B2

Organisms grouped by shared characteristics.- Continuous spectrum

which makes it difficult to place in distinct groups

- Natural – evolutionary- Artificial - purposeful

ClassificationFive Kingdoms:• Protoctists• Prokaryotes• Fungi• Plants• Animals

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

DNA sequencing is used for classification

Evolutionary Tree

Evolutionary Relationship – common ancestorEcological Relationship – organisms in an ecosystem

Arthropods:• Insects• Arachnids• Crustaceans• Myriapods

Species – a group of organisms which are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Problems classifying species:• Hybrids• Organisms• Evolution as a continuing

process

Binomial System: international basis for naming species

Closely Related Species:• Share a relatively close ancestor• Different features in different habitats

Energy Flow

Trophic Level: position the organism has in a food chain

Pyramid of Biomass: dry mass of living material at each stage of a food chain

Pyramid of Numbers: population of each group

Energy Transfer:• Heat from respiration• Excretion• Egestion

Difficulties constructing pyramids:• Organisms in more than one

trophic level• Difficulties measuring dry biomass

Efficiency of energy transfer explains:• the shape of pyramid of biomass• the limited length of food chains

Calculate efficiency of energy transfer

Excretory products, faeces and uneaten parts can be used as the starting point for other food chains.

Recycling

When animals and plants die and decay the elements are recycled.

Decomposers: soil bacteria and fungi, decay dead organisms

Decay is important for making elements available to other living organisms.

Required Elements for Decay:• Carbon• nitrogen

Carbon is taken up by plants as CO2

Recycling CARBON in nature:• Plants – photosynthesis• Feeding – carbon• Respiration• Burning fossil fuels• Decomposers • Marine organisms – shells• Shells – limestone• Volcanic eruption/weathering• Oceans absorbing carbon

Recycling NITROGEN in nature:• Plants – nitrates for growth• Feeding • Nitrogen compounds in dead

animals• Decomposers – ammonia• Ammonia nitrates by nitrifying

bacteria• Fixing of nitrogen gas - lightningRecycling of nutrients takes longer in

waterlogged or acidic soils than it does in well drained neutral soils.

Interdependence

Competition will influence:• Distribution• PopulationRelated to availability of:• Food• Water• Shelter• Light

Size of predator population will affect the numbers of prey.

Parasitism: parasite benefits to living host’s detriment (fleas)

Mutualism: both species benefit (cleaner species, nitrogen fixing bacteria)

Interspecific: different species, same resources

Intraspecific: same species, limited resources

Ecological Niche: place occupied by an organism• Similar organisms will occupy similar niches

Interdependence determines:• Distribution• Abundance

Organisms benefit from the presence of different species.

Animals and plants are affected by competition for resources.Analyse population sizes and distribution data

Adaptations

Successful predators:• Binocular vision• Hunting strategy• Breeding strategy

To Avoid Being Prey:• Eyes on side of head• Living in groups• Camouflage• Mimicry• Breeding strategy (synchronised)

Cold Environments:• Insulation/surface area to reduce heat loss• Migration/hibernationHot Environments:• Increase heat loss• Reduce heat gain

Dry Environments:• Coping for lack of water

Surface Area to Volume ratio – analyse

Counter-Current Heat System: warm blood entering body flows past cold blood returning to the rest of the body (Penguins flippers)

Biochemically Adapted: optimum temperature for enzymes

Specialists: well suited for certain habitats

Generalists: live in a range of habitats, easily out competed

Natural Selection

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection:• Presences of natural variation• Competition for limited resources• Survival of the fittest• Inheritance of ‘successful’ adaptations

Adaptations are controlled by genes which are passed on

Acceptance of Natural Selection:• Explains a wide range of observations• Been discussed and tested by a wide range

of scientists

Over long periods of time adaptations can lead to formation of new species

Speciation requires:• Geographical isolation• Reproductive isolationLamarak’s Evolution: inheritance of acquired characteristics

Lamarack’s Theory Discredited:• Explanation did not have genetic basis

Animals are more likely to survive when adapted to their environment

When environments change, some animal and plant species survive or evolve, but many become extinct

Population and Pollution

Finite Resources:• Fossil fuels• Minerals

Human population increase = resource usage increasePollution increase:• Household waste• Sewage• Sulfur dioxide• Carbon dioxide

Population growth is the result of birth rate > death rate

Birth rate: number of babies born in a year

Death rate: number of deaths in a year

Developed countries with small population have the greatest impact on the use of resources and creation of pollution

Measuring Pollution:• Direct measurement of pollutant levels• Measuring the occurrence of indicator species

Indicator Species and Pollution:• Water pollution – waterlouse

sludgeworm, rat-tailed maggot and mayfly lava

• Air pollution - lichen

Global warming: CO2 from burning fuelsOzone depletion: CFCs breaking down UV lightAcid Rain: sulfur dioxide

Carbon Footprint: amount of greenhouse gases given off in a certain period of time

Sustainability

Becoming Endangered or Extinct:• Climate change• Habitat destruction• Hunting• Pollution• Competition

Conserving Endangered Species:• Protecting habitats• Legal protection• Education programmes• Captive breeding programmes• Seed banks• Creating artificial ecosystems

Reasons for Conservation Programmes:• Protecting human food supply• Minimal food chain damage• Plant medical purposes• Cultural aspects

Evaluating Conservation Programmes:• Genetic variation of key species• Viability of populations• Available habitats• Interaction between species

Commercial Value of Whales:• Tourism (alive)• Food• Oil• Cosmetics (dead)

Captivity:• Entertainment• Research• Captive breeding• Lack of freedom

Whaling:• Getting international

agreement• Policing• Enforcing agreements• Hunting for research

Whale Biology Still Not Understood:• Communication• Migration patterns• Survival at extreme depths

Sustainability Requires:• Planning• Cooperation at local,

national and international levels

10 Minute Break!

Organisms grouped by shared characteristics.- - Natural –- Artificial -

ClassificationFive Kingdoms:• P• P• F• P• A

KPCOFGS

DNA sequencing is used for _________

Evolutionary Tree

Evolutionary Relationship –Ecological Relationship –

Arthropods:• I• A• C• M

Species – define

Problems classifying species:• H• O• E

Binomial System: define

Closely Related Species:• 2 things

Organisms grouped by shared characteristics.- Continuous spectrum

which makes it difficult to place in distinct groups

- Natural – evolutionary- Artificial - purposeful

ClassificationFive Kingdoms:• Protoctists• Prokaryotes• Fungi• Plants• Animals

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

DNA sequencing is used for classification

Evolutionary Tree

Evolutionary Relationship – common ancestorEcological Relationship – organisms in an ecosystem

Arthropods:• Insects• Arachnids• Crustaceans• Myriapods

Species – a group of organisms which are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Problems classifying species:• Hybrids• Organisms• Evolution as a continuing

process

Binomial System: international basis for naming species

Closely Related Species:• Share a relatively close ancestor• Different features in different habitats

Energy Flow

Trophic Level: define

Pyramid of Biomass: define

Pyramid of Numbers: define

Energy Transfer:• H• E• E

Difficulties constructing pyramids:• O• D

______________________________________________ starting point for other food chains.

Efficiency of energy transfer explains:• 2 things

Calculate efficiency of energy transfer

Energy Flow

Trophic Level: position the organism has in a food chain

Pyramid of Biomass: dry mass of living material at each stage of a food chain

Pyramid of Numbers: population of each group

Energy Transfer:• Heat from respiration• Excretion• Egestion

Difficulties constructing pyramids:• Organisms in more than one

trophic level• Difficulties measuring dry biomass

Efficiency of energy transfer explains:• the shape of pyramid of biomass• the limited length of food chains

Calculate efficiency of energy transfer

Excretory products, faeces and uneaten parts can be used as the starting point for other food chains.

Recycling

When animals and plants die and decay the elements are _____________.

Decomposers:

Decay is important for __________________________.

Required Elements for Decay:• 2 elements

Carbon is ______________________.

Recycling CARBON in nature:• P• F• R• B• D • M• S• V• O

Recycling NITROGEN in nature:• P• F • N• D• A• F

Recycling of nutrients takes _______________________________________________________________________________________________.

Recycling

When animals and plants die and decay the elements are recycled.

Decomposers: soil bacteria and fungi, decay dead organisms

Decay is important for making elements available to other living organisms.

Required Elements for Decay:• Carbon• nitrogen

Carbon is taken up by plants as CO2

Recycling CARBON in nature:• Plants – photosynthesis• Feeding – carbon• Respiration• Burning fossil fuels• Decomposers • Marine organisms – shells• Shells – limestone• Volcanic eruption/weathering• Oceans absorbing carbon

Recycling NITROGEN in nature:• Plants – nitrates for growth• Feeding • Nitrogen compounds in dead

animals• Decomposers – ammonia• Ammonia nitrates by nitrifying

bacteria• Fixing of nitrogen gas - lightningRecycling of nutrients takes longer in

waterlogged or acidic soils than it does in well drained neutral soils.

Interdependence

Competition will influence:• D• PRelated to availability of:• F• W• S• L

__________ will affect the _____________.

Parasitism: who benefits?

Mutualism: who benefits?

Interspecific: define

Intraspecific: define

Ecological Niche: define•

Interdependence determines:• D• A

Organisms benefit ___________________________.

Animals and plants are affected by ______________________________.Analyse _________________________.

Interdependence

Competition will influence:• Distribution• PopulationRelated to availability of:• Food• Water• Shelter• Light

Size of predator population will affect the numbers of prey.

Parasitism: parasite benefits to living host’s detriment (fleas)

Mutualism: both species benefit (cleaner species, nitrogen fixing bacteria)

Interspecific: different species, same resources

Intraspecific: same species, limited resources

Ecological Niche: place occupied by an organism• Similar organisms will occupy similar niches

Interdependence determines:• Distribution• Abundance

Organisms benefit from the presence of different species.

Animals and plants are affected by competition for resources.Analyse population sizes and distribution data

Adaptations

Successful predators:• B• H• B

To Avoid Being Prey:• E• L• C• M• B

Cold Environments:• I• MHot Environments:• I• R

Dry Environments:• C

_____________ ratio – analyse

Counter-Current Heat System: define

Biochemically Adapted:

Specialists:

Generalists:

Adaptations

Successful predators:• Binocular vision• Hunting strategy• Breeding strategy

To Avoid Being Prey:• Eyes on side of head• Living in groups• Camouflage• Mimicry• Breeding strategy (synchronised)

Cold Environments:• Insulation/surface area to reduce heat loss• Migration/hibernationHot Environments:• Increase heat loss• Reduce heat gain

Dry Environments:• Coping for lack of water

Surface Area to Volume ratio – analyse

Counter-Current Heat System: warm blood entering body flows past cold blood returning to the rest of the body (Penguins flippers)

Biochemically Adapted: optimum temperature for enzymes

Specialists: well suited for certain habitats

Generalists: live in a range of habitats, easily out competed

Natural Selection

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection:• P• C• S• I

Adaptations are ________________________.

Acceptance of Natural Selection:• E• B

Over long periods of time _____________________________________________________.

Speciation requires:• G• RLamarak’s Evolution: what is it?

Lamarack’s Theory Discredited:• Why?

Animals are more likely to survive ____________________________.

When environments change, _______________________________________________________________________.

Natural Selection

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection:• Presences of natural variation• Competition for limited resources• Survival of the fittest• Inheritance of ‘successful’ adaptations

Adaptations are controlled by genes which are passed on

Acceptance of Natural Selection:• Explains a wide range of observations• Been discussed and tested by a wide range

of scientists

Over long periods of time adaptations can lead to formation of new species

Speciation requires:• Geographical isolation• Reproductive isolationLamarak’s Evolution: inheritance of acquired characteristics

Lamarack’s Theory Discredited:• Explanation did not have genetic basis

Animals are more likely to survive when adapted to their environment

When environments change, some animal and plant species survive or evolve, but many become extinct

Population and Pollution

Finite Resources:• F• M

Human population increase = resource usage increasePollution increase:• H• S• S• C

Population growth ________________________________

Birth rate:

Death rate:

Developed countries _____________________________________________________________________________.

Measuring Pollution:• D• M

Indicator Species and Pollution:• W • A

Global warming: Ozone depletion:Acid Rain:

Carbon Footprint:

Population and Pollution

Finite Resources:• Fossil fuels• Minerals

Human population increase = resource usage increasePollution increase:• Household waste• Sewage• Sulfur dioxide• Carbon dioxide

Population growth is the result of birth rate > death rate

Birth rate: number of babies born in a year

Death rate: number of deaths in a year

Developed countries with small population have the greatest impact on the use of resources and creation of pollution

Measuring Pollution:• Direct measurement of pollutant levels• Measuring the occurrence of indicator species

Indicator Species and Pollution:• Water pollution – waterlouse

sludgeworm, rat-tailed maggot and mayfly lava

• Air pollution - lichen

Global warming: CO2 from burning fuelsOzone depletion: CFCs breaking down UV lightAcid Rain: sulfur dioxide

Carbon Footprint: amount of greenhouse gases given off in a certain period of time

Sustainability

Becoming Endangered or Extinct:• C• H• H• P• C

Conserving Endangered Species:• P• L• E• C• S• C

Reasons for Conservation Programmes:• P• M• P• C

Evaluating Conservation Programmes:• G• V• A• I

Commercial Value of Whales:• T• F• O• C

Captivity:• E• R• C• L

Whaling:• G• P• E• H

Whale Biology Still Not Understood:• C• M• S

Sustainability Requires:• P• C

Sustainability

Becoming Endangered or Extinct:• Climate change• Habitat destruction• Hunting• Pollution• Competition

Conserving Endangered Species:• Protecting habitats• Legal protection• Education programmes• Captive breeding programmes• Seed banks• Creating artificial ecosystems

Reasons for Conservation Programmes:• Protecting human food supply• Minimal food chain damage• Plant medical purposes• Cultural aspects

Evaluating Conservation Programmes:• Genetic variation of key species• Viability of populations• Available habitats• Interaction between species

Commercial Value of Whales:• Tourism (alive)• Food• Oil• Cosmetics (dead)

Captivity:• Entertainment• Research• Captive breeding• Lack of freedom

Whaling:• Getting international

agreement• Policing• Enforcing agreements• Hunting for research

Whale Biology Still Not Understood:• Communication• Migration patterns• Survival at extreme depths

Sustainability Requires:• Planning• Cooperation at local,

national and international levels