No metas la pat a!)

1.How do you say in English: ¨Espero que vengas a m i fiesta¨?

¿¨I hope that you come to my party¨?

NOOOOOOOO

We say:

I hope you come to my party!!

*When talking about hope or something that will happen in the future, we need: subject +¨hope¨ + subject + verb in present simple

Eg.: She hopes they play well today.

I hope it doesn´t rain on Saturday!

2.How do you say in English ¨Cada individuo tiene q ue tomar su propia decisión¨? ¿¨Every individual has to make his own decision¨?

NOOOOO

We need to say:

¨Every individual has to make THEIR own decision!¨

3.How do you say in English ¨¡Por fin han aparecido las llaves de mi coche!¨

¿¨ Finally, my keys have appeared?

NOOOO

We say: ¨Finally, my keys have turned up!¨ or ¨My keys have finally turned up¨ , or just ¨I´ve finally found my keys¨

INTENSIFIERS 1

We use words like very, really and extremely to make adjectives stronger:

It’s a very interesting story Everyone was very excited. It’s a really interesting story. Everyone was extremely excited

We call these words intensifiers . Other intensifiers are:

amazingly Exceptionally incredibly

remarkably Particularly Unusually

We also use enough to say more about an adjective, but enough comes after its adjective:

If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car. I can’t wear those shoes. They’re not big enough.

Intensifiers with strong adjectives:

Strong adjectives are words like:

enormous, huge = very big tiny = very small brilliant = very clever awful; terrible; disgusting; dreadful = very bad certain = very sure excellent; perfect; ideal; wonderful; splendid = very good delicious = very tasty

We do not normally use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is "very enormous" or someone is "very brilliant". With strong adjectives, we normally use intensifiers like:

absolutely completely totally utterly

really exceptionally particularly quite

The film was absolutely awful. He was an exceptionally brilliant child. The food smelled really disgusting.

Exercise 1:

Choose the correct intensifier:

1.absolutely / really

A:How was your exam?

B: Not good. It was…………difficult

2.extremely / absolutely

A:Are you hungry?

B.Hungry? I am ……………starving!

3.totally/very

A:So, did you like the movie?

B:No, I thought it was…….awful!

4.extremely / totally

A: Do you think we´ll get a pay rise this year?

B:Well, if we do, it will be………….small!

5.really/very

A:Did you have a good holiday?

B:Yes, thanks. It was ………..fantastic.

6.absolutely, very

A: I don´t like politics.

B: No? I find it …….interesting.

INTENSIFIERS 2

Certain adjectives have their own 'special' intensifiers which are often used with them. Here are some common ones:

blind drunk

o He was blind drunk and behaved really badly.

bone dry

o I must have a drink. I'm bone dry.

brand new

o I've just bought a brand new car.

crystal clear

o The sea near Rhodes is crystal clear.

dead easy

o That exam was dead easy. I've certainly passed.

o He's won three lottery prizes this year. He's dead lucky.

dead right

o I agree entirely. You are dead right.

dirt cheap

o I bought my car for a dirt cheap price from an old lady who had hardly driven it.

fast asleep / sound asleep

o I was in bed and fast asleep by nine. o I was sound asleep and I didn't hear anything.

paper thin

o These office walls are paper thin. You can hear everything said in the next office.

pitch black

o There's no moon. It's pitch black out there.

razor sharp

o Be careful with that knife- it's razor sharp.

rock hard

o It's impossible to dig this soil – it's rock hard.

stark naked

o The hotel door slammed behind me and I was left standing stark naked in the middle of the corridor.

stone deaf

o He can't hear a thing. He's stone deaf.

wide awake

o I was wide awake by six.

wide open

o Who left the door wide open?

EXERCISE 2

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:

• I was ..............awake by seven. • I can´t see a thing. It´s .............black in here. • I´ve got a.................new computer. • There has been no rain for weeks. The ground is...........dry. • My new computer is.............easy in use. • I got my computer for a ........cheap price. • I was...........lucky to get such a bargain. • I was............asleep when you phoned.

NEWCOMER / COMEBACK / COMEDOWN / COME-ON

NEWCOMER

If you´ve never seen this word before, you might be able to work out its meaning from the two words that it contains: ¨new¨and ¨come¨. As you might expect, it means ´someone who has recently arrived in a place´, for example: ´She is a newcomer to the company´. The place in question doesn´t need to be physical or geographical either; you can be a newcomer to a particular activity or situation: ´I´m a newcomer to politics´

COMEBACK

If you know what the verb ¨to come back¨ means , then you´ll probably be able to work out that this noun means a ¨vuelta¨ of some kind. It´s most commonly used in the field of entertainment or sport when someone returns to the activity that they used to be successful at: ¨He made a comeback to the team after being injured for two years¨

The other meaning of a ¨comeback¨ is when you make a quick and usually witty (ingenioso) response to a critical remark.

COMEDOWN

Again, this word has two uses. First, it can be used when people have experienced a loss of status or importance in their jobs or lives. For example: ¨Playing for Oviedo was a bit of a comedown for him after having played for Real Madrid. ¨

The other meaning is to describe a feeling of disappointment or depression and in particular after a drug ceases to produce an effect.

COME-ON

And finally, as we always like to show you the most curious uses of English, ...if somebody ¨gives you the come-on¨ , you´re lucky...or maybe not! IIt means that they are ¨insinuándose¨

QUICK QUIZ:

1.¿Cómo se llamaría una vuelta a las tablas de un esceario o a los platós del cine/televisión?

a)a comedown

b)a comeback

2.¿Cómo llamamos a una persona que acaba de llegar a un sitio o a una actividad?

a)a newcomer

b)a comeback

3.¿Qué palabra significa ¨un bajón¨en inglés?

a)come-on

b)comedown