B Physics B5 - Bliss Bibliographic Classification · 2016-04-11 · Stimulated emission techniques 4 B6KJ B6LFQS * * * * * * * * * * B6K J J4U J4Y B J4Y D J4Y F J83 JP JPQ M Q QM

Physics

1

B

B5

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BB2

Add to B2 numbers 2/9 in Auxiliary Schedule 1, withthe additions modifications given in AY2 2/9; eg

B22B23 G

NLP

B24See also Biography B292

CFor Education, see B26A.

B25L

B26 AAlternative (not recommended) is to locate in JKEducation.

CThis position is used only to qualify classespreceding B32.

B27B29 2

AAdd to B29 letters A/X following AY2 9; eg

X

For methodology narrowly, see B32 C (see notes atAY2 9X.Add to B29 X numbers & letters 5/Y followingAY2 9X.Add to B2 letters A/X following A in classes AA/AX;eg

B2ACKLGHVGLS

See also Quantum theory B8MGM

See also Particle physics theory BM8 BGQDGQEGQFGSW

See also Dynamic similarity (dimensions)B9B K

B2M6D7H868L8N9L9N9P

B2N B

B2P 2For principles, systems, etc. of named persons; egHamiltonian principles B2P 2H.

B2R BCN8 U

B2S AB2V UYJ RB2W 6Y

GIOR

B2X8FYNNWO

Add to B numbers & letters 2YM/8 following AY; egB2Y QB32

See note at AY3 2; much of the literature will be atB4/B7, under instrumentation, physical methods,etc.Add to B3 numbers & letters 2/X following AY3; eg

BFor theoretical physics, see B8B.

CQ

B36All procedures other than theoretical physics. Seenote at AY3.Add to B numbers 36/7 following AY.

B37B3B

B3C

B3J GB3RB3UB3XB4B45B4A

Details here are taken from TechnologyU/V (not yet published, so notation isprovisional); eg

B4KB4LB5

Physics

Serials. . .Tables of constants. . .Technical data. . .

Persons in the subject. .Physicists. . .

Profession. . . .

Organizations in physics. .Communication & information in physics. .Education, study & teaching of physics. .

Research. .

History of physics. .Biography of physicists. .

Social aspects of physics, physics & society.

Physics as a discipline, physics methodology(broadly)

.

Philosophy of physics. .Atomism. . .The Absolute. . .Complementarity. . .

Cosmology. . .

Causality. . .Irreversibility. . . .Indeterminacy, uncertainty. . . .

Analogy, similarity. . .

Mathematical methods in physics. .Numerical analysis. . .Computation. . .Approximation. . .Functions. . .

Named functions, A/Z. . . .Equations. . .

Named equations, A/Z. . . .Inverse problems. . .Non-linear (mathematical physics). . .

Sets. .Fractals. . .

Groups. .Differential topology. .Variational calculus. .Partial differential equations. .Dynamical systems. .

Statistics & probability.Statistical methods. .Probability. .

Stochastic processes. . .Ergodic processes. . .

Markov processes. . . .

Organization & management of work in physics.Research operations (general).

Procedures & methods in physics research. .

Methodology (narrowly). . .Comparative investigations. . .

Practical physics, investigatory procedures.

Unwanted effects & safety. .Equipment & materials. .

Handling techniques. . . .

Accuracy. . . .Materials in general. . .Equipment & plant. . .

Laboratories. . . .Instrumentation. . . .

Instrument components. . . . .

Switching devices, converters. . . . . . .Transducers. . . . . . . .

PhysicsPhysics as a discipline

Mathematical methods in physics.Non-linear. .

BB29 X

B2MB2N B

Common subdivisions.

Forms of presentation. . Systems of individual mathematicians. .

Operations & agents in physics

Operations on. . .

Properties. . .

By energy system. . . . . .

Types of instruments. . . . .

Mechanical techniques

2

B62

B6GX

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*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

B62

B63B64 D

Arrange A/Z; e.g. REDUCE B64 DR

B67

B69Operations acting on physical phenomena, usingvarious physical processes, properties, etc. as agentsof investigation.This class takes works on these techniques only whenthey are used in physics. Completely general workson them go in AY6 9. When considered as agents inthe investigation of a particular problem in physics,class under the problem.Add to B6 numbers & letters 9,A/W following B inB9/BW with the adjustments indicated (eg at B6I B,which is divided like Technology U).

BB6A T

For heat transfer, see B6R GSB6B

IMJ

For vacuum techniques, see B6Q X.KUN

B6C BEEGHKKLL

B6D CCP

In microseconds or shorter.DLVN

B6E

For radiological techniques, see B6L WY.B6G G

B6G HFor acoustoelectric techniques, see B6I XR; forthermoacoustics, see B6G PGH; forphotoacoustics, see BGR LGH; for acousticholography, see B7K GH

H7S

HFG

HFL

HFO

HFR

HFTNP

Techniques using thermal energy (ie heat possesed bysubstances, bodies, etc. in the form of molecularvibrational energy).

P3UP3WPGHPQQ76Q78 RQ78 STU

V76WX

Investigative techniques in physics.

Data processing & recording. . .Computer programs. . . .

Microtechniques in physics. . .

Physical methods in investigation. .

Dimensional techniques. . .Transport techniques (general). . .

Mechanical techniques. . .Torque (techiques). . . .Pressure (techniques). . . .

Deformation (techniques). . . .Torsion (techniques). . . . .Elasticity (techniques). . . . .

Inertial force (techniques). . . .Centrifugal force (techniques). . . . .

Static forces (techniques). . . .Weight (techniques). . . .

Tare techniques. . . . .Density (techniques). . . .

Velocity (techniques). . . . .High speed techniques. . . . . .

Acceleration (techniques). . . . .Ballistics (techniques). . . . .Rotation (techniques), gyroscopic techniques. . . . .Vibration (techniques), oscillation

(techniques), sonic techniques. . . . .

Sonic techniques. . . . . .

Acoustic techniques. .

Acoustic signal processing. . .Emission. . .

Acoustic emmission techniques, acousticradiation techniques

. . . .

Absorption. . .Acoustic absorption techniques. . . .

Resonance. . .Acoustic resonance techniques. . . .

Interference. . .Acoustic interference techniques, acoustic

wave interferometry. . . .

Scattering. . .Acoustic scattering techniques. . .Ultrasonic techniques. . .

Thermal techniques

Equipment.Furnaces (thermal techniques). .

Thermoacoustic techniques.Quantity of heat.

Calorimetry. .Bomb calorimetry. . .Microcalorimetry. . .

Cooling techniques.Heating techniques.Temperature.

Thermometry. .Low temperature techniques, cryogenic techniques. .High temperature techniques, pyrometric

techniques. .

PhysicsPractical physics

Equipment & materialsTypes of instruments. . .

PhysicsInvestigative techniques in physics

Physical methods in investigationMechanical techniques

Techniques using forms of motionSonic techniques. .

BB36

B3BB5

BB62

B69B6B

B6G GOperations

Operations serving all techniques & objectives. .

Operations by scale. .

Techniques using forms of motion. . . .

Electromagnetic & electronic techniques

3

B6GY

B6KGBFG

*

*

*

***

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

B6G YB6H I

For electrochemical techniques, see electrolytictechniques, see B6X L.

NB6I B

See also particle physics techniques using electronsB7N P.Add to B7I letters following UL Electronic engineering(notation provisional); eg

BMBSC

Add to B6I C letters A/C following BVI.Add to BCI D letters D/Q following B if applicable.Add to B6I letters E/G following BVI; eg

EHBHCHDHEHGHJJJPKLMNO

For those with an optical input and/or output,see Optics BL.

PAdd to B6I P letters A/Y following BVI P.

RNS

Add to B6I S letters A/M following BVI S.SLH

Add to B6I U letters B/L following BVI U; egUBUCUGHUGPUL

B6JFO

For magnetic resonance imaging, see ImagingB7I O.

FP

B6J UVBVC

B6K

For tracer techniques, see B7P.7678S78T78U78VFM

FM4FMF C4FQ

Analysis of structure of matter by the diffraction ofx-rays, neutrons, etc. in crystals.More detail may be taken from crystallography, atBW6 KFQ.

FQ4FQ4 FTFQ4 FV

See the radiation or particle at B6K U/B6Q; egX-ray diffraction B6L XFQ.

FR

FR4Arrange A/Z; eg

FR5 VFR5 W

See radiation; e.g. acoustic wave interferometryB6R GHF R.

FTUsing irregular reflection, dispersal, etc. ofparticles or waves.

FX

GB

Add to B6K GB letters D/G following AY7 I(Beam handling in imaging); eg

GBF G

Electromagnetic & electronic techniquesElectrical techniques.

Electrostatic techniques. .Electronic techniques.

Vacuum tube techniques. .Gas discharge tube techniques. .Semiconductor techniques. .

Charge carriers. . .Semiconductor devices. . .

Point contact devices. . . .Junction devices, bipolar devices. . . .Diodes (semiconductors). . . .

Point contact diodes. . . . .Junction diodes. . . . .

Transistors. . . .Point contact transistors. . . . .Junction transistors. . . . .

N-p-n transistors. . . . . .P-n-p transistors. . . . . .Four layer transistors. . . . . .

Field effect transistors, bipolar transistors. . . . .

Superconductor techniques. .

Electrical resistance (techniques using). .Dielectric techniques. . .

Electro-optical techniques. . . .

Electromechanical techniques. . .Piezoelectrical techniques. . . .Acoustoelectrical techniques. . . .

Thermoelectric techniques. . .Photoelectric techniques. . .

Magnetic techniques.Magnetic resonance techniques. .

Magnetic polarization techniques. .

Magnetic field effects (techniques).Magnetomechanical effects (techniques). .

Magnetostriction techniques, piezomagnetismtechniques

. . .

Radiation techniques (electromagnetism), wavetechniques (electromagnetism)

Measurement.Dosimetry. .

Dosimetry below 5 MeV. . .Electron dosimetry. . . .

Microdosimetry. . .Refraction techniques, refractometry.

Instrumentation. .Refractometers. . .

Transmission refractometry. .Diffraction techniques, diffractometry.

Instrumentation. .Diffractometers. . .Prisms. . .Diffraction gratings. . .

Electromagnetic wave interferometry.Instrumentation. .

Interpherometers. . .

Etalons. . . .Microinterferometers. . . . .

Scatter techniques.

Pulses.Pulse techniues. .

Beams.Beam handling (general), beam techniques

(general). .

Beam modulation. . .


Investigative techniques in physicsPhysical methods in investigation

Mechanical techniquesHigh temperature techniques. . .


Physical methods in investigationElectromagnetic & electronic techniques

Magnetic techniquesMagnetic polarization techniques.

BB36

B62B69

B6BB6G X

BB62

B69B6G Y

B6JB6J FP

Interactions of electric with other energy forms. .

By type of radiation. .

By type of radiation. .

Stimulated emission techniques

4

B6KJ

B6LFQS

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*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

B6K JJ4UJ4Y BJ4Y DJ4Y FJ83JPJPQ

MQQM

R

Add to B6K R letters A/T following B6K S(with additions & modifications).

R4

RLPRSTS

S4

S4D SS5

See B6K SL

SBDSBD L

SFI NSFI O

SFRSGBSGB PSGB Q

SLH

B6K SLPSLQ

Add to B6K S letters LU/Q following B; egSLUSLVSLWSO

SRSTSTVSTW

Arrange A/Z.SUSVSVV WSVX BSVX GSVX JSVX M

SXKey component of optic-electric integratedcircuits.

TTV

Effect of very intense light beams on matterthrought which they are propagated. Utilizing theoptical effects of laser radiation interacting withnon-linear materials.See also Quantum optic techniques B6K QM

UFor masers, see B6K R.

UXB6L

For quantum optic techniques see B6K QM;Non-linear optical techniques B6K TV; for opticaltechiques in bulk matter, see B6R L.

FCFCTFLFMFMJ

For photoelastic stress analysis, seeBVB KL6 LFM J.

FNFPFQFQS

Ionizing radiation techniques, radiology.

Bubble chambers. . .Spark chambers. . .Counters. . .

Production. .Irradiation. .

Microirradiation. . .

Radiofrequency techniques.Microwave & optical techniques (together).

Stimulated emission techniques, induced emissiontechniques, quantum optic techniques

. .

Maser techniques (general), microwaveamplification by stimulated emission

. . .

Instruments. . . .Masers. . . . .

Pulsed masers. . . . .Gas masers. . . . .

Laser techniques, lasing process, lightamplification by stimulated emission(techniques)

. . .

Instruments. . . .Lasers. . . . .

Cavity resonators. . . . . . .

Energy states. . . . .Population inversion. . . . . .Excitation. . . . . .

Stimulated emission of light. . . . . . .Laser pumping, optical pumping,

electronic pumping, pumping(lasers)

. . . . . . . .

Interference. . . . .Laser interferometry. . . . . .

Beam handling. . . . .Light beam pulsing & switching. . . . . .Light beam modulation. . . . . .

High energy lasing process, Q_switching. . . . . .

Pulsed lasers. . . .Continuous lasers. . . .

Infra-red lasers. . . . .Visible light lasers. . . . .Ultra-violet lasers. . . . .Nuclear-powered lasers. . . . .

Lasing action media. . . . .Gas lasers. . . . .

Inert gas lasers. . . . . .Other gas laser. . . . . .

Liquid lasers. . . . .Solid lasers. . . . .

Semi-conductor lasers, diode lasers. . . . . .Ruby lasers. . . . . .Glass lasers. . . . . .Fibre lasers. . . . . .Chemical lasers. . . . . .

Surface emitting lasers, SEL. . . . .

Quantum well lasers. . . . .Non-linear optical techniques. .

Microwave techniques

Millimetre wave techniquesOptical techniques

Optical transmission techniques.Fibre optic techniques. .

Absorption techniques.Refraction techniques.

Birefringence techniques, double refractiontechniques

. .

Reflection techniques.Polarization techniques, polarized light techniques.Diffraction techniques (light).

Schlieren techniques. .

PhysicsPhysical methods in investigation

Electromagnetic & electronic techniquesRadiation techniques

BeamsBeam modulation. .

PhysicsRadiation techniques

Microwave & optical techniquesLaser techniques. .

Types of laser action. . .High energy lasing process. . . . .

BB69

B6G YB6K

B6K GBF G

BB6K

B6K QB6K S

B6K SLH

By result of action

Equipment. .

By wave length/frequency

Types. . . .

Components. . . . . .

Types of instruments. . . . . .

Processes & properties. . . .

Types of laser action. . . .By energy. . . . .

Types of lasers. . .

By radiation or particle. . . .

By medium. . . .

By action of laser. . . .

Radiation techniques

5

B6LFR

B7G

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

B6L FRFRLFTGHLMPF

For stimulated emmission of light, see B6K S(lasers)

UVWWY

Applications of X-rays, gamma rays and otherpenetrating radiation, ionizing or non-ionizing.

XXFQXFQ RXFQ SXFQ WY

B6M

Add to B6 letters M/Q following B; egFQFRGB

B6N DCGOP

For beta ray techniques, see nuclear radioactivitytechniques B6O FKR

PFQPFRPGB

See also Electron optics imaging B7I NPVWWFQ

B6OFor gamma ray techniques, see B6L Y.

FKFKM N

Studies artificially created nuclei in order toelucidate the isotopes produced bybombardment.For activation analysis, see Chemical analysisC.For radioactive isotope techniques, see Tracertechniques B7P.

B6O FKRFKSFO

For nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, seeB7I O

B6PB6Q

U

U7SU7T

UEX

UFQUGBX

B6RNNR

B6T CWFor electrical discharge techniques, see B6I BS.

B6U CHCW

B6WB6X C

ELP

B6Y

Add to B7 numbers & letters 2,A/S following AY7; egB72B73B74 G

LNTV

B75B76B7AB7CB7FB7G

Interference techniques, interferometry. .Interference fringes (techniques). . .

Scattering (optical techniques). .Acoustooptic techniques, photoacoustics. .Luminosity (techniques). .Colour (techniques). .Coherent light techniques. .

Infra-red techniques. . .Visible light techniques. . .Ultra-violet techniques. . .

Radiological techniques (general)

X-ray techniques.X-ray diffraction. .

Bragg method (X-ray diffraction). . .Laue method (X-ray diffraction). . .Weissenberg method (X-ray diffraction). . .

Gamma ray techniques.Particulate radiation techniques, particle physics

techniques

Particle diffraction.Particle interferometry.Particle beam techniques.Cosmic ray techniques.Photon techniques, photonics.Electron techniques.

Electron diffraction. .Electron interferometry. .Electron beam techniques, electron optics

techniques. .

Proton techniques.Neutron techniques.

Neutron diffraction. .Nuclear reaction techniques.

Radioactivity techniques. .Radioactivation analysis. . .

Alpha radiation techniques. . . .Beta ray techniques. . . .Nuclear resonance techniques. . . .

Atom techniques. . . .Molecular techniques. . . .Ion techniques. . . .

Ionic implantation. . . . . .Ion exchange techniques. . . . . .

Ion irradiation techniques, ion bombardmenttechniques

. . . . .

Ion diffraction. . . . . .Ion beam analysis. . . . . .

Vacuum techniques.Bulk matter techniques.

States of matter. .Phase transition techniques, thermodynamic

phases (techniques). . .

Gas dynamics techniques. . .

Hydrostatic techniques. . .Hydrodynamic techniques. . .Crystallographic techniques. . .

Chemical techniques in physics. .Electrochemical techniques in physics. . .

Electrolytic techniques. . . .Biological techniques in physics. .

Control techniques.Production techniques.Detecting & indicating techniques.

Indicating. .Telemetry. . .

Recording techniques.Scanning techniques. .

Counting in physics, calculation.Measurement in physics.Testing & evaluation in physics.

Monitoring. .Modelling & simulation.Prediction, forecasting.

PhysicsElectromagnetic & electronic techniques

Radiation techniquesBy wave length/frequency

Diffraction techniques. .Schlieren techniques. . .


Physical methods in investigationElectromagnetic & electronic techniques.

Nuclear reaction techniques. . . .Radioactivation analysis. . . . . .

BB6G Y

B6K

B6L FQB6L FQS

BB62

B69B6G Y

B6OB6O FKM N

Types of optics by wavelength. .Special procedures. . . . .

Processes & properties. . . . .

Techniques special to a context.Techniques by action on phenomenon

Investigative techniques in physics

6

B7H

B8FL

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

B7HL

B7IO

B7J

LLXMPSO

SUB7K

GHT

B7LV

B7M

LLXM

For mass spectroscopy, see B7O P.NGONP

OPQU

B7NSee note under Spectroscopy AY7 M; if in doubt,prefer B7M.

SMeasures intensity of wavelength in optical spectra.

B7O PMeasures atomic mass by separating beam of ionsinto components reflecting different mass/chargeratios. Not strictly spectroscopy, since does notutilize the separation of wavelengths.

B7PB7Q

For example, BWQ D7S Crystal defects - Doping.

B7W LB7X

HJN

B7Y BB82

If distinguished from practical physics.See notes at AY3 2 regarding relations betweenexperimental research and practical scientific work.For practical work in physics (which includesexperimental methods, equipment, etc.), see B36.

B85B87B8B

For practical physics, see B36.

Theories relating to a specific field, large or small, gowith that field. Provision of notation at this point allowsthe qualification of any specific subject by its specialtheories; eg BGR 8TB Falling body theory of gravity.Some major theories in general physics are often (and insome cases usually) referred to for historical reasons astheories of mechanics (eg classical mechanics, quantummechanics). The preferred arrangement is to locate themhere.An alternative (not recommended) is to locate themunder mechanics specifically, at BB8. In such cases,their classmark will have an additional initial B; egquantum theory becomes BB8 M.

B8D

The term ’mechanics’ on its own usually assumesthis.

NB8E

Basic 19th century theories, applicable mainly to bulkmatter (BR).See also Quantum theory B8M

RB8F

For unified field theory, see particle theory BM8 FG.

97DDMG

For grand unified theory, see BM8 FJ.L

Visualizing & imaging techniquesVisualizing techniques (general).Imaging techniques.

Magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear magneticresonance, NMR

. .

Microscopy. .

Optical microscopy. . .X-ray microscopy. . .Particle microscopy. . .

Electron microscopy. . . .Nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy, nuclear

magnetic resonance imaging. . .

Ion microscopy. . .Holography (techniques), wavefront reconstruction

imaging. .

Acoustic holography. . .Photographic techniques in physics. .Radiography in physics. .Tomography. .

Spectroscopy, spectrography, spectrum analysis

Optical spectroscopy. .X-ray spectroscopy. .Particulate spectra techniques. .

Photon correlation spectroscopy. . .Electron spectroscopy, electron emmission

spectroscopy. . .

Nuclear spectroscopy. . .Atomic spectroscopy. . .Ion spectroscopy. . .

Spectrometry. .

Spectrophotometry. .

Mass spectroscopy. .

Tracer techniques, radioactive isotope techniques.

Special environments (investigative techniques). .Vacuums (research environments). . .High altitude (research environments). . .Space (research environments). . .

Non-experimental research (physics). .Scientific expeditions (physics). . .

Experimental physics (general). .

Fundamental research in physics. . .Oriented research in physics. . .

Theoretical physics

Classical physics, classical mechanics, Newtonianmechanics, ensemble theory, non-quantizedphysics (Am.)

. .

Newton’s laws. . .Statistical mechanics, many particles systems,

statistical thermodynamics. .

Ergodic theory. . .Field theory (general). .

Potential (field theory). . . .Classical theory. . .

Maxwell theory (field theory). . . .Unified field theory. . .

Supersymmetry theory. . . .


Investigative techniques in physicsPrediction


Investigative techniques in physicsTechniques by action on phenomenon.

Techniques special to a context. .

BB36

B62B7G

BB36

B62

B7Q

By wavelength. . .

By spectrum.

By various physical constants.

Techniques special to a context

Special forms of enquiry.

By broad objective. .

Particular theories in physics.

Properties. . .

Quantum theory

7

B8FR

B8RB8V

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

B8F RST

B8G PB8H

See also Gravitation BGR; Astronomy &astrophysics DAFor relativistic treatment of specific phenomena, seethe phenomenon; eg relativistic scattering theory(elementary particles) BMF T8H.

Q

RS

B8JSee also Cosmology DA

B8KB8M

Further details are given at BM8 M Particle physics.Details from there may be used here if necessary.Examples are given below.For quantum theory of specific phenomena, see thephenomenon; eg quantum electrodynamicsBNG 8M; quantum chromodynamics BNR 8M.

2727E27F27H

1924 onwards.27J27K

2XSee also Elementary particles - Energy levelsBMB D

2XY AB2XY AF

9CN

DDTDV

For Gauge field theory, see BM8 MFR.F

For quantum field theory of specificphenomena, see the phenomenon - e.g. mesonfield theory BNS 8MF.

FNFX

B8M HHF

NPR

For quantum number properties, see ParticlesBMM D.

RWS

See also Periodic table CH; Spin (particles)BMM K

TB8N

This allows the qualification of a particular propertyif its quantization is the subject.

B8OFor example, BRQ BBQ 8O Surfaces - Potentialenergy - Potential barrier - Tunnellling.

VB8P

2M2M8 GE2M8 L

2M8 NH

2M9 NS2TB

QUSU

B8R BB8V

Gauge theory.Gauge transformation. .Gauge invariance. .

Non-field theoriesRelativity theory, relativistic mechanics

Space-time continuum, four-dimensionalcontinuum

.

Interval (space-time). .Events (space-time). .

General relativity.

Special relativity.Quantum theory, quantum mechanics

History.Early period. .

Planck quantum theory. . .Later period. .

Einstein quantum theory. . .Bohr quantum theory. . .

Statistics.Quantum statistics. .

Bose-Einstein statistics. . .Fermi-Dirac statistics. . .

Constants.Planck constant. .

Particular quantum theories.Classical theory. .

Semi-classical quantum theory. . .Non-relativistic quantum theory. . .

Field theory. .

Quantum field theory, quantified fields,quantized fields

. . .

Non-linear field theory. . . .Axiomatic field theory. . . .

Relativistic quantum theory.Relativistic quantum field theory. .

Quantum propertiesQuantization.Complementarity.Quantum number (theory).

Correspondence principle. .Pauli exclusion principle. .

Principal quantum number. .

Two-state quantum theoryWave mechanics (quantum theory), corpuscular

waves (quantum theory)Mathematics.

Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics). .Wave functions. .

Named functions. . .Hamiltonian functions, Hamiltonians. . . .

Named equations. . .Schrodinger wave equation. . . .

Matrices.Particular theories.

Bohr theory (wave mechanics). .Schrodinger wave mechanics. .Uncertainty principle, indeterminacy principle,

Heisenberg principle. .

Matrix mechanicsHeisenberg representation.


Theoretical physicsField theory

Unified field theory.Supersymmetry theory. .


Quantum theoryParticular quantum theories

Field theory.Axiomatic field theory. . .

BB36

B8BB8F

B8F GB8F L

BB36

B8M

B8M FX

Special quantum properties, quantum numbers

Special quantum effects

Physics

8

B92D

B9CQU

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Classes B92/99 are for use only as qualifiers. Seeexplanatory note at AY9.Add to B9 numbers 2/9 following AY9 and letters G/Sfollowing AY (with the additions indicated); eg

B92 DEFGHJKLN

B94CEFGHJJCKLMOPPCQRSV

B95B96B97

B9BFor mass, see BCJ; for measurement, see B76.

2X

92L92M

GUse for any qualification or degree of a dimension -e.g. double, very, optimal.

HIIVJK

See also Similarity parameters (fluid flow)BSB 9BK

QR

TUVW

More than three dimensions.B9C

The dimension of the physical universe which at agiven place orders the sequence of events.See also Space-time continuum B8H Q

86

9FCSee also Relativity theory B8H

9FE9FG9TC9TDEENEPFGHI

For lifetime as a quantum property, BMM FHJKLMNPQQSQU

Distribution.Incidence. .

Invariability, constancy.Constants. .

Variation, change.Rate of change. .Decrease. .Increase. .Cyclical change. .

Conditions, parameters, environments, influences.Critical point, critical state. .Volume conditions. .

Constant volume. . .Decreasing volume. . .Increasing volume. . .

Pressure conditions. .Critical pressure. . .Constant pressure conditions, isobaric conditions. . .Decreasing pressure conditions. . .Increasing pressure conditions. . .

Velocity conditions. .Thermal conditions. .

Critical temperature. . .Constant temperature, isothermal conditions. . .Adiabatic conditions. . .Decreasing temperature conditions. . .Increasing temperature conditions. . .

Electrical & magnetic field conditions. .Electrical field conditions. . .Magnetic field conditions. . .

Physical dimensions, dimensions of a physical quantity

Dimensional analysis.

Contraction. .Expansion. .

Degree of dimension, number. .

Nodes, points (dimension). .Indexes. .Dimensionless groups. .Similarity. .

Dynamic similarity, similarity principle. . .

Frames of reference. .Inertial reference frame. . .

One-dimensional. . .Two-dimensional. . .Three-dimensional. . .Multi-dimensional. . .

Time.

Measurement. .Horology (physics). . .

Reversibility (time). . . .

Irreversibility (time). . . .Arrow of time. . . . .

Contraction (time dimension). . . .Expansion (time dimension). . . .

Time conditions. .Ante, prior. . .Post (time). . .Rate (time). . .

Slow. . . .Fast. . . .

Duration, life. . .

Momentary, transient. . . .Short duration. . . .Long duration. . . .Mean life. . . .Half life. . . .

Time intervals. . .Frequency (time dimension). . . .Short intervals. . . .Long intervals. . . .

PhysicsOperations & agents in physics

Heisenberg representation. . . . . . .

PhysicsB

B8R B8V

B

General processes/properties in physics

Special properties

Processes.

Dimensional properties.

By number of dimensions. .

Processes. . .

Physics

9

B9CR

BAE

*

*

*

**

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

B9C RSTUV

B9DSee also Space-time continuum B8H Q; Shape,configuration B9J V

92K92L

DHypothetical medium once thought to fill all space.

EEGEKELEP

For example, back, front, side, end.FGHIJJNKLMNPPQPRPSPUQRRTSS94 CSPSQSSSTT

For fields of force, use BBH.See also Field theory B8F

VMore than 3 dimensions.For space-time (3-d space + time), see RelativityB8H Q.

B9D XB9G

CEGPTV

For specific laws, see thing conserved; egconservation of mass & energy BAE 9GV.See also theory of elementary particlesBNB 8B

B9HHJ

For periodic motion, see BDS.KNQRUVW

B9I HB9J

SFor symmetry reflecting invariance principle inparticles, see BMM B

T

T9G VFor P invariance (parity conservation), seeBMM E9G V.

VW

B9K VX

See also Quantum mechanics B8MB9L RB9MB9N PBAE

Energy is the capacity for doing work. Interconversionbetween its different forms (potential, kinetic,electrical, chemical, etc) can occur only in the presenceof matter. Energy can only exist in the absence ofmatter when it is in the form of radiant energy.Matter is a specialized form of energy having theattributes of mass and of extension in space and time.For general works on matter per se, see BLY.For Mechanical energy, see BBB M; for Matter, seeBLY.

Instantaneous, immediate. .Continuous. .Discontinuous, discrete. .Periodic. .

Isochronous. . .Space, spatial dimension, size

Contraction (space dimensions). .Expansion (space dimensions). .

Aether, ether. .

Direction.Orientation. .Isotropic. .Anisotropic. .

Position, location.

One-dimensional spaces, lines, linear dimensions.Distance. .

Mean free path. . .Length. .Width, breadth. .Height. .Radius. .Diameter. .

Chord (dimensions). . .Perimeter, circumference. .

Two-dimensional spaces, planes.Angles. .Area. .

Sectors (space dimensions). . .Surfaces (dimensions). .

Three-dimensional spaces, bodies.Cross section. .Edge conditions. .Volume. .

Critical volume. . .Solid bodies. .Hollow bodies. .Homogeneous bodies. .Non-homogeneous bodies, heterogeneous bodies. .Physical field. .

Multidimensional.Hyperspace, multidimensional space. .

Non-Euclidean space. . . .Systems characteristics.

Systems behaviour. .Disturbance, perturbation. . .

Temporary disturbances, transients. . . .State of system. . .

Constancy, invariance. . . .Conservation laws. . . . .

Variability. . . .Change of state of system. . . . .

Periodic change. . . . . .

Cycles (periodic change). . . . . . .Response systems. . . . . .

Hysteresis. . . . . . .Autonomous events. . . . . .

Stability of systems. . . .Homeostasis, self-regulation. . . . .

Instability of systems. . . .Adaptive behaviour. . . .

Structure of systems (physics). .Symmetry, homogeneity. . .

Parity, space reflection symmetry, mirrorsymmetry

. . . .

Conservation. . . . .

Shape, configuration. . .Networks (systems). .

Continuous systems. .Discontinuous systems, discrete systems. .

Linear systems. .Non-linear systems. .Adaptive systems. .

Energy & matter (together)

Conservation.

PhysicsPhysical dimensions, dimensions of a physical quantity

TimeTime intervals. .

Long intervals. . .

PhysicsSpecial properties

Physical dimensions, dimensions of a physical quantity.Hyperspace. . . .

BB9B

B9CB9C PB9C QU

B

B9BB9D V

Processes.

Constituents.

Types of systems.

Energy interactions & forms

10

BAE9GV

BB8D

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BAE 9GV9GW

BAFBAG

Interactions between energy systems and their effecton the states of those systems.For thermal phenomena and heat in general, see Bulkmatter physics BRG P.For statistical theory of thermodynamics see B8E.

8D

8DP92N

See BAP Y9G9IC

See BAP D9IE

See BAP EBAHBAIBAJ

BAKBALBAM

See also irreversible thermodynamics BAP EJ

BAN

For internal energy, see BBB V.See also Thermal properties (bulk matter) BRG P

BAO

BAP DE

Extension of classical theory to cover realdynamical processes; eg in biology.See also Entropy BAM

HJN

QTVW

BAP YBAQ

Arrange A/Z; egCA

BATTransfer of mass, momentum or energy in asystem.For transport processes & properties in particularenergy systems, see the system - e.g. electricalconductivity, neutron transport, dielectricrelaxation, viscosity (fluids).

8ES

See also Kinetic theory of gases BTD E8B92N

BAUD

BAVBAW

See Fluids BSA WBAX

See also Heat transfer BRG Q

BBStudy of the behaviour of physical systems under theaction of forces, especially with the motion andequilibrium of bodies in a particular frame ofreference. Sometimes used with wider meaning, toinclude the behaviour of all physical systems under allinteractions, when it is barely distinguishable fromphysics as a whole.

BB2 M8LM8N HM9LM9N HM9N L

P2HP2LS

BB8 B

Classical theory, relativity theory, quantumtheory, etc are treated as theories of generalphysics (see B8D/Y).An alternative (not recommended) is tosubordinate them here,to mechanics. If this optionis taken:Add to BB8 letters D/Y following B8; eg

D

Conservation of mass & energy. .Equivalence of energy & matter.

Energy interactions & formsThermodynamics.

Particular theories. .Classical thermodynamics, reversible

thermodynamics, ideal processes,reversible processes (classical theory)

. . .

Equilibrium thermodynamics. . .Cycles. . .

Systems characteristics. .Reversible processes. . .

Irreversible processes. . .

Principles, laws. .Zeroth law of thermodynamics. . .First law of thermodynamics, conservation of

energy. . .

Enthalpy. . . .Second law of thermodynamics. . .

Entropy. . . .

Entropy of substances. . . . .Third law of thermodynamics, Nernst heat

theorem. . .

Fluctuation phenomena, variables(thermodynamics)

. . .

Reversible thermodynamics. . .Irreversible thermodynamics, non-equilibrium

thermodynamics. . .

Critical state, critical point phenomena. . .Internal energy, thermodynamic energy. . .Free energy, thermodynamic potential, Gibbs

function. . .

Adiabatic processes. . .Isothermal processes. . .Isentropic processes. . .Polytropic processes. . .

Thermodynamic cycles. .

Carnot cycle. . . .Transport processes (general). .

Theory. . .Kinetic theory (general), molecular theory

(kinetic theory). . . .

Cycles (transport processes). . .Scattering (general). . .Dissipation. . .Diffusion (general). . .Viscosity. . .

Mass transfer. . .

Mechanics

Mathematical functions.Hamiltonian functions, Hamiltonians. .

Equations.Hamilton’s equations. .Lagrangian equations. .

Hamiltonian systems. .Lagrangian mechanics. .Geometric mechanics. .

Theory.Particular theories. .

Classical mechanics. .

PhysicsEnergy & matter

Conservation.

PhysicsEnergy interactions & forms

ThermodynamicsPolytropic processes. .

BBAE

BBAF

BAGBAP W

Thermodynamic processes & properties. .

Named cycles. . .

Named systems.

Force(s)

11

BB9KV

BBJNQ

**

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

BB9 KV

KVK

KXKXKKXMKXPKXR

BBBCapacity of a body or system for doing work.For activation energy, see Chemistry C; for energylevels and energy bands, see Elementary particlesBMB D.

92D9GV

See Thermodynamics BAJM

A measure of a system’s capacity to do work.P

TFor motion, see BCS.See also friction BVQ CA

VSum of the potential and kinetic energies ofmolecular interactions.

BBCSee particle physics, BMB C

BBDSee particle physics, BMB D/E

BBFSee condensed matter BTX BF

NEg Nuclear collisions - Excitation energyBOF SBF N.

BBGAny action which alters or tends to alter a body’s stateof rest or of uniform motion in a straight line.For an expansion of this general class, see nuclear forcesBOB G. For Gravity, see BGR.

BBHA 3-dimensional space throughout which forces canact and in which energy is available.

JKLOQ

BBI GResult of the exchange of energy between field andbody experiencing forces.

HRate of doing work.

HMJJMKM

The moment of a force about a point is the product ofthe force and the perpendicular distance of its line ofaction from the point or axis of rotation.For moment of momentum, see Angular momentumBDN CV.

NPWW2UW2VW2W

YQuotient of all forces acting in a system.

BBJForce acting per unit area.For compressibility, see Elasticity BCB; for load,see BBQ.

92D9494E94K

BHBHJBHKMPNNNPNQ

See BSB JO (fluids)

Continuous systemsContinuous mechanics, classical mechanics of

continuous matter, continuous media(mechanics)

.

Mechanical contact. .Discrete systems

Classical mechanics of discrete systems.Few-body theory. .

Two-body problem. . .Three-body problem. . .

N-body problem, many-body problem. .Energy

Distribution of energy.Conservation of energy.

Mechanical energy.

Potential energy, energy of space, energy ofposition

. .

Kinetic energy, energy of motion. .

Internal energy, thermodynamic energy. .

Energy ranges. .

Energy levels. .

Energy bands. .

Force(s)

Fields of force.

Gradient (fields). .Strength of field. .Field interaction. .Field effects. .Lines of force. .

Work.

Power. .

Turning moment. . .Mechanical efficiency. .

Velocity ratio, mechanical advantage. . .Virtual work. .

Moment, torque, turning effect.

Centrifugal moment. .Moment of inertia. .

Lines of force, force fields.Graphs. .

Force polygons. . .Catenaries. . .

Generalized force. .

Pressure. .

Distribution. . .Pressure conditions. . . .

Critical pressure. . . . .Constant pressure, isobaric conditions. . . . .

Pressure fields. . . .Pressure gradients. . . . .

Pressure gradient force. . . . . .Pressure effect. . . .

Centre of pressure. . . . .Compression. . . . .Head of pressure. . . . .


MechanicsTheory

Classical mechanics.


MechanicsEnergy

Energy concepts special to a subject.

BBAF

BBBB8 B

BB8 D

BBAF

BBBBB

BBF N

Energy concepts special to a subject.Types of forces.

Properties. . .

Force(s)

12

BBJP

BCIBIP

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

**

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

**

BBJ PQ

For high pressure physics, see BRB JQS

Add to BBJ S letters B/N following BSB JS ifapplicable; eg BBJ SF Induced pressure.

TCTDTE

See Elasticity BCBTIU

Physical effect of impulsive force.See also Ballistics BGR G

VPVRVSVUVWW

Transmitted throughout a bodyWKWLWMWNWP

Between neighbouring parts of a body.BBK

The detailed schedule for this class is given in bulkmatter physics (at solid state BVB K), to which it islargely applicable.Add to B letters BK/CD following BV (Solids) so faras applicable; eg

LNPQ

BBLDeforming force per metre.For Creep, see Bulk matter BVB YK.

VInternal forces between contiguous parts of a body.For normal stress, see BBO.

X

BBM TBBO

TFor compression, see BBJ NP; forcompressibility, see BSB QS.

BBP

BBQForce, external to a machine, which thework output must overcome.The detailed schedule for this class is givenunder Gases (bulk matter) BTB Q.For load as weight, see BCK; see alsoStress BBL.

SBBTBBU NBBV EBBW PBBY DBCB

Property of a physical system allowing it toreturn to the original physical state afterremoval of a stress.

ERatio of stress to strain.

BCDBCE

For inertia, see BCISee also Dynamic equilibrium (statics) BCO V;Acceleration BDD

GHJL

Two equal & opposite parallel forces acting onbody.

NR

BCFBCH

Behaviour of bodies at rest relative to a given frame ofreference; the forces acting on them cancel each otherout and produce a state of equilibrium in which thebodies are stationary or moving with constant velocity;i.e. acceleration and torque are zero.See also Hydrostatics BUC H ; Torque BBI M

2X5 82XU S

BIMBCI

Ability of a body to resist changes in its state of restor of uniform motion in a straight line.For rotational inertia, see rotary motion BDN CI.See also motion BCS; Hysteresis (general) B9H Q

BIMBINBIP

Low pressure. .High pressure. .

Other. .

Conservative forceRestoring forceElastic force

Impulsive forceImpact, collision of bodies.

Propulsion, thrust, pushTraction, pullCentral force, Single forceMultiple forceParallel forces, non-parallel forcesExternal forces

Impressed force, action (mechanics).Reaction (mechanics).Body forces.Surface forces.Integral forces.

Deforming forces, deformation, distortion.

Stress-strain relationships. .Limit of proportionality. . .Strength (stress-strain). . .

Yield point. . . .Stress (general). .

Stress components. . .

Tension. . . .

Bending stres. . . .Normal stress. . . .

Tensile stress. . . . .

Shear stress. . . .

Loading, load. . . . .

Compressibility. . . . . .Strain. . . .

Torsion. . . . .Elastic deformation. . . . .Plastic deformation. . . . .Failure (strain). . . . .

Elasticity. . . .

Modulus of elasticity, elastic constants. . . . .

Internal forces. .Inertial forces, effective forces, kinetic reactions. .

Centrifugal force. . .Coriolis force. . . .Centripetal force. . . .

Couple, coupling. .

Attraction, attractive force, potential (attraction). .Repulsion. .

Statics

Graphical methods.Analytical statics. .

Moments.Static moment. .

Inertia.

Moments of inertia. .Angular inertia. .Products of inertia. .

PhysicsMechanics

Force(s)Pressure

Properties.Head of pressure. . .

PhysicsForce(s)

Types of forces.External forces. .

Stress. . . .Types of stresses. . . . .

Shear stress. . . . . .

BBBBBG

BBJ

BBJ NQ

BBBG

BBJ WBBL

BBP

Types of pressure.

Types of stresses. . .

Forces special to a context.

Mechanics

13

BCJ

BCXG

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BCJ

8HBCK

See also Gravity BGRBCL

LPTW

BCMSee also Stress BBL; Couple BCE L

BCNState of a body at rest or moving with constantvelocity.For Phase equilibrium, see States of matter BRN T.

PTUVWXY

BCOPQUV

BCPGeneral property of systems whereby the systemreturns to state of equilibrium after disturbance.

QRS

BCQBCR

For balancing, see BCN PSUV

BCSA continuous change of position of a body.

STUV

BCS WW2M 9W2M 9N

Arrange A/Z; egW2M 9NL

BCTS

Reciprocal of impedance.T

Ratio of driving force to response.UV

BCU

Quantity of motion of a body; product of massand velocity.For angular momentum, see Rotation BDN CV.

QBCVBCW

A measure of the strength of a field of force (ega rate of flow) through a given area.

BCXDeals with the forces which change or produce themotions of bodies.

9BQ9BS9ME

Value which determines subsequent state of asystem.

GState of the system remains unchanged in timeafter all the transients resulting from changeshave been removed.

Mass.Relativity theory. .

Relativistic mass. . .Weight, load (weight).

Density, API gravity, bulk density.Specific gravity, relative density. .Low density. .High density. .Wet density. .

Composition & resolution of forces.

Equilibrium. .

Balancing. . .Parallelogram of forces, polygon of forces. . .Parallel forces. . .Non-parallel forces. . .Quasi-equilibrium. . .Non-vanishing equilibrium. . .Neutral equilibrium, indifferent equilibrium. . .Stable equilibrium, static equilibrium. . .

Least energy principle. . . .Neutral equilibrium. . . .

Unstable equilibrium. . .Dynamic equilibrium. . .

Stability. .

Absolute stability. . .Asymptotic stability. . .Static stability. . .Dynamic stability. . .

Instability. .

Dynamic instability. . .Suspending.Equalizing.

Motion

Principles, laws.Newton’s laws of motion. .Hamilton’s principle (motion). .D’Alembert’s principle. .Principle of least constraint, constrained motion. .

Principle of least action. .Equations. . .

Named equations. . . .

Lagrange’s equations of motion. . . . .

Immittance (mechanics). .Mechanical admittance. . .

Mechanical impedance. . .

Mechanical resistance. . . .Mechanical reactance. . . .

Momentum, linear momentum, vectormomentum

.

Impulse (momentum). .Angular momentum. .

Flux.

Dynamics, force & motion

Frames of reference. .Rotational frames of reference. . .

Non-linear dynamics. .Initial value problem, transient problem.

Steady state problem.


MechanicsStatics

Inertia.Products of inertia. .


MechanicsMotion

Principles, laws.Principle of least constraint. .

BBAF

BBBCHBCI

BCI BIP

BBAF

BBBCS

BCS V

Properties & processes.

Properties.

Kinematics

14

BDA

BDNCX

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BDAMotion independent of considerations of mass or force;geometry of motion.See also Kinetic theory (general) BAT 8ES

SA scalar quantity; use only if this is significant.Otherwise, use Velocity BDC.

BDBChange of position.

EBDC

92DEGHJ

See also Doppler effect BFA DCKMNOP

BDDSee also Force BBG

F’Acceleration’ in the popular sense.

HJL

See also Rotation BDNN

BDEEffect of forces or torques on motion.Definition of this term varies; sometimes it is equatedwith kinematics, sometimes with dynamics.For kinetics as rate of chemical reaction, see C; forkinetic theory (general), see BAT 8ES; for kinetictheory of fluids, see BSD E8B.

Many of these relate almost entirely to particular statesof matter (e.g. fluid flow). Classes are expanded wherenecessary for very specialized forms; e.g. attitudes inaerodynamics.For Acceleration, see BDD; for acceleration due togravity, see Gravitation BGR DD.

BDK BCD

EGL

LKHLKJMMKHMKJQ

3-d. deformable figures with rigid elements.T

See particle physics BNU DKTBDL A

For fluid flow, see Fluids BSB.CELNR

See also Rays BGCT

For friction, see Solids - Surfaces BVQ CA.UV

For ballistic motion as a property of gravitation,see BGR G.

BDMUW

BDN

For internal rotation, see molecular motionBQB DQM.

CI

CVCX

Kinematics, pure motion

Speed.

Displacement.

Principles. .Laws of virtual displacement. . .

Velocity.Velocity distribution, velocity gradient. .Principle of virtual velocity. .Linear velocity. .Angular velocity. .Relative velocity. .

Terminal velocity. .Low speed. .Medium speed. .High speed. .

Acceleration, change of motion.

Increase in speed. .

Deceleration. .Linear acceleration. .Angular acceleration. .

Coriolis acceleration. .Kinetics.

Motion of points. .Motion of extended figures. .

Rigid figures (motion), rigid bodies (motion),solid bodies (motion)

. . .

Deformable figures (motion). . .One-dimensional figures (motion). . .Two-dimensional figures (motion), moving

planes. . .

Rigid. . . .Deformable. . . .

Three-dimensional figures (motion). . .Rigid. . . .Deformable. . . .Articulated systems (motion). . . .

Collective motions. .

Pressure-affected motion.

Linear motion.One-dimensional motion.Relative motion.Angular motion.Rectilinear motion.

Translation (motion), sliding motion.

Curvilinear motion.Ballistic motion. .

Circular motion, circulatory motion.Uniform circular motion. .Orbits (general). .Rotation, gyration, pre-rotation, revolution,

revolving, rotatory motion. .

Inertia. . .Rotary inertia. . . .

Momentum. . .Angular momentum, moment of momentum. . . .

Complex angular momentum plane. . . . .


MechanicsDynamics

Steady state problem


MechanicsDynamics

KinematicsKinetics

BBAF

BBBCX

BCX G

BBAF

BBBCX

BDABDE

Forms of motion

By entities in motion.

Periodic motion

15

BDNP

BEWL

*

**

*

*

*

***

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BDN PQST

Periodic variation in spin.UWWP

BDPUsually implies bulk matter.Add to BD letters P/Q following BSD so far asapplicable; eg

BDQ RBDR

Special to fluids.ST

BDSRepetitive, periodic change in displacement withrespect to a reference point.There is relatively little literature on specific propertiesand processes treated completely generally (i.e. inmechanical vibration, radiation and wave phenomena,etc. together). So the detailed enumeration ofproperties and processes is given at BF Wave motion(much the biggest class in terms of literary warrant)and this may then be drawn on for synthesizing classesin the other contexts, as instructed below at BDU,BDV, BE and BF.Add to BDS letters A/D following B;Add to BDT letters B/W following BF;Add to BDT X letters A/G following BG so far asapplicable; eg

92NBB

For radiant energy in general, see Radiation BEY.BDT B

B73 D

BHBJ

BMThe standard component of all vibrations.

BNBQBRC

BDUSee note at BE. Use only if distinguished fromvibration; if in doubt, prefer the joint heading at BE.Add to BDU letters A/V following BE; eg

BCVVE VWC

BDVSee note at BE. Use only if distinguished fromoscillation; if in doubt, prefer the joint heading at BE.For mechanical oscillation, see Bulk matter BRE.Add to BDV letters A/V following BE; eg

BCVVE VWC

BEUsage varies: in much of the literature oscillation andvibration are treated as synonymous; often, oscillationis used in relation to the wave motion of radiationwhereas the term vibration is used for the samephenomenon in bulk matter (see BRE). See notes atBDU and BDV above.Add to BE letters A/VV following BF; eg

BEBBECBED

DBEP YBER U

BEV VAdd to BEV V letters D/V following BFV V, sofar as applicable; eg

VEVW

See also BRE W (vibration in bulk matter) foramplification of some of these types ofvibrations.Add to BEV W letters C/V following BFW sofar as applicable;Add to BEV X letters A/Q following BFX so faras applicable;Add to BEW letters B/X following BFY so far asapplicable;Add to BEW Y letters A/E following BG ifapplicable. applicable; eg

WCX

BEW DJL

Radius of gyration. . .Euler angles. . .

Spinning, spin. .Nutation. . .

Precession. . .Whirl. .Prewhirl. .

Vortices, vortex motion.

Threee-dimensional vortex motion. .Irrotational motion

Planetary motionCoplanar motion

Periodic motion, harmonic motion

Cycles (periodic motion).Energy.

Harmonics.Generation. .

Harmonic generation. . .

Nodes. . .Antinodes. . .

Simple harmonic motion, SHM. . .

Damped simple harmonic motion. . . .Anharmonics. . .

Isochronism, regular periodicity.Transmission.

Oscillation (general)

Harmonics.Transmission.Large amplitude oscillations.Torsional oscillations.

Vibration (general)

Harmonics.Transmission.Large amplitude vibration.Torsional vibrations.

Vibration & oscillation

Harmonics.Transmission, propagation.Frequency.

Mode. .Interactions.

Coupling. .

Large amplitude vibration & oscillation. . .

Isotropic oscillations. . .Pulse oscillations. . .Torsional vibrations. . .Linear oscillations. . .Non-linear oscillations. . .

PhysicsKinematics

Circular motionRotation.

Momentum. .Complex angular momentum plane. . . .

PhysicsMechanics

DynamicsKinematics

Periodic motionTransmission

BBDA

BDMBDN

BDN CX

BBB

BCXBDA

BDSBDT C

Properties. .

Elements. .

Types. .

Types of vibration & oscillation.By property. .

By directional & transient factors, etc.. .

Periodic motion

16

BEWR

BFADCK

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

BEW RSUV

BEX CDE

GH

For resonance, see BFO.J

Frequency is determined by the naturalfrequency of the system.For transients as transmission disturbances,see BFC F.

KL

For example, by vibrating body.See Bulk matter BRE XL

BEYEnergy from vibration propagated as rays, waves or astream of particles. Often treated as synonymouswith electromagnetic wave propagation.Use this position only when a distinction is drawnbetween radiation and wave motion; also, inparticular, for general works on the special energyfeatures of radiation. If in doubt, prefer BF Waves.For types of radiation defined by a specific energyform, see the latter; eg electromagnetic waves BK;sound waves BRG H.For ionizing radiation, see BKJ.

BBBB9 2DBCW

See also Opacity BRL FIL; Luminous fluxBRL LBB F

BCW L

BCW MBCW P

For luminous intensity, see BRL LBB G.BCW Q

Radiation intensity in a specifieddirection.

FAdd to BEY F letters B/V folowing BF so far asapplicable; eg

FJ

Add to BEY letters VV/W following BE so far asapplicable; eg

BEY VVP

VWCWJ

BFAdd to BFA letters A/DR following B.Classes BFB/BFF may be used to qualify retroactivelyclasses BFC/BFV by dropping the initial 2 letters (BF);eg BFO D Resonant frequency. Retroactivequalification within classes BFG/BFY should use G asan intercalator; eg BFS D Collision frequency, butBFS GL Collision absorption.

BF7 22D

For damping as a natural process, see DecayBFC N.

3D3K

For example, Sound- -Vibrating bodiesBRG H73 LB.

BFA BB

Add to BFA BB letters F/J following BEY BB; egBBF

BBG

BHBHK

CPDADCJDCK

Transverse vibrations (general). . .Shear vibrations. . . .

Longitudinal vibrations (general). . .Axial vibrations. . . .

One degree of freedom (vibration). . .Two degrees of freedom (vibrations). . .Three or more degrees of freedom. . .

Free vibration, natural frequency vibration. . .Forced vibration. . .

Transients (forced vibration). . . .

Steady component. . . .

Radiation (general)

Energy.Radiant energy. .

Distribution. . .Radiant flux (rate), radiant power, radiant

energy flux. . .

Radiant flux density, irradiance, radiantexitance, power density

. . . .

Radiance (irradiance). . . . .Radiation intensity. . . .

Radiance (intensity). . . . .

Decay. .

Polarized radiation. . .

Isotropic. . .Linear. . .

Waves, wave motion

Control (wave motion). .Damping. . .

Generation of waves. .

Energy.Wave energy, radiant energy (waves), radiative

power (waves). .

Radiant power. . .Radiant flux density. . . .

Magnitude (waves), power density (waves). . . . .Force.

Field. .Field strength. . .

Stability.Relaxation (wave stability). .

Kinematics.Relative velocity. .

Doppler effect. . .

PhysicsKinematics

Periodic motionVibration & oscillation

By directional & transient factors, etc.. .Non-linear oscillations. . .

PhysicsKinematics

Periodic motionRadiation

Processes & properties.Decay. .

BBDA

BDSBE

BEV WBEW L

BBDA

BDSBEY

BEY FBEY FJ

By degrees of freedom. .

By origin as to internal/external. .

By origin as to action. .

Processes & properties.

Types of radiation.

By property. .

By direction, etc.. .

Operations.

By source, medium. . .

Waves

17

BFB

BFGN

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

**

BFBAdd to BFB letters A/R following BDT B; eg

HBFC

2QKReciprocal of opacity (see Optics BRL FIL).

BHKF

Temporary disturbances. For transients as types ofvibration, see BEX J.

FRSee also Resonance BFO

FSG

See also Attenuation loss BFC MG; Scattering lossBFT CG

HIK

Changes in various parameters.LLPLQM

Reduction of a radiation quantity.MGNPPU

QRRRRSRVRXS

For example, Solar propagation BKM CS;Baryon photoproduction BNT FCS.

BFDSee also electro-magnetic waves by frequencyBKL/BL

DDSEENEPERETF

BFD GHBHDHLHSLNOP

For short waves, see BKO.BFE

For spectroscopy, see Physical methods B7M.For spectra of particular processes, see process; egabsorption spectra BFL E.

94J94P94YGHJLM

NSee Acoustics BRG HFE N

QRS

SCNSLTUVXY

BFFNR

BFGEEGJK

For stimulated emission of radiation, see TechniquesB6K QM; for excitation, see BFI N; for lasers, seeB6K S.

NRadiant flux leaving a surface per unit area.See also Luminous exitance BRL FGO

Harmonics.

Nodes. .Transmission (radiation), propagation (radiation).

Coefficients. .Transmission coefficient, transmittance. . .

Field strength. .Transients (transmission). .

Propagation anomaly. .

Spreading anomaly, spreading loss (waves). . .Propagation loss. .

Transmittance. .Transmittivity. .Modulation. .

Amplification, gain. .High gain. . .Low gain. . .

Attenuation. .

Attenuation loss, dissipation. . .Damping (waves). . .

Transmission modes. .Multimodes. . .

Unguided propagations. . .Guided propagation. . .

Network-guided propagation. . . .Conductive lines guided propagation. . . .Non-conductive lines guided propagation. . . .Hollow conducor guided propagation. . . .

Frequency.

Mode. .Frequency shift. .Frequency bands, frequency ranges. .

Band width. . .Basebands. . .Broad bands. . .Narrow bands. . .

Cut-off frequency. .

Critical frequency.Variable frequency.Difference frequency.Double frequency.Single frequency.Low frequency.Medium frequency.High frequency.

Very high frequency. .

Spectra (general).

Pressure. . .Temperature. . .Electrical & magnetic fields. . .

Continuous spectra. .Line spectra. .Band spectra. .Raman spectra. .Mass spectra. .

Special attributes in frequency.Pitch. .

Tone. .Beat. .

AmplitudeProcesses.

Damping. .Level (amplitude).Small amplitude.Medium amplitude.Large amplitude.

PhasePhase conjugation.Coherence.

Coherence time. .Coherence length. .

EmissionEmission spectra.

Continuous emission spectra. .Emissivity.Exitance, emittance.

Radiant exitance, radiant emittance. .

PhysicsKinematics

Periodic motionWaves

KinematicsDoppler effect. .

PhysicsKinematics


FrequencyCut-off frequency.

BBDA

BDSBF

BFA DABFA DCK

BBDA

BDSBF

BFDBFD F

Properties & processes

Types of propagation. .

Special to a context. . .

Conditions, influencing factors. .

Waves

18

BFGQ

BFRL

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

BFG QSee BRL FHQ (optics)

RSee BOF GR (nuclei)

TU

See BQU FGU (ions)BFH

See electromagnetic radiation BKF H; lightluminescence BRL FH

VW

See also Rays BGCX

X8IBFI

For optical transparence, see BRL FIKL

Reciprocal of transmittance.N

See also Collision (particles) BMF SQSTU

For example, in radiowaves.V

See BMF IV (particles)BFJ

For damping (waves) see BFC NBFK QFBFL

EE2Q K

For extinction coefficient, see C Chemistry.MNSSFLX

BFMWhen wave crosses boundary betweeen two mediain which its phase velocity differs.

9BIHI

BFM JSee also Polarization BFP

KL

RSTU

BFNHIJKLLHM

For Fresnel reflection, see Optics BRL FNM R.N

See Acoustics BRG HFN RQ

Formation of a figure of an object by reflected or refractedrays.See also Imaging (techniques) B7I

BFOMaximum response to a mechanical system undergoingforced vibration by periodic forces at or near to the naturalfrequency of the system.See also Magnetic resonance BJF O

DHLS

See Acoustics BRG HFO SBFP

Special to transverse waves.For Birefringence, see Double refractions BFM J; forElectric polarization, see Dielectrics BVI SFP.

RSTUY

BFQTV

BFRSee also Standing waves BFY G

HJL

Incandescence.

Prompt emission, delayed emission.

Secondary emission.Thermionic emission.

Luminescence.

WavetrainWavefront, primary wavefront

Secondary waves, wavelets, secondary emissions,re-emissions

Theory.Huygen’s principle. .

Transparence

TranslucenceOpacity

Excitation, stimulation

Deexcitation.Self excitation.Excited state.

Metastable state. .

Cascade reaction.

Decay

Half life.Absorption

Absorption spectra.Absorption coefficient. .

Absorpance.Absorptivity.

SaturationSaturable absorption.

Refraction & reflection (together)Refraction.

Modulus. .Refractive index. . .

Refractivity. .Anomalous refraction. .

Double refraction, birefringence. .

Ordinary ray. . .Extraordinary ray. . .

Refraction in ideal medium, standard refraction. . .Refraction in real medium. . .

Subrefraction. .Super-refraction. .

Reflection.Reflectance, reflectivity. .

Specular reflectance. . .Diffuse reflectivity, non-specular reflection. . .Total reflectivity. . .

Total internal reflection. .Total internal reflectivity. . .

Surface reflection. .

Reverberation. .

Imaging

Resonance

Frequency.Resonant frequency. .

Double resonance.Combination resonance.Dissonance.

Polarization (waves)

Relaxation time.Plane polarization.Circular polarization, circulatory polarization.Elliptical polarization.

Interactions (radiation)Diffraction.

Fresnel diffraction. .Fraunhofer diffraction. .

Interference.

Beat frequency. .Interference patterns. .

Interference fringes. . .

PhysicsPeriodic motion

WavesEmission

Exitance.Radiant exitance. .


WavesRefraction & reflection

Refraction.Anomalous refraction. .

BBDS

BFBFGBFG K

BFG N

BBDS

BFBFL X

BFMBFM I

By medium. .

Waves

19

BFRM

BGBR

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BFR MNU

Interaction between different properties of a systemor between two or more systems.

XBFS

Interaction in which momentum is conserved.For capture, see particles BMF UR.

HMore detail is given at BMF SH (collisionbetween particles).

LMT

BFTIrregular reflection or dispersal of waves orparticles.See also Collision (particles) BMF S

CGH

Interference of incident & scattered waves.

These are usually special to a particular radiationor particle. This class is amplified for particles atBMF T and for light at BRL FT and details fromthese may be added here if necessary:Add to BFT letters J/Y following BRL FT andBMF T; eg

JSBFU F

For diffusion in general, see Transport processesBAV.

GPR

See Particles BMF URBFV

See BMF V (particles)

For waves defined by energy form, see latter (egelectromagnetic waves BKL/BL).

VAdd to BFV V letters D/V following BF; eg

VEVVP

BFW CDLLTMNPQRSV

Intermediate between pulses & pure sine waves.BFX

9B9DJFDFDHQ

BFY BCDEFG

See also Interference BFRGFQHJLN

See also magnetic monopoles BNIPRSUV

BGAUsually refer to bodies moving at high speed in acompressible fluid. See BSG A for a detailedschedule.

RBGB

Radiation travelling nearly unidirectionally.

MNOPQR

Moire effect. . . .Inclusion pattern interference. . . .

Coupling. .

Inclusive interactions. .Collision. .

Cross section (collisions). . .

Elastic collision. . .Inelastic collision. . .Action at a distance. . .

Scattering. .

Propagation loss. . .Scattering losses. . . .

Shadows. . .

Coherent scattering. . . .Diffusion (waves). . .

Self diffusion. . . .Dispersion. .Capture. .

Annihilation. .

Large amplitude waves. .Polarized waves. .

Isotropic waves.Anisotropic waves.Waveforms.

Waveform correction. .Sine waves, sinusoidal waves. .Square waveform. .Sawtooth waveform. .Rectangular waveform. .Spherical waveform. .Cylindrical waveform. .

Wavegroups.

Pulses (wave motion). .Dimensions. . .

Pulse width. . . .Frequency. . .

Pulse repetition frequency. . . .Giant pulses. . .

Time dependent waves.Random waves.Torsional waves.Plane waves.Oscillating waves.Standing waves, stationary waves.

Diffraction. .Continuous waves.Linear waves.Non-linear waves.

Solitons, solitary waves. .

Rotational waves.Transverse waves (general).

Shear waves. .Longitudinal waves (general).

Axial vibrations. .Shock waves.

Blast waves.Beams (radiation/waves).

Collimation. . .Focusing (beams). . .Modulating (beams). . .Pulsing (beams). . .

Reference beams. .Crossed beams. .


WavesProperties & processes

Interference. .Interference fringes. . . .

PhysicsKinematics


By propertyPolarized waves.

BBDS

BF

BFRBFR L

BBDA

BDSBF

BFV VBFV VP

Types of scattering. . .

Types of waves

By property.

By directional & transience factors

Properties & processes. .


20

BGBS

BHBHO

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BGB STTV

BGC

Geometrical path normal to wavefront.BGD

Should any other concepts from theschedule in bulk matter prove applicablehere, proceed as follows:Add to BGD letters GC/M following BS(Fluids); eg ripple waves BGD GNR.

BGHSee bulk matter BRG H

BGPSee Bulk matter BRG P

BGRFor Weight, see Statics BCK.See also General relativity B8J

2M2PL

8FG8H8M8MF8S

For gravitons, see Elementary particles BMP GN8ST8TB8TD8TE8TL

92G9GVBBBBP

BHFor ballistics, see BGR G.

CSDADD

FFor gravitons, see Elementary particles BMP GO.

BGR GStudy of the dynamics of the path taken by anobject moving under the influence of agravitational field.For ballistics as a form of motion, see BDL V.See also Impact BBJ U

GJGL

HH9D FH9D PH9D SLM

BGX

BGYField, wave, particle and dynamic aspects, notnecessarily associated with a particular state ofmatter.Many major concepts of electricity and magnetismare dependent on bulk matter and most of theliterature implies it (and in particular, its solid state).So the main schedule is given under Solid state atBVH. The detail there may be used as required hereand under each of the states of matter at BR/BW.Add to B letters GY/J following BV whenapplicable.For electromagnetic waves and radiation, see BK.

BHStudy of electric and magnetic fields and theirinteraction with electric charges and currents.For electromagnetism as a form of magnetism, seeBVJ PX.

BHB HFor electric fields, see BHI BH; for magneticfields, see BJB H.See also Electrostatics BHN

HJHKHLHMHNHO

Low energy beams. . . . . . . . .Refractory beams. . . . . . . . .

Doubly refractory beams. . . . . . . . . .Rays, rectlinear propagation

(wavefront). . . . . . . .

Acoustics. . . . . .

Thermal properties. . . . . .

Gravitation, gravity

Mathematics.Lagrangians (gravitation). .

Particular theories.Unified field theory. .Relativity theory. .Quantum theory of gravitation. .Quantum field theory of gravitation. .Supersymmetry theory (gravity). .

Supergravity. . .Falling body theory. .Continuous media gravity. .

Mixed gravitational systems. . .Alternative theories of gravity. .

Constants.Gravitational constants. .

Conservation laws.Energy.

Gravitational potential. .Force.

Gravitational field. .

Motion.Kinematics. .

Gravitational acceleration. . .Waves. .Gravitational waves, gravitational radiation. .

Ballistics (gravitational field). . .

Trajectories (gravitation). . . .Free fall (gravitation). . .

Centre of gravity. . .Centre of gravity of lines. . . .Centre of gravity of planes. . . .Centre of gravity of volumes. . . .

Gravity, absolute gravity. .Mixed gravitational systems. .

Relations between energy forms.

Electricity & magnetism.

Electromagnetism. .

Electromagnetic field. . .

Gradient. . . . .Field strength. . . . .Field interaction. . . . .Excitation. . . . .Deexcitation. . . . .Field effects. . . . .


MechanicsTypes of waves. . . . . .

Beams. . . . . . . .Crossed beams. . . . . . . . .


Motion. .Gravitational waves. . .

BBAF

BB

BGBBGB R

BBAF

BGR CSBGR F

Other types of waves. . . . . . Properties, effects. .

Special energy forms

Properties. . . .

Electricity & magnetism

21

BHI

BK73KS

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

BHIBH

Usually implies electrostatic field; see BHN BH.BHJ C

For electric intensity, see electric field strengthBVH JN.

GL

BHKL

See also Electrostatics BHNNTNVOPQRSV

BHLX

BHM CSee bulk matter BRH MC. The detailed schedule isunder solid state (BVH MC).

BHNPhenomena associated with electric charge at rest, ascompared with current electricity.For electrodynamics, see BHO.

BGBH

See note at BHI BH.

KKL

For Frictional electrification, see BVH NKNKM

NBHO

PFor alternating currents, see BVH Y.

RSU

BHPSee bulk material, BVH P

BHSX

BHUBHVBHW B

See Bulk matter BVH XB.

BIUFor interactions in which electricity is the agent & notthe recipient of the action, see the latter; egelectrooptics BLH (in which it is the optical propertieswhich are affected).Add to BI letters U/V following BVI; eg

BIVBJ

See note at BGY re magnetism and bulk matter.Add to BJ letters A/Y following BVJ where applicable;eg

BJB H

IMBJC PBJF OBJK

SBJL

BJNQ

BJQBJRBJU

BC

BK

For waves in general, see BF; for audio frequencywaves, see Bulk matter BRG H.Many properties & processes applicable to all or mostforms of e-m radiation are more usually consideredunder Optics (see BL). But all the properties, etc. givenunder waves in general at BF are available here.

BK7 33K3KC3KD3KE3KG3KH3KM3KN3KO3KP3KQ3KR3KS

Electricity, electrical propertiesElectric field.

Electrical quantities, electrical variables.

Gain. . .Loss. . .

Charge, electric charge. .Electrification. . .

Attraction. . .Repulsion. . .Electric moments. . .Polarity. . .Electric dipoles. . .Positive charge. . .Negative charge. . .Hypercharge. . .

Voltage, potential difference. .Capacitance. .Electrical power. .

Electrostatics, static electricity.

Electrostatic forces. .Electrostatic field. . .

Charge. .Electrostatic charge. . .

Electrification. .

Inductive electrification, electrostatic induction. . .

Edge effect. . .Electrodynamics.

Electromagnetic induction. .

Inductance. . .Self inductance. . . .Mutual inductance. . . .

Current (electricity). .

Circuits. . .Admittance. . . .

Conduction (electrodynamics). . . . .Impedance. . . .

Resistance (electrodynamics). . . . .

Photoelectric effect, photoelectricity. .Magnetism

Magnetic field.

Magnetic moment, dipole moment. .Relaxation. .Resonance. .Magnetic flux. .

Susceptibility. . .Magnetization. .

Magnetic monopoles. .Dipoles. .

Diamagnetism. .Paramagnetism. .

Magnetomechanical effects. .Magnetostriction. . .

Electromagnetic radiation (general), electromagneticwaves (general)

Investigative techniques & agents.Production techniques, generation. .

Sources. . .Positive sources. . . .Negative sources. . . .Ray sources. . . .

Positive ray sources. . . . .Negative ray sources. . . . .

Particle sources. . . .Positive particle sources. . . . .Negative particle sources. . . . .Electrons (electrical sources). . . . .Ions (electrical sources). . . . .

Positive ion sources. . . . . .Negative ion sources. . . . . .

PhysicsElectricity & magnetism

ElectromagnetismField effects. . .


ElectricityElectrodynamics.

Types of currents. . .

BBGYBHBHB HO

BBGY

BHIBHO

Input-output relations. .

Special field properties. .

Types of currents. . .

Interactions of electricity with other energy forms.


Field components.

Forms of magnetism.

Interactions with other energy forms.

Electromagnetic radiation

22

BK76

BKP

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

BK7 664

BKB BBKC W

WLBKD C

For Speed of light see BLD C.BKF C

GFor stimulated emission, see Techniques B6K QM.

HUsually implies optics, BLF H.

IWIXOTTN

See also Thermoelectric effect BVI UGPBKG

Add to BKG letters H/J following B so far as applicable.

Add to BKH letters A/Y following BF;Add to BKI letters A/F following BG; eg

BKH FSee also maser & laser techniques B6K QM

PPTX

BKJElectromagnetic or particulate radiation which turns aneutral target (particle or bulk matter) into a chargedone.For particular forms, see the wave or particle causingit.For the process in a particular medium, see medium.For the subject of the charged target itself, see Ionphysics BQU.See also Class E/H Biology (including human biologyand medicine) for ionizing radiation as agent inpathology, therapy, etc; for deionization, see BKJ S.

BBP

FCSee also states of matter; eg Gases - IonizationBTM KJF C

FSH

BKJ FSH SP

Exposure to ionizing radiation.PQSSR

TUV

BKK B

D

BKLBKM

FCFCSFCT

See also Scattering BFTFCUFCU JFCVFCW

FCX

GB

RST

BKN Jc. 30 Hz/20kHz.

Kc. 30-3 kHz.

LMN

BKO

BKP

Measurement.Radiometry. .

Radiometers. . .Energy

Radiant energy.Radiant flux, radiant power. .

Radiant flux density, irradiance. . .Velocity

TransmissionEmission

Luminescence (radiation).

WavefrontPrimary radiation.Secondary radiation.

PolarizationScattering

Thomson scattering.

Coherent radiation.

Polarized radiation.Circulatory polarized radiation. .

Pulse radiation.

Ionizing radiation (general).

Energy. .Ionization potential. . .

Propagation. .Ionization, ionized state. . .

Collision. . . .Ionization cross section. . . . .

Ion surface impact. . . . . .Irradiation. .

Microirradiation. . .Deionization. .

Ion recombination. . .

Photoionization. . .Cosmic ray ionization. . .Low level ionizing radiation. . .

Non-ionizing radiation (general).

Transition radiation.

Long waves (general).Radiowaves, radio frequency waves, Hertzian

waves.

Propagation. .Atmospheric propagation (RF). . .Scatter propagation, horizon propagation. . .

Ionospheric propagation (RF), sky waves. . . .Magnetoionic propagation (RF). . . .Tropospheric propagation. . . .

Groundwave propagation (RF), terrestrialpropagation (RF)

. . .

Multipath propagation (RF), mixed pathpropagation (RF)

. . .

Radio beams. . .

Extraterrestrial radiowaves. . . .Solar radiation (RF). . . . .Cosmic radiation (RF), galactic radiowaves. . . . .

Audiofrequency radiowaves. . .

Very low frequency, myriametric waves, VLF. . .

Low frequency, kilometric waves, LF. . .Heterodyne frequency. . .Medium frequency, MF, hectometric waves. . .High frequency, HF, short waves, decametric

waves. . .

Very high frequency, VHF, metric waves,millimetre waves

. . .


Electromagnetic radiationInvestigative techniques & agents

Production techniques, generation.Negative ion sources. . . . .

PhysicsElectromagnetic radiation

By productIonizing radiation.

Propagation. .Ionization cross section. . . . .

BBGY

BK

BK7 3BK7 3KS

BBK

BKJ

BKJ FSH

Electromagnetic processes & properties

Types of radiation by property

By product

Types of ionization. .

Types of radiation by energy state

By frequency & wavelength

By origin. . .

RF waves by specific frequency. .

Optics

23

BKQ

BLGC

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BKQFor quantum optics, see BL8 M; for stimulated emissiondevices (masers and lasers), see physical techniquesB6K QM.

BKUFrom very short wave RF to infrared.

PSUVX

BKV BMNPQ

BKW E

GJLNQS

BLOriginally confined to the study of visible light, the term’optics’ is usually used to cover infrared, visible lightand unltraviolet. But it is sometimes used to embracemost of the electromagnetic spectrum in one way oranother (eg including the behaviour of electrons andneutrons in an optical context). Here, it is restricted tothe frequencies from infrared to ultraviolet.Many of the concepts are dependent on bulk matter andmost of the literature refers to visible light in that context(BLV). So the detailed schedule is given at BRL (Bulkmatter optics) and details from that may be applied hereas necessary.An alternative (not recommended) is to confound visiblelight with optics in general and use BRL 2/BRL Q for it(BL2/BLQ when applied here).Add to BL numbers & letters 2/Q following BRL; eg

BL8 DDSFDMM

BL9 M

BLA FBLB BBLD A

C

For optical properties of materials (eg optical activity,optical rotation) see Bulk material BRL.

BLF

Light as electromagnetic waves; for geometricaloptics, see Rays BLG C.

CFor optical fibres, see Optical transmissiontechniques B6L FC.

CMDEEXEYF

For coherent light, see BLP F.GH

See Bulk matter BRL FHLLXMMJ

See also Electrooptics BLHNPQRTUFUP

WRWS

BLG C

Assumes rectilinear propagation of light, asrays, without reference to waves or thephysical nature of light. The behaviour of lightin optical instruments.See also Optical instruments BRL 4

Microwave & optical physics (together)

Microwaves, mm waves, submillimetre waves.

P-band. .Centimetre wave frequency. .

Ultrahigh frequency, UHF. . .L-band. . . .

S-band. . .Superhigh frequency, SHF. . .

C-band. . . .X-band. . . .

J-band. . .K-band. .Extremely high frequency, EHF, Millimetre wave

frequency. .

Q-band. . .V-band. . .O-band. . .W-band. . .

Maximum observable frequency.Maximum usable frequency, MUF.

Optics (general)

Theories.Emission theory of light (Newton). .Wave theory of light (Huyghen, etc.). .Electomagnetic theory of light (Maxwell). .Quantum optics (general). .Non-linear optics (general). .

Energy interactions & formsEnergy.Kinematics.

Velocity. .Speed of light. . .

Wave motion. .Physical optics (general), electromagnetic optics

(general), light waves. . .

Propagation, transmission. . .

Attenuation. . .Frequency. . .Spectra. . .Phase. . .

Optical phase conjugation. . . .Coherence. . .

Emission. . .Luminescence. . .

Absorption. . .Refraction & reflection (together). . .

Refraction. . . .Double refraction, birefringence, extraordinary

rays. . . . .

Reflection. . . .Polarization. . .Diffraction. . .Interference. . .Scattering. . .Diffusion. . .Dispersion. . .

Spherical waves. . . .Cylindrical waves. . . .Rays. . . .

Geometrical optics (general), rectilinearpropagation (optics)

. . . . .


Electromagnetic radiationRadiowaves

Very high frequency. .


Electromagnetic radiationOptics

TheoriesNon-linear optics.

BBGY

BKBKM

BKP

BBGY

BKBL

BL9 M

Special radiation properties & processes.

Types of light motion. . .

Physics

24

BLH

BM4ART

*

*

*

**

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BLHSee also Dielectrics BVI S

BLJ

BLLSee Bulk matter BRL L

BLMSee Bulk matter BRL M

BLO BC

Add to BLP letters C/Y following BF.Add to BLP Q letters A/D following BG; eg

BLP FFor laser techniques, see B6K S.

MNPWCWDWPXYH

BLQ B

NP

BLUFENR

BLVSee notes at BL above.For photons, see BNG O.

BLWNV

YStudy of penetrating ionizing (or non-ionizing) radiation.

BLXPenetrating electro-magnetic radiation, usuallygenerated by accelerating electrons to bombard a solidbody, or by inner shell transition of atoms.

FCFEFLFNFQ

BLX FTNPQ

For cosmic rays in physics (general),see BND C.

THigh energy photons, especially as emittedby a nucleus in a transition between twoenergy levels.

U

BLYFor matter and energy treated together, see BAE.

BMTerminology varies. Sometimes, particle physics isused to mean elementary particles only and nuclearphysics to mean the physics of the single nucleus perse (its structure and the reactions involving changesin it). But sometimes, both terms (especially nuclearphysics) are used to cover both the nucleus &elementary particles. Use this class only for worksreflecting this wider meaning.

BM2 MSA

BM3 2

6Sometimes used more broadly, as synonymouswith particle physics. In such cases, use BM.

7B

BDCRU

BM457885W85Y E

ACAPAQARART

Electrooptics, electric double refraction. . .

Magneto-optical effects. . .

Luminosity. . .

Colour. . .

Optical bistability. . .Optical multistability. . .

Coherent light. . .

Refracted light. . .Reflected light. . .Polarized light. . .Isotropic light. . .Anisotropic light. . .Optical solitons, solitary waves (optics). . .Light pulses. . .Continuous light waves. . .Beams (light). . .

Natural light. . .Artificial light. . .

Infrared radiation. . .Spectra. . . .Near infrared radiation. . . .Far infrared radiation. . . .

Light, visible light. . .

Ultraviolet radiation.Long wave ultraviolet radiation. .Vacuum ultraviolet radiation, far ultraviolet

radiation. .

Radiology

X-rays, Roentgen rays.

Production. .Spectra. .Absorption. .Reflection. .Diffraction. .

Scattering. . . . . .Grenz rays, Infra-Roentgen rays. . . . . .Continuous X-rays, Bremsstrahlung. . . . . .

Cosmic ray X-rays. . . . . . .

Gamma radiation. . . . .

Non-solar gamma radiation. . . . .

Matter

Particle physics, high energy physics.

Mathematical models. .Groups. . .

Research operations (general). .

Practical & experimental particle physics. .High energy physics (experimental physics). . .

Unwanted effects & safety precautions. . .Equipment & materials in general. . .

Design. . . . .Handling techniques. . . . .

Materials. . . .Equipment, plant. . . .Instrumentation. . . .

Instrument components. . . . .Computers. . . . . .Control systems. . . . . .

Filters. . . . . . .Energizing units. . . . . . .

Electrical & electronic. . . . . . .Circuits. . . . . . . .

Analogue circuits. . . . . . . . .Pulse circuits. . . . . . . . .

Pulse height discriminators,kicksorters

. . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsElectromagnetic radiation

OpticsEnergy interactions & forms.

Special radiation properties & processes. .Geometrical optics. . . . . .

PhysicsSpecial energy forms

X-rays. . . . .Diffraction. . . . . .

BBK

BLBLA F

BLG C

B

BLXBLX FQ

Interactions with other energy forms. .

Special optical properties & processes. .

Other special optical properties. .

Types of light by property. .

By source. .

By frequency & wavelength. .

Operation on. . . .

By energy system. . . . . .

Counting & detection

25

BM4AS

BM75VF

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

BM4 ASASTATFLFN

KLSSSTTR

BM5

BM6 39BHIBKKFT

BM7 3For acceleration, see BM8 T.

3K3L3P4G

See also Visualization & imaging BM8 GY4J

For track visualization, see BM8 H.

4J7 C4JL4JN

BM7 5

54Synthesis by AY5 is modified here:Add to BM7 5A numbers & letters 5/U followingAY4 if applicable.

5B5C5CE

With long response time.5CF5CH5D5E5EG5EJ5F5G5H5J

5K5KN5KP5KR5L5LN5LS5M5MP5MS5MT5N5N55NP5NR5NT5P5Q5R5S

For scintillation counters, see BM7 5N.5ST5SU5SV5SW5T5V

Not classifiable under above classes. Arrange A/Z; eg5VC5VF

Counters circuits. . . . . .Coincidence counters circuits. . . . . . .

Ratometers. . . . . .Electrooptics. . . .

Photomultiplier tubes. . . . .

Switching devices. . . .Transducers. . . . .

Input devices. . . .Sensors. . . . .

Output devices. . . .Recorders. . . . .

Data processing & recording. .Physical methods in investigation.

Mechanical techniques. .Electromagnetic techniques. .

Electronic techniques. . .Radiation techniques. . .

Scatter techniques. . . .

Particle production. .

Sources. . .Velocity selectors. . . .

Separation. . .Detecting & indicating (together). .

Detection of particles (general), radiationdetection of particles (general)

. . .

Monitoring. . . .Dosimetry (particle detection). . . . .

Angular correction techniques. . . .Coincidence techniques. . . .

Counting & detection (particles), counting (particles)Instruments.Counters & detectors.

Gas ionization counters, ionization counters. .Ionization chamber counters. . .

Integrating ionization chamber counters. . . .

Lauritson electroscope. . . . .Non-integrating ionization chamber counters. . . .

Proportional counters. . .Geiger-Muller counters. . . .

Self-quenching Geiger counters. . . . .Non-self-quenching Geiger counters. . . . .

Gas-flow counters. . . .Spark counters. . .

Solid state ionization counters, crystal counters. .Semi-conductor counters (particles), photodiode

counters. . .

Intrinsic semiconductor counters. . . .NaCl semiconductor counters. . . . .CdS semiconductor counters. . . . .Diamond semiconductor counters. . . . .

Junction semiconductor counters. . . .Diffused semiconductor counters. . . . .Surface barrier semiconductor counters. . . . .Ion drifted semiconductor counters. . . . .

Li drifted semiconductor counters. . . . . .Silicon semiconductor counters. . . . . .Germanium semiconductor counters. . . . . .

Scintillation counters, scintillators. .Hodoscopes. . .Inorganic activated scintillators. . .Organic activated scintillators. . .Liquid scintillation counters. . .

Four-pi counters. .Cerenkov counters, Cherenkov counters. .Electron multiplier counters. .Neutron counters. .

Gas counter with nuclides. . .BF3 filled gas counter. . . .Helium filled gas counters. . . .Fission chambers. . . .

Fast neutron detectors. . .Other detector & counters.

Coincidence counters. .Foil activation (particle detection). .

PhysicsEquipment & materials in general

Instrument components. .By energy system. . .

Electrical & electronic. . . .Pulse circuits. . . . . .

Pulse height discriminators. . . . . . .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsPractical & experimental particle physics

Detecting & indicatingCoincidence techniques. .

BBM3 B

BM4 5

BM4 ACBM4 AR

BM4 ART

BBLY

BM

BM7 4GBM7 4JN

Components by internal function. . .

Types of instruments. .

Operations in investigation, techniquesServing all other operations.

By action on phenomena investigated.

Particle beam techniques

26

BM76

BM7IQU

*

*

**

BM7 6F

H

H5V

HJHKHLHMHN

HPHPLHPMHPNHPPHQHU

HVI

Add to BM7 I letters C/G following AY7 I ifapplicable (for imaging techniques other than byparticle beams).

IJ

Focusing of particle beams to form images,analogously to the formation of light beams inoptics.

IJ4IJ4 FVIJ4 FVUIJ4 FVVIJ4 FVWIJ4 FX

IJ4 FYEIJ4 FYGIJD

BM7 IJPIJQIJRIJSIJTIJUIJVIKIKGIKHIKJIKKIKLIKMIKNIKPIKQ

IKSIKVILEILFILGILHILJILKILLILMILPILR

IMEIMFIMGIMHIMJIMKIMLIMMIMV

Add to BM7 IN letters B/Y following BN;Add to BM7 I letters O/Q following B; eg

INP

INP XIOIQU

MeasurementSimulation & modelling

Visualization & imaging (together)Track visualization (particles).

Instruments. .Hodoscopes. . .

Cloud chambers, Wilson cloud chamber. . .Diffusion cloud chambers. . . .Expansion chambers (cloud chambers). . . .

Bubble chambers. . . . .Luminescence chambers, scintillation

chambers. . . . .

Spark chambers. . . . .Filmless spark chambers. . . . . .

TV camera spark chambers. . . . . . .Sonic spark chambers. . . . . . .Wire spark chambers. . . . . . .

Emulsion techniques. . .Nuclear emulsions (particle detection),

particle sensitive emulsions,photographic emulsions (particledetection)

. . . .

Visualization techniques.Imaging.

Particle beam techniques, particle optics (beamhandling)

. .

Instruments. . .Lenses (particle optics). . . .

Quadrupoles. . . . .Electrostatic lenses (particle optics). . . . .Magnetic lenses (particle optics). . . . .

Electrodes (particle optics), probes (particleoptics), guns, particle optics

. . . .

Beam expanders. . . .Beam resonators. . . .

Beam defection.Injection (particle optics). .

Guns (particle optics). . .Extracting (particle optics).

Repetitive cycling. .Positioning (particle optics).

Alignment (particle optics). .Focusing (particle optics).

Beam trapping. .Self-trapping. . .

Electrostatic focusing. .Magnetic focusing. .Bunching. .Phase focusing. .Radial focusing. .Axial focusing. .Strong focusing, alternating gradient focusing, AG

focusing. .

Momentum focusing. .Velocity focusing. .

Resolution.Magnification.Modulating (particle optics).Shaping.Splitting.Separation (particle optics).Stacking (particle optics).Scanning (particle optics).Projection.Beam pulsing & switching.

Beam profile (particle optics).Beam diameter.Beam angle.Beam edges.Contrast.Divergence (particle optics).Flux density (particle optics).Emittance (particle optics).Velocity (beam handling).

Electron beams, electron optics, optoelectronics,optical electronics

.

Cathode rays (electron optics). .Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.Ion beams, ion optics.

PhysicsMatter


Counting & detectionFoil activation. .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsImaging

Particle beam techniquesTarget materials

BBLY

BM

BM7 5BM7 5VF

BBLY

BMBM7 I

BM7 IJBM7 IJD

Techniques defined by equipment. .

Target materials. . .

Operations

Properties of beams

By type of beam

Particle accelerators

27

BM7T

BM7VNS

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BM7 T

For high-energy physics, see Particles - Practicalphysics BM3 6.

T3UT3U 3R

TFTG

Using another, simpler accelerator.THTHJTJTJPTJVTJXTKTKRTKSTL

Arrange A/Z.

Any given type may be qualified as follows(where the hyphen represents its classmark):Add to - letters F/L following BM7 T

The preferred arrangement when aparticular particle is accelerated is to locateunder that particle (in BN/BQ); egPositron - Accelerators - LinearBNP RF7 UN.An alternative (not recommended) is to citethe kind of accelerator first; in this case usethis position & proceed as follows (wherethe hyphen represents the type ofaccelerator in BM7 TN/V):Add to -N letters B/Y following BN; egLinear accelerators - PositronBM7 UNN PRF.Add to - letters O/Q following B; eg Van deGraaf - Heavy ion acceleratorBM7 UHT QUS.

For general works on these as objects ofacceleration (if the alternative above isfollowed)).Add to BM7 T letters N/Q following B;eg

TNPTNP RFTNVTQUTQU S

BM7 TTTU

TWTX

UCUE

UGUses very high voltage to give direct acceleration.

UHSee also Heavy ion accelerators- -Van de GraafBQU S7U H.

UJUK

UMUN

See also particular particles accelerated: eg Heavyion linear accelerators - Wideroe BQU S7U NW.

UOUP

Usually assumed.URUS

See also Electron cyclotrons BNP 7US; Ioncyclotrons BQU 7US.

UW

See also Ion synchrocyclotrons BQU 7UWUX

See also Electron microtrons BNP 7UXVC

See also Electron synchrotons BNP 7VC; Protonsynchrotons BNV 7VC

VGFor Betatrons, see Electron synchrotonsBNP 7VG; for Fixed field alternating gradientring accelerators, see BNV 7VH.

VJVKVL

Induction accelerated.VM

Usually for protons.VNVNS

Acceleration (particle physics), acceleratortechniques

Equipment & plant.Particle accelerators, generators (accelerators). .

Materials. . .

Particle sources. . . .Primary acceleration. . . . .

Power supply (accelerators). . . .Voltage multipliers, voltage amplifiers. . . . .

Magnets (accelerators). . . .Coils (accelerators). . . .Vacuum chambers (accelerators). . . .Storage rings (accelerators). . . .Waveguides (accelerators). . . .

Resonant cavities. . . . .Superconducting resonant cavities. . . . . .

Other accessories. . . .

Electron accelerators. . . . . .Positron accelerators. . . . . . .

Proton accelerators. . . . . .Ion accelerators. . . . . .

Heavy ion accelerators. . . . . . .

Linear accelerators (general), linacs.Orbital accelerators (general).

Fixed field accelerators.Varying field accelerators.

Weak accelerators.Strong accelerators, alternating gradient accelerators.

Single push accelerators, electrostatic generators.

Van de Graaf generator. .

Tandem generator. .Cockcroft Walton generator, voltage multipliers

(accelerators). .

Multipush accelerators, resonant accelerators.Linear accelerators. .

Orbital accelerators (multipush), cyclic accelerators. .Cyclotron, fixed field orbital accelerators. . .

Isochronous cyclotrons. . . .Fixed field alternating gradient cyclotrons. . . . .

Synchrocyclotrons, frequency-modulatedcyclotrons

. . . .

Microtrons. . . .

Synchrotons, varying field orbital accelerators. . .

Alternating gradient synchrotons. . . .

Bevatrons. . . .Cosmotrons. . . .

Ring accelerators. . .

Separated orbit accelerators. . .

Colliding beam accelerators. . .Storage rings. . . .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsVisualization & imaging

ImagingIon beams. . .

PhysicsParticle physics

AccelerationParticle accelerators

By particle acceleratedHeavy ion accelerators. . .

BBLY

BM

BM7 IBM7 IQU

BBMBM7 T

BM7 T3U

BM7 TQU S

Parts of accelerators. . .

Types of accelerators. . .

By particle accelerated. . . .

Specific particles. . . . .

By shape

By field

By focusing gradient

By push

Particle physics

28

BM8B

BMBCJ

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BM8 BFFGFHFJ

Of the four fundamental interactions. May ormay not include gravitational force.

FLIncludes gravitationl force.

FRFor Weinberg model, see electroweak interactions,BMP J3.

FSFTGPGSGTGUHHFGM

For quantum number properties, see BMM D.MF

MFMMFN

MFRMFWMFXMGCMGOMJF

See also quantum electrodynamics BNR

SBSCSESGSHSJSLSN

SNPSPSPQSRSS

BM9 CCI

See quantum properties BMM FHD

See also quantum properties parity BMM E and spinBMM K.

DJDKGGV

See also Symmetry & conservation BMM AI;Equivalence of energy & matter BAE 9GW

JJS

Use symmetry as a quantized property(BMM B).

BMA FExchange of energy between two particles or betweena particle and an electromagnetic wave.For interactions between two particles, see BMP

F2XF8B

Theories & models centred on particular types ofparticles, properties, etc. go with the particle,property, etc.; eg QCD (quantum chromodynamics)goes umder quarks (at BNR 8M).

GT

BMBB

For energy associated with spin, see SpinBMM K.

CSee also Energy loss BMC F

CD< 1 GeV.

CE< 5 eV.

CF5 eV-0.01 MeV.

CG0.01-30 MeV.

CH30-100 MeV.

CI> 1 GeV.

CJ> 1 TeV.

Theoretical physicsField theories.

Unification field theories, unified theories. .Standard model. . .Grand unified theories, GUTS. . .

Supersymmetry grand unified theories. . .

Gauge theory. .

Gauge transformations. . .Gauge invariance. . .

Non-field theories.String theories. .

Membrane theories. . .Superstring theories. . .

Relativity theory.Unification theory. .

Quantum theory.

Quantum field theory (particles). .

Renormalization. . . .Non-linear quantum theory, non-local quantum

theory. . .

Gauge theory. . .Asymptotic freedom (gauge theory). . . .

Axiomatic quantum field theory. . .Schwinger source theory. . .Nuclear field theory. . .Relativistic quantum field theory. . .

Other special theories & models.Diffraction model. .Composite models. .Many body theory. .Spirality theory. .Helicity theory. .Form factors (elementary particles). .

Bootstrap theory, bootstrapping. . .Duality models, dual models, dual resonance

models. .

Veneziano model. . .Peripheral models, exchange models. .

Multiperipheral models, multi-Regge models. . .Regge pole model. .Pomeranchuk poles & trajectories. .

Time.Lifetime. .

Space.

Width. .Radius. .

Systems characteristics.Conservation laws. .

Structure. .Symmetry. . .

Interactions of particles (general).

Statistical models. .Theory. .

Thermodynamics. .Transport processes. . .

Mechanics. .Energy. . .

Energy ranges. . . .

Low & intermediate energy ranges. . . . .

Thermal energies. . . . . .

Resonance energies. . . . . .

Fast energies. . . . . .

High energies. . . . .

Very high energies. . . . .

Superhigh energies. . . . .

PhysicsMatter


Operations in investigation, techniquesStorage rings. . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsMatter


Pomeranchuk poles & trajectories. . .

BBLY

BM

BM7 VNS

BBLY

BM

BM8 SS

Properties. . .

General processes/properties in particle physics


Interactions of particles

29

BMBD

BMFRW

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

**

*

*

*

BMB DThe detailed schedule for this class is given underatoms, at BPB D. Details from it may be used toqualify this more general class or any particularparticle or group of particles to which its conceptsmight apply.For energy levels of particular particles, see theparticle; eg Molecules - Charge transfer stateBQB EW;For energy bands, see condensed matter BTX BF.Add to BMB letters D/F following BPB; eg

D9D JMeasure of the uncertainty of a specified level.

DNDQ

For types special to a particle, etc. see the particle.E

EGEKEMEPEQ

Reflecting more than one quantum state.EQP

When two or more quantum states have thesame energy.

ERES

When a magnetic field is applied.EU

Sets of related, closely spaced energy levels orquantum states.See also multiplets treated as groups ofparticles; eg isospin multiplets (stronginteractions) BNQ T.

EUKEVEWF

See Condensed matter BTX BFBMC F

See also Electron energy loss spectroscopyB7M NPQ; Channelling effect BMD UL

FHMeasure of energy loss of substance when acharged particle passes through it.

HJJL

BMC L

XBMD C

DKMWN

NCVNCX GNCX LNCX PNS

See quantum numbers properties of particlesBMM K

UULULD K

BME XHY

BMF2M8 L

For parity, see BMM EC

For particle production, see BMF UJ.CMFGIN

For excited state, see Energy states BMB EH.See also Polaritons BVE RU

IPIVJ

Transformation into a more stable particle.For radioactivity, see Nuclear interactionBOF K.

JFC NKQFL

See also inelastic scattering BMF TMNO

For magnetic resonance, see BVJ FO; forresonances as types of particles, see BND T.

PRU

For K-coupling, see under Capture BMF UQ.RVRVVRW

Energy levels (general).

Energy level width. . .

Transitions (energy levels). . .Isomerism (energy levels). . .

Stationary state, quantum states, eigenstate,energy eigenstate

. . .

Ground state, lowest energy state. . .Excited state. . .Bound state, discrete energy level. . .Unbound state. . .Degenerate level. . .

Degeneracy. . . .

Fine state, fine structure. . .Hyperfine state. . .

Multiplets (energy levels). . .

Spin-orbit multiplets. . . .Doublets state. . . .Triplets state. . . .

Energy bands.

Energy loss of particles, energy-range relations,particle range (energy loss)

.

Stopping power. .

StaticsMass.

Mass difference. .

Density.

DynamicsVelocity.Acceleration.

Orbits. .Rotation. .

Momentum. . .Angular momentum. . . .

Complex angular momentum plane. . . . .Regge poles & trajectories. . . . . .Pomeranchuk poles & trajectories. . . . . .

Spin. . .

Oscillation.Channelling effect. .

Transients. . .Forced vibrations. .

Radiation.Wave properties.

Wave function. .

Transmission, propagation. .

Attenuation. .Coherence. .Emission. .

Excitation. . .

Coulomb excitation. . . .Cascade reactions. . . .

Decay. .

Damping. . .Half life. . .

Absorption. .

Reflection. .Resonance. .

Polarization. .Coupling. .

Russell-Saunders coupling, 1-s coupling. . .Intermediate coupling. . . .

J-J coupling. . .


Interactions of particlesEnergy

Energy ranges.Superhigh energies. .


Interactions of particlesStatics

Mass.Mass difference. .

BBM

BMA FBMB B

BMB CBMB CJ

BBM

BMA FBMC HBMC J

BMC JL

Properties. .

Processes. .

Types of energy states. .

Forms of motion.

Interactions of particles

30

BMFS

BMJJC

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

BMF SNearness of approach producing mutual interactionshort of impact. For actual contact, see captureBMF UM.When qualifying specific particles, use ScatteringBMF T; eg Beta ray - Scattering BNP RDO FT.For annihilation, see BMF V.

SHArea presented to the incident particle as ameasure of the probability of a particular collisionprocess

SH9 DHUsually implies molecules.

SHISHKSLSMSNSO

SPSQT

T2T BT8H

See also Cross-section BMF SHTCGTEPTGS

For the scattering of particular radiations orparticles, see latter; eg Light - Rayleighscattering BRL FTQ; Photons - Scattering - Compton effect BNG OFT.

TJCTJFTJHTJLTJMTJNTJPTJQTJSTJTTJVTK

Incident wave penetrates nucleus.TKT

Incident wave reflected at nuclear surface.

BMF TM

See the radiation or particle; egLight - Stimulated scattering BRL FTM;Charged particles - Coulomb scatteringBNG FTS.

UFUH

Dependence of wave velocity on frequency; aproperty of the medium in which the wave ispropagated.

UH9 JSUHLUHNUHPUJUL

See also annihilation BMF VUM

See charged particles neutralizationBNH WFU M

URAcquisition of an additional particle bynucleus, atom, molecule or ion.

USCapture by atom molecule or ion.For radiative capture, see BOF KU.

UTCapture of K-shell electron.

VConversion, on collision, of a particle and itscorresponding anti-particle into radiation.

X

BMG BBMH

For QED, see BNG 8S.I

For charge, see quantum properties BMM M.BMJ

JC

Collision, impact phenomena (particles)

Cross-section (collisions).

Mean free path (collisions). .

Integral cross sections. .Total cross sections. .

Elastic collision.Inelastic collision.

Collisions of the first kind, endoergic collisions. .Collisions of the second kind, exoergic

collisions. .

One-dimensional collision.Binary collision.

ScatteringMatrix algebra.

S-matrix theory. .Relativistic scattering theory.

Scattering losses. .Amplitude. .Shadows. .

Angular distribution (scattering). .Forward scattering. .Back scattering. .Elastic scattering. .Quasi-elastic scattering. .Inelastic scattering, absorption (collision). .Multichannel scattering, multiple scattering?. .Many body scattering. .Coherent scattering. .Incoherent scattering. .Critical scattering. .Resonance scattering. .

Potential scattering. . .

Diffusion. . .Dispersion. . .

Symmetry. . . .Crossing symmetries. . . . .

N/D method (dispersion). . . .Form factors (dispersion). . . .Multivariable dispersion relations. . . .

Particle production (general). . .Pair production. . . .

Recombination. . .

Capture. . .

Electron attachment. . . .

K-coupling. . . . .

Annihilation. . .

Pulses. . .Beams. . .

Particle beams. . . .Electromagnetic properties

Electrical.

Magnetic.Magnetic moment. .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsInteractions of particles

CouplingJ-J coupling.

PhysicsInteractions of particles

MechanicsScattering. . .

Types of scattering. . . .Potential scattering. . . . . .

BBLY

BMBMA F

BMF RUBMF RW

BBMA F

BMBBMF T

BMF TKT


Types of scattering.

Types of scattering special to aradiation/particle

. . . .

Particle physics

31

BMMAI

BMMMT

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BMM AI

ASAVBB2MB2S A

For SU2, see BNQ MIT; for SU3, seeBNQ TT.

B2S JB2S KXQ

B8BB8V LB8V PBT

See also Higgs mechanism BMP JNR S ;Mass (quantum properties) BMM H

BX

CCCDCECFCGCHCJCKCL

Relationship between spin vector &momentum vector, especially of neutrinos.

CPHypothesizes a corresponding boson forevery fermion and vice versa. See notes atBNJ and BNK.

CSSee Hadrons BNQ MDS

DThe possible values characterizing a property ina physical system when it has been quantized,i.e. the property has been found to take onlycertain discrete values.The preferred arrangement is to collect allquantum numbers together here, enumeratingthe most prominent ones and providing for theothers by synthesis (at BMM D9).An alternative (not recommended) is to locateany property/process quantized at its normalposition in BMA/BML and qualify it by thegeneral class for quantum number at B8N; egcharge quantum number BMH KB8 N.

The order of concepts is the same as that inthe general schedule (BMA/BML) but thenotation is enumerated.

BMM D9

Add to BMM D numbers & letters 9/Lfollowing BM as applicable.

E

E9G VEG

Quantum number associated withelementary particles having zero baryonnumber and strangeness. Conserved instrong interactions only.

EKQuantum number associated withelementary particles having zero charge,baryon number and strangeness.See also mesons BNS

FHFKFLFMFNG

GJGKH

For symmetry breaking, see BMM BT.I

Usually implies hadrons; see BNQ MI.JK

For isospin, see BMQ IKB8 P

KB8 P2M 8NHKFT UKFT WKMEKRKSKWLM

For charge conjugation parity, seeBMM EK.

MPMT

Sum of baryon number and strangeness.

Invariance principle, symmetry & conservation(together)

.

Conserved properties. .Not-conserved properties. .Symmetry. .

Mathematics. . .Symmetry groups. . . .

Lie groups. . . . .Poincare groups. . . . . .

Theory. . .Invariance theory, symmetry law. . . .

Lorenz invariance. . . . .Poincare invariance. . . . .

Spontaneous symmetry breaking. . .

Non-linear symmetries, spectrum-generating symmetries

. . .

Discrete symmetries. . .Charge conjugation (symmetry). . . .Time reversal (symmetry). . . .C invariance. . . .CP invariance. . . .CPT invariance. . . .T invariance. . . .

Dynamical symmetries. . .Chiral symmetries, chirality. . .

Supersymmetry. . .

Unitary symmetry. . .

Quantum number properties.

Parity, space reflection symmetry, P(parity)

.

Conservation. .P invariance, parity conservation. . .

G-parity. .

Charge conjugation parity, C-parity. .

Duration (quantum numbers).Short lived (quantum numbers). .Long lived (quantum numbers). .Mean life (quantum numbers). .Half life (quantum numbers). .

Size (quantum numbers), dimensions(quantum numbers)

.

Width (quantum numbers). .Radius (quantum numbers). .

Mass (quantum numbers).

Isospin (general), isotopic spin, isospinisobaric spin, i-spin

.

Angular momentum.Spin.

Wave mechanics. .Hamiltonian functions. . .

Spin Hamiltonians. . . .Diffusion. .

Spin disorder resistivity. . .Parity. .Helicity. .Spin orbit interaction. .Non-zero spin. .

Decay.Charge.

Electrical moment. .Hypercharge (quantum numbers). .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsInteractions of particles

Magnetic moment. . .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsQuantum number properties

BBLY

BMBMA FBMJ JC

BBLY

BMBMM D

Special particle processes/properties

Quantum numbers other than thoseenumerated below

.

Basic interactions

32

BMMNJ

BMW

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

BMM NJNO

Add to BMM P letters B/Y following BN; egPMPTR

This position allows features of particles to be treatedas properties (for use as qualifiers) as distinct fromusing R (in instruction at BNB) to introduce them asspecifiersr; eg Resonances - Charm (property)BND TMR U; but Resonances - Charmed (type)BND TRR U.Add to BMM R letters A/X following BN; eg

RSRURW

Add to BMN letters D/J following BMB C with theadditions indicated.

BMN JLNPVX

Forces acting between particles due to exchange ofsome property (charge, spin, etc).

BMO

Particles which mediate the interaction betweenthe fundamental particles; carriers of the forcesbetween material particles (see BND X). Theirstatus as particles is somewhat problematical;they are sometimes considered as beingconstituents of the material particle and theiraction has been likened to that of pulses. Theirgeneral nature is closely dependent on theinteractions they mediate and this is the reason fortheir location here.For particular exchange forces, see the type ofinteraction; eg Electomagnetic interactions - Photons BNG O.

BMP G

GO

BMP JJ8WJHPJHP 2RSJHP 8BJHY X

JMJMP M

JO

JONJOPJOP Q

Generate mass for IVBs.JOR

See under charged particles BNGL

Only quantum numbers Q (charge) and B(baryon number) are conserved.

LHY X

LO

See Hadrons BNQ PNBMQ

This position is used only when qualifying aparticular particle.When dealing with reactants, the usual rule inBC2 is to cite the product first. However, inparticle physics the exact relationships betweenthe reactants are not always easily establishedand do not provide a basis for a consistentcitation order. The rule is therefore to cite firstthe reactant which files latest in the schedule,followed by the second reactant; eg interactionbetween leptons (BNM) and hadrons (BNQ) isBNQ QM..Add to BMQ letters B/X following BN;Add to BMQ Y letters O/Q following B; egMolecule - Atom interactions BQQ YP.

BMVTheoretically, elementary particles cannot exhibitconstituent parts. But a number of theories relate tothe possible possession of parts.

BMWParticles considered to be substructures orconstituents of other particles.See also Exchange particles BMO; PartonsBNU RBP; Quarks BNR.

Magnetic moment.Magnetic resonance.

Lepton number. .Baryon number. .

Colour (quantum numbers). .Charm (quantum numbers). .Strangeness. .

Superhigh energy interactions.Inclusive interactions.Exclusive interactions.Large momentum transfer interactions.

Basic interactions, fundamental interactionsExchange forces (particles), field particle exchange.

Exchange particles (general), gauge bosons, fieldparticles (general), virtual intermediatebosons

. . .

Gravitational interactions Generally speaking,particles are too small to be subject togravitational forces. This position is providedfor documents which consider these forces inrelation to the other fundamental forces.

.

Exchange particles. .Gravitons. . .

Electroweak forces, electroweak interactions. . .Weinberg-Salam theory. . . .Current. . . .

Current algebras (electroweak forces). . . . .Current theory (electroweak forces). . . . .Neutral weak currents, neutral current

interaction. . . . .

Quantum numbers. . . .Lepton number (electroweak forces). . . . .

Exchange particles. . . .W-bosons, intermediate bosons,

intermediate vector bosons, IVBs,intermediate mesons

. . . . .

Z-bosons. . . . .Higgs boson, Higgs field. . . . .

Higgs mechanisms. . . . . .

Goldstone boson. . . . . .Electromagnetic forces (elementary

particles). . . .

Weak interactions. . . .

Neutral weak currents. . . . .Exchange particles. . . . .

W-bosons, intermediate bosons. . . . . .Strong interactions. . .

Interactions with another particle. .

Composite particles, composite models.

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsQuantum number properties

Charge.Hypercharge. .


Energy interactions & formsBasic interactions. .

Gravitational interactions Generally speaking. . .Gravitons. . . . .

BBLY

BMBMM D

BMM MBMM MT

BBM

BMN VBMP G

BMP GO

Properties defined by particles in system.

Properties special to particular particles.

Interactions by energy expenditure

Agents. .

Parts of particles

Elementary particles

33

BNB

BNDV

*

*

*

**

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

***

*

*

*

*

*

*

BNB

Do not qualify this general heading (BNB) by processesand properties, etc.; for these, see BMA/BMQ.Each type of particle (including its species, if any) maybe qualified or specified in detail as follows (where thehyphen represents the particle’s classmark):Add to - numbers & letters 2/9,A/Q following BM (forProcesses & properties); eg Electrons - EmissionBNP FG.Add to -QY letters V/W following BM (for Parts)Add to -R letters B/X following BN (for Types by othertypes of particle); eg Low energy electrons BNP RLD.Add to -S letters O/Q following B (continuing Types byother types of particle) if applicable.(Types special to the particle)Letters -T/Y are used for types special to the particle;eg BNT T Dibaryons.

BAdd to BNB letters B/L following BM if applicable.

VAdd to BNB letters V/X following BM if applicable;at present this is only hypothetical.

BNCAdd to BNC letters B/Y following BMM, except forthose indicated below (which are enumeratedseparately); eg

ASAs in strong interactions.

AVAs in weak interactions.

CPCQCRFH

See BND RHH

See BNL Q...K

See BNJ...M

See BNF X...

For works considering the properties, etc of theseparticles per se (in terms of particle theory). Forworks regarding the particles as features of theirorigins, see the relevant context; eg cosmic rays in DAstronomy.

BND AProduced by accelerators.

ARB

BND CSee also Very high energy particles BNL G

DDPDQDREFGH

See also Cosmic ray photons BNG ORD CK

Use this position only when specifying a givenparticle.Add to BND K letters A/Y following BK;Add to BND L letters following BL;Add to BND letters N/Q following B; eg

KJLY

Eg Neutrons - (By source) - Gamma raysBNW RDL Y.

OXH DEg Neutrons - (By source) - DeuteronsBNW ROX C.

RCRDRERF

RHPhotons, leptons, mesons, baryons.

RJWith finite life, however long.

SLSNT

With greatly increased probability ofinteraction with colliding particles at theresonance energy.

TTTTM DTTM RUTUV

The uncertainty principle allows particles tobe created for short periods in apparentviolation of the energy conservation laws; egpairs of virtual electrons and positrons in acomplete vacuum.

Elementary particles (types), fundamental particles(types)

.

Conserved particles. . .

Not-conserved particles. . .

Supersymmetric particles. . .Scalar particles. . . .Sparticles. . . .

Particle accelerator particles. . .

Nuclear reactor particles. . .Atmospheric particles. . .

Cosmic rays.

Showers (cosmic rays), bursts (cosmic rays). .Penetrating showers. . .Soft showers. . .Cascade showers. . .

Primary radiation (cosmic rays). .Secondary radiation (cosmic rays). .Radiofrequency cosmic rays. .Solar cosmic rays. .

Ionizing radiation (source of particles). .Gamma rays (source of particles). .

Deuterons (source of particles). .

Cluster aggregates (particles).Many-particles systems.

Micelles. .Few-particles systems. .

Stable particles.

Unstable particles.

Long-lived particles. .Short-lived particles. .

Resonances. . .

Psi particles, J particles. . . .Quantum number properties. . . . .

Charm (quantum number). . . . . .B resonances. . . .

Virtual particles, virtual quantum. . .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsParts of particles

Composite particles.

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsElementary particles

By origin, sourceAtmospheric particles.

BBLY

BMBMV

BMW

BBLY

BMBNB

BND B

Types of particles

Types by non-quantum property. .

Types by part. .

Types by special & quantum number property. .

By lifetime, mean life. . .

By mass. . .

By spin. . .

By charge. . .

By origin, source. .

Source defined by a given radiation or particle.

By aggregation

By lifetime, mean life

Elementary particles

34

BNDX

BNLH

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

For exchange particles (exchange forces), see BMO.BND X

Ultimate constituents of matter; usually assumed tobe point-like, with 1/2 integral spin.Do not use to specify particular particles.

BNFRetain mass and spin of their image particle, but allother quantum values are reversed. All particlesexcept photons and pi-mesons have theiranti-particle.See also Annihilation BMF V

X

BNG

8M

8M2 M

FTSFTTKJ

OFor gamma rays (high energy photons), seeBLY.

O36See also applications of photoninteraction; eg Photon correlationspectroscopy B7M NGO.

OFTOMC POMC QOQOQG O

ORD CFor cosmic ray X-rays, see X-raysBLX Q.

ORD HORL F

BNHSee also Alpha particles (nuclei) BOX HH;Electrons BNP; Positrons BNP RF; ProtonsBNV; Ions BQU; Cerenkhov radiation BNL N.

UV

BNH W

WFU MBNI

Hypothetical particles, analogous to theelectrical electron and proton, with north andsouth magnetic charges.

JBL RMM

MMN TRatio of magnetic moment to angularmomentum.See also Nuclear magnetic resonanceBMO NO

BNJHave 1/2 integral spin and observe Fermi-Diracstatistics. Comprise Leptons (BNM) & Baryons(BNT); all elementary particles except bosons.

MCPMCQ

The names of these are formed by changingthe terminal -on of the boson to -ino; egphotino BNG OMC Q

BNKAll elementary particles except Fermions. Haveintegral spin and observe Bose-Einstein statistics.For gauge bosons, see Exchange particles BMO.

MCPMCQ

The names of these are formed by prefacingthe name of the fermion by s-; eg squarksBNR MCQ.

PJT

Hypothetical light bosons, postulated to explainfeatures of quantum chromodynamics(BNR 8M).

BNL CD

<1 GeV.EF

>1 GeV.For cosmic rays, see BND C.

GH

With more energy than in ground state.

Material particles (general).

Anti-particles, anti-matter, conjugate particles.

Electromagnetic field particles & waves,electromagnetic forces (particle physics),charged particles (general)

.

Electromagnetic interaction (particles). .Quantum mechanics. . .

Quantum electrodynamics, QED. . . .Matrices. . . . .

Feynmann diagrams. . . . . .Scattering. . .

Coulomb scattering, electrostatic scattering. . . .Rutherford scattering. . . .

Ionizing radiation, nuclear radiation. . .Exchange particles. . .

Photons. . . .

Practical & experimental. . . . .

Scattering. . . . .Compton scattering. . . . . .

Supersymmetry. . . . .Photinos. . . . . .

Photon-photon interaction. . . . . .

Cosmic ray photons. . . . . .

Solar cosmic ray photons. . . . . . .High energy photons. . . . . .

Electrically charged particles. .

Positive particles. . .Negative particles. . .

Zero charge particles, neutral particles. .Recombination. . .

Neutralization. . . .Magnetically charged particles, magnetic

monopoles, magnetic particles. .

Magnetic relaxation. . .Spin-lattice relaxation. . . .

Quantum number properties. . .Magnetic moment. . . .

Gyromagnetic ratio. . . . .

Fermions (general).

Supersymmetry. .Fermion partners of bosons. . .

Bosons (general).

Supersymmetry. .Boson partners of fermions. . .

Electroweak interactions. .Axions. .

Monoenergetic particles.Low energy particles.

Intermediate energy particles.High energy particles.

Very high energy particles.Excited particles.

PhysicsMatter


By lifetime, mean lifeVirtual particles. . .


Elementary particlesBy charge

Electrically charged particles. .Negative particles. . .

BBLY

BMBNB

BND V

BBM

BNB

BNHBNH V

By role in interaction

By relation between quantum numbers

By charge

Interactions with other particles. . . . .

Types of photons by source. . . . .

By spin

By energy characteristics

Electrons

35

BNLK

BNPRDRF

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BNL KSee also Transfer reactions (nucleon-nucleon)BOQ UNR

LM

Postulated to have velocity exceeding that ofelectromagnetic waves.See also cosmic rays BND C

N

QRS

Heavier than pi-mesons.See also specific types; e.g. muons BNN; baryonsBNT.

UFamilies of particles.

WBNM

Fermions which do not participate in stronginteractions.

OPJQMRLR

For muons, see BNN; for heavier-than-muonleptons, see BNN V.

BNN

RDC

RHURHVU

See also Positronium BNP RFTVX

BNOThought to have zero mass.

RF

RNRNR FRNX

BNPSee also Beta radiation BNP RDO; Beta decayBOF KR

36

73P

8TBD

For electron energy states in particular media, seemedium; eg in condensed matter BTX BD.See also Photons BNG O

BEK

For photoelectric effect, see BIV (general) andBVI V (solids).

FG

FGTFRU

See also radioactivity, BOF K

FS

See also Atomic electron impact excitationBPF IXP; Molecular electron impact excitationBQF IXP

FT

FVGB

GB4 VMKMKF OMKF P

MKJ CP

For orbital electrons, see Atomes BPD T.

RDCRDK J

Secondary electrons (or protons) emitted as aresult of ionizing radiation.

RDOFor beta decay, see BOF KS.

RDQ

RDR DRDR F

Linear energy transfer particles.

High linear energy transfer particles. .Tachyons.

Cerenkov radiation, Cherenkhov radiation. .

Light particles (general).Medium heavy particles (general).Heavy particles (general).

Generations.

Lepton & quark systems (generations). .Leptons.

Exchange particles. .W-bosons. . .

Electroweak interactions. .Lepton-lepton interactions. .Heavy leptons (general). .

Muons, mu-mesons. .By source. . .

Cosmic ray muons. . . .

Positive muons. . . .Negative muons. . . .

Muonium. . .

Heavier than muon leptons. .Tauons, tau particles. . .

Neutrinos. .

Antiparticles. . .Antineutrinos. . . .

Muon neutrinos. . . .Muon anti-neutrinos. . . . .

Tauon neutrinos. . . .

Electrons

Practical & experimental.Separation. .

Millikan separation (electrons). . .Theory.

Dirac electron theory. .Energy levels, energy states.

Excited state. .Emission.

Electron field emission, autoemission, coldemission

. .

Secondary emission. . .Electron attachment, electron interaction.

Collision.Electron impact, electron beam interaction,

electron ionization. .

Scattering.Compton scattering, Compton effect. .

Annihilation.Electron pair annihilation, positron annihilation. .

Electron beams.Instruments. .

Electron lenses, magnetic lenses. . .Spin.

Electron spin resonance. .Electron spin polarization. .Magnetic relaxation. .

Electron spin-lattice relaxation. . .

Cosmic ray electrons. . .Delta radiation. . .

Beta particles, beta radiation. . .

Normal electrons. . .

Many-electron systems. . .Electron pairs. . .

PhysicsMatter


By energy characteristicsExcited particles.


Elementary particlesLeptons

NeutrinosTauon neutrinos. .

BBLY

BMBNB

BNL H

BBM

BNBBNM

BNOBNO RNX

By mass, & strength of interaction shown

By charge. . .

By associated particle. . .

Types of electrons.

By source. .

Aggregations, generations. .

Hadrons

36

BNPRF

BNQQQ

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BNP RFRFQ P

For Electron pair annihilation seeBNP RDR FFV.

RFQ PFSProducing hadrons.

RFTShort-lived association between positronand electron.See also Muonium BNN U

RFURFV

RHV

RLDRLFRLJ

See also conduction electrons(semi-conductors) BVI FN

RNORNO RFTVW

BNQAll elementary particles except leptons and photons.

8B8SC8SL8SN8SP8SP Q8W

For Parton model, see BNU RBW; for Quarkmodel, see BNR.

BCIBDBEMFSFSHFT

FT2 TB

FT8 RP

BNQ FTJ NFTJ OFTJ PHK

See quantum properties BNQ MMMMCMDS

For the hypothetical groups characterized bythis property, see multiplets BNQ T.See also Isospin BNQ MI

MHMIMIRMISMITMJMMMMRMMTMPTMRW

See also Hypercharge BMM MTPJ

For electromagnetic interactions, see BNG.

PLPN

Extremely short range force, particularly thatholding protons and nueutrons together in theatomic nucleus. Primarily the result of the exchangeof gluons between quarks, the constituents ofhadrons; see BNR O.

PNOFor gluons, see under quarks BNR O.

QQGOQGO FTQHQMQMP LQMQ HQNQPQPF TQPF TJLQPF TTQQ

See Nucleus BOQ Q

Anti-particles. . .Positrons, positons, positive electrons. . . .

Electron-positron interactions. . . . .

Elecron-positron collision. . . . . .

Positronium. . . . .

Orthopositronium. . . . . .Parapositronium. . . . . .

Normal negatively charged electrons. . . .

Low energy electrons. . . .High energy electrons. . . .Free electrons. . . .

Electron neutrinos. . . .Electron anti-neutrinos. . . .

Inner shell electrons. . .Valency electrons. . .Hot electrons. . .

Hadrons (general)

Theories.Composite hadron models. .Bootstrap models. .Duality models. .Peripheral models. .

Multiperipheral models. . .Hadron classification models. .

Very high energy. .Hadron-induced very high energy interactions. . .

Energy levels. .Bound state. . .

Collision. .Cross section. . .

Scattering. .Matrix algebra. . .

S-matrix. . . .Models. . .

Regge poles, Reggeons. . . .

Inelastic scattering.Hadron induced inelastic scattering. .

Two-particle final states (hadron scattering). . .Many particle final states (hadron scattering). . .

Charge

Symmetry.Unitary symmetry, internal symmetry. .

Mass.Isospin, isotopic spin, isobaric spin.

I (isospin). .I3 (isospin). .

SU2. . .Angular momentum.Charge.

Charge conjugation parity, C-parity. .Hypercharge. .Baryon number. .

Strangeness, strange particles.

Electroweak interactions

Weak interactions.Weak hadron interactions. .

Strong interactions (general)

Exchange particles.

Photon-hadron interactions.Scattering. .

Charged hadron interactions.Lepton-hadron interactions.

Weak lepton-hadron interactions. .Charged lepton-hadron interactions. .Muon-hadron interactions. .

Electron-hadron interactions.Scattering. .

Elastic scattering. . .Compton scattering. . .

Hadron-hadron interactions.Nucleus-hadron interactions.


Elementary particlesLeptons

Aggregations, generations. . .Electron pairs. . . .

PhysicsElementary particles

HadronsScattering

Models.Regge poles. .

BBM

BNBBNM

BNP RDR F

BBNB

BNQBNQ FT

BNQ FT8 RP

By charge. . .

By energy. . .

By associated particle. . .


Quantum number properties

Interactions with other particles

Mesons

37

BNQRBW

BNSVPN

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BNQ RBW

RCBFor multiplets, see BNQ T.

RDTT

Hypothetical groups of particles in which all theparticles are regarded as different states of the sameparticle. All have the same spin (J), parity (P) &baryon number (B).See also Hadron symmetry BNQ MC

USpecial unitary group of 3x3 matrices, predictive ofhadronic multiplet structure.

U8UBNR

Hypothetical particles corresponding to the basicbuilding blocks of the SU3 group. Their chargeis not the usual electron charge (e) but integralmultiples of 1/3e.

8M8MG

MCPSee also Axions BNK T

MCQMRR

See also the types of quarks belowcharacterized by different manifestations ofthis property.

MRU

O

RFSF

SPSUT

TXUUXVFVH

BNSBosons, with mass usually intermediate betweenelectrons and nucleons.For mu-mesons, see under Leptons BNN.

FJFJMFJM PFJM TFJQ

MEQ

For Meson-nucleon interactions, see NucleonsBNU QS; for Meson-hyperon interactions, seeHyperons BNX QS.

QS

RCR U

RDC

RDT

RDURDV

RLQRLRTTFKTQ

For pion-baryon interactions, see BaryonsBNT QST.

TRHTRH UTRH VUUFJUFJ QURHURH WVVFJVPLVPN

Composite models. .

Symmetrical. .

Resonances. .Multiplets, isospin multiplets.

SU3. .

Theory. . .Eightfold way (hadron theory), octet theory. . . .

Quarks. . .

Theory. . . .Quantum chromodynamics, QCD. . . . .

Quark confinement. . . . . .

Supersymmetry. . . . .

Squarks. . . . . .Colour. . . . .

Charm. . . . .Exchange particles. . . .

Gluons. . . . .

Antiquarks. . . . .Flavours. . . . .

Up (quark flavours). . . . . .Charm (quark flavours). . . . . .

Top (quark flavours). . . . .

Down (quark flavours). . . . . .Strange (quark flavours). . . . . .Bottom (quark flavours). . . . . .

SU4. .SU6. .

Mesons

Interactions.Decay. .

Leptonic decay (mesons), semi-leptonic decay. . .Pi leptonic decay. . . .K leptonic decay. . . .

Hadronic decay (mesons). . .

G-parity (mesons). .

Meson-meson interaction. . .

Charmed mesons. . .

Cosmic ray mesons. . .

Resonances. . .Meson resonances, vector resonances

(mesons). . . .

A-resonances (mesons). . . . .B-resonances (mesons). . . . .

Light mesons. . .Heavy mesons. . .

Pi-mesons, pions. .Decay. . .

Charged pi-mesons. . .Positive. . . .Negative. . . .

K-mesons, kappa mesons, kaons. .Decay. . .

Hadronic decay (kaons). . . .Charged kaons. . .Zero charged kaons. . .

Eta-mesons. .Decay. . .Weak interactions. . .Strong interactions. . .


Elementary particlesHadrons

Properties & processesNucleus-hadron interactions. .


Elementary particlesHadrons

MultipletsSU6.

BBM

BNBBNQ

BBM

BNBBNQ

BNQ TBNR VH

Types of hadronsBy part.

By special & quantum property.

By lifetime.

Properties. . . .

Types of quarks. . . .

With 2/3 the proton charge. . . . .

With 1/3 the proton charge. . . . .

Properties.

Interactions with other particles. .

Types.By property. .

By source. .

By time. .

By mass. .

Interactions with other particles. . .

Nucleons

38

BNSW

BNWRDOXHD

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BNS W

WMBWMR RWMR UWQQ TWQQ UWQRWQR MMY

Arrange A/Z by equivalent of Greek initialletters; eg Upsilon meson BNS YU; Rhomeson BBS YP

BNTFermions which decay into nucleons byemisssion of mesons.

FCFCSFJFJMFJQ

For baryon-hadron interaction, see Hadronicdecay BNT FJQ Q

QMQSTQSU

RDTRFRHT

BNU

DKT

DKT BDNMK

MKN XMW

For parton model, see BNU RBP.

QUSee also Nuclear forces BOB G

QUF LQUF SQUF TQUM NXQUM NYH

BNU QUM NYM

RBWSee also Quarks BNR

RBW QST

RDR FRF

BNV7TC7VC7VD7VG7VH

QUQUR BWQUR BWF TQVQVW

For delta radiation, see BNP RDK J.RDCRFT

BNWAT

CWCWC LFJFKSFQFUFFUH

QW

RBF KS

RDARDA RRDCRDL YRDN VRDO XHD

Psi particles, J particles, psi mesons, psiresonances

. . .

Symmetry. . . .Colour (quantum number). . . .Charm (quantum number). . . .Multiplets. . . .

SU3. . . . .Quarks. . . . . .

Charge. . . . . . .Other mesons. .

Baryons

Propagation.Baryon photoproduction. .

Decay.Leptonic decay (baryons). .Hadronic decay (baryons). .

Baryon-lepton interaction. .Pion-baryon interaction. .Kaon-baryon interaction. .

Baryon resonances. .Anti-baryons. .Charged baryons. .Dibaryons. .

Nucleons.Motions. .

Collective motions. . .Transitions. . . .Collective transitions. . . .

Spin. .Exchange of spin direction. . .

Bartlett force. . . .Composite models. .

Nucleon-nucleon interactions. . .

Absorption. . . .Collisions. . . .Scatter. . . .Exchange forces. . . .

Heisenberg force. . . . .

Majorana force. . .

Partons.

Interactions with other particles. .Parton-pion interactions. . .

Few-nucleon systems. .Antinucleons.

Protons, protoniumAccelerators.

Proton synchrotons. .Zero gradient synchrotons. . .Alternating gradient synchrotons. . .

Fixed field alternating gradientsynchrotons, ring accelerators

. . . .

Proton-nucleon interactions. .Parton-proton interactions. .

Scatter. . .Proton-proton interaction. .

Proton-proton inclusive interaction. . .

Cosmic ray protons. .Anti-protons. .Delayed protons. .

NeutronsTransport.Interactions.

Flux. .Neutron flux, neutron economy. . .

Neutron flux density. . . .Decay. .

Beta decay. . .Diffraction. .Diffusion. .

Multigroup diffusion. . .

Neutron-neutron interactions. . .

Beta decay. . .Delayed neutrons. . . .

Particle accelerators (neutron source). . .Nuclear reactors (neutron source). . .Cosmic ray neutrons. . .Gamma radiation neutrons. . .Protons (neutron source). . .Deuterons (neutron source). . .

PhysicsElementary particles

HadronsMesons

Eta-mesons. .Strong interactions. . .

PhysicsHadrons

BaryonsNucleons

Interactions with other particlesHeisenberg force. . .

BBNB

BNQBNS

BNS VBNS VPN

BBNQ

BNTBNU

BNU QUM NYH

Interactions with other particles.

Types.


Types

By aggregation.


Types.


Types of neutrons.By non-quantum properties. .

By source. .

Atomic & nuclear physics

39

BNWRDT

BO9JVS

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BNW RDTRDU DRDU FRF

RLCRLDRLD N

Very low energy neutrons, from reactor.RLERLF

>1MeV.BNX

All long-lived baryons other than nucleons.

For hyperon-nucleus interactions, see BOQ X.PS

RFT

TPWFor hypernuclei, see BOX FT.

TRFUURFURF RHURF RHNURHURH WVVRFVRHVRH WW

See also Unitary symmetry BMM CSX

Arrange A/Z.

BNY

BOWorks on nuclear physics using the term in itsvery broad sense (to include elementaryparticles) should go at BM.Note that the instructions at BNB for qualifyingand specifying any given particle, using lettersA/S, are adjusted for nuclei (from BOQ YConwards) in order to accommodate the specialextension of the reactions facet. So Types ofnuclei begin at BOX D, not BOR.

BO3 6BO7 H

IJTTN

BO8 BMM2M 8GM2M 8GEPP2M 9NSVCVEVFVH

VJVKVL

VN

VPVR

Arrange A/Z; e.g. Resonating groupstructure model BO8 VRR.

BO9 DFor size of nucleus as a quantum numberproperty, see BOM G.

GGVJ

See also nuclear models BO8 BJS

Use BOM B

JVJVHJVS

Resonances. . .Dineutrons. . . .Tetraneutrons. . . .

Anti-neutrons. . .

Monoenergetic. . . .Thermal neutrons, slow neutrons. . . .Cold neutrons. . . .

Intermediate neutrons. . . .Fast neutrons. . . .

Hyperons


Meson-hyperon interactions. .

Anti-hyperons. .Lambda particles. .

Interactions with other particles. . .Lambda-neutron interactions. . . .

Anti-particles. . .Antimatter state (hyperons). . . .

Sigma particles. .Antiparticles. . .

Charged. . . .Zero charged. . . .

Charged. . .Zero charged. . .

Xi particles, cascade particles. .Antiparticles. . .Charged. . .Zero charged. . .

Omega particles, omega-minus particles. .

Other hyperons. .

Atomic & nuclear physics (together)

Nuclei, nucleus.

Practical & experimental physics. .Track visualization. . .

Particle beam handling. . . .Acceleration. . .

Theory & models. .Quantum theory. . .

Perturbation theory. . . .Born approximation. . . . .

Wave mechanics. . . .Schrodinger’s equation. . . . .

Unified model (nucleus). . .Nuclear scattering model. . .

Optical model (nucleus). . . .Nuclear clustering model, alpha-particle

model (nucleus). . .

Nuclear collective model. . .Nuclear cranking model. . . .Liquid drop model (nuclear), drop model

(nuclear). . . .

Nuclear shell model, independent particlemodel (nucleus)

. . .

Hartree-Fock model. . .Other models. . .

Spatial dimensions. . .

Systems characteristics. . .Conservation. . . .Structure. . . .

Symmetry. . .

Configuration. . .Shape of nucleus. . . .

Nuclear deformation. . . . .Surfaces (nucleus). . . . .

PhysicsHadrons

BaryonsNucleons

By source. . .Deuterons. . . .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsTypes of particles

Other hyperons. . . . . . . .

BBNQ

BNTBNU

BNW RDO XHD

BBLY

BM

BNX X

By energy. . .

Types.

Types of accelerator. . . .General properties. .

Processes & properties. .

Nuclei

40

BOAF

BOFP

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

BOA FFor nuclear reactions in the narrow sense, see BOR.

BOBB

For Nuclear reaction energy, see BOR BBD

D9DDN

Change from one quantum energy level toanother.

DNFDNGDNJ

DNLDQ

Existence of different energy states inotherwise identical nuclides and resulting indifferent radioactivity characteristics.

DQD NDQD ODQD PDQD RDRDS

GFor nuclear exchange forces, see BON X.

GHGJGKGN

For charges, see BOM M.See also nucleon-nucleon interactionBNU QU

GN8 SGSGTGUGVIM

BOC HJ

For mass as a quantum number property, seeBOM H.

JPLP

BOC XBOD E

ENN

For angular momentum, see quantum propertiesBOM J; for spin, see BOM K.

BOFGGRGSINIVJ

For nuclear reactions resulting from thebombardment of nuclei by particles, see BOR. Usethe latter also for works dealing with nuclearreactions in general.

J8BJFC NJN

Add to BOF JN letters A/Y following BN; egJNWJP

Very vigorous decay, usually followingbombardment.

JTK

Spontaneous decay of heavy elements.KQFKQW

Note preceding BND A applies here also.See also DS Atmosphere

KQXKRKSKT

Transformation of the nuclide in which abound electron merges with the nucleus.

KUKVKWKXO

See also magnetic effects BOJ FOOQOROS

P


Mechanics.Nuclear energy (general). .

Nuclear energy levels For binding energy, seeNuclear forces BOB_GH.

. . .

Energy level width. . . .Transitions (nuclear energy levels), nuclear

electromagnetic transition. . . .

Internal conversion (nuclear transitions). . . . .Mossbauer effect. . . . .Branching & mixing ratios (nuclear

transitions). . . . .

Nuclear energy levels lifetime. . . . .Nuclear isomerism. . . .

Transitions. . . . .Isomeric transitions. . . . . .

Independent decay. . . . . . .Stable isomers. . . . . . .

Isobaric analogue state. . . .Nuclear collective state. . . .

Force. .Nuclear forces. . .

Binding energy. . . .Mass defect. . . . .Coulomb energy (nuclear forces). . . . .

Nucleon-nucleon forces. . . .

Meson field theory. . . . .Central force. . . . .Tensor force. . . . .Repulsive force. . . . .Spin-orbital coupling. . . . .

Moments. . .Statics. .

Nuclear mass. . .

Packing fraction. . . .Nuclear density. . .Nuclear stability. . .

DynamicsKinetics.

Coupled channels. .Rotation.

Wave motion.Emission nuclear reactions. .

Prompt emission processes. . .Delayed emission processes. . .Excitation. . .

Cascade reactions. . . .Decays, disintegrative processes (nuclear

reactions), nuclear spontaneous reactions. .

Nuclear decay theory. . .Damping. . .

Neutron product reaction. . . .Spallation. . .

Transmutation. . .Radioactivity. . .

Half-life, lifetime. . . .Atmospheric radioactivity. . . .

Fallout. . . . .Alpha radioactivity, alpha decay. . . .Beta radioactivity, beta decay. . . .

Nuclear electron capture (radioactivity),electron attachment (radioactivity)

. . . . .

Radiative capture, orbital electron capture. . . . . .K-capture, K-coupling. . . . . . .L capture. . . . . . .

Gamma radioactivity. . . .Resonance. .

Giant resonances. . .Isobaric analogue resonance. . .Yield (nuclear reactions). . .

Polarization. .Nuclear polarization, nuclear orientation,

nuclear alignment. . .


Atomic & nuclear physicsNuclei

Processes & propertiesSurfaces. . .



StaticsNuclear stability.

BBM

BNYBO

BO9 JVS

BBM

BNYBO

BOC HBOC P

By radiation/particle emitted. . .

Nuclei

41

BOFS

BOMOQ

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

BOF SSee also Compound nuclear processes BOF SR.

S8BS8W KS8W LS8W NSBBSBF NSBF TSCU

For angular momentum, see quantum numberproperties, BOM J.

SCU RSCU USHSH9 DJ

SIWith high rate of change of momentum,generating large contact forces.

SLSMSNSOSPSQSRT

In narrow sense: energy is transferred, but withoutremoval or addition of nucleons.

TB3 VTJL

For Coulomb scattering, see BNG FTS.TJMTJN

TTTUUR

For the capture of specific particles, see nuclearreactions; eg nuclear muon capture BOQ NFU R.See also Direct nuclear reactions BOR W; Electronattachment (radioactivity) BOF KT

USA part of the incident nucleus merges with targetnucleus, the remainder proceeding largelyunchanged.

USPUT

BOHBIMIIBI M

See Charge BOM MPK

See quantum number properties, BOM MBOJ

For nuclear magnetic moment, see BOM NJFO

For nuclear magnetic resonance, see BOM NO.BOL Y

For nuclear energy in general, see BOB B.BOM

BEFM

For lifetime in radioactivity, see BOF KQF.GGJGKHHPI

A quantum mechanical variable.See also Hadrons BN

J

KKRKSKTKVMMJMKMLMP

MT

NJNKNLNMO

Most of the literature relates to its application inspectroscopy, etc (see B7M OO).

OPOQ

Collisions, bombardment (nuclear reactions)

Theory.Many-body theory. .Lane-Robson theory. .Yang theory. .

Energy.Excitation functions. .Threshold energy. .

Momentum.

Transverse momentum. .Longitudinal momentum. .

Cross sections.Mean free path. .

Impact. .

Elastic collision. .Inelastic collision. .

Collisions of the first kind. . .Collisions of the second kind. . .

One dimensional collision. .Binary collision. .Compound nuclear processes. .

Scattering (nuclear reactions)

Form factor (nuclear scattering). .Elastic scattering.

Quasi-elastic scattering.Inelastic scattering.

Shadow scattering. .Few neutron scattering. .

Capture

Stripping.

Oppenheimer-Phillips process, OP process. .Pick-up reaction.

Electro-magnetic phenomenaElectromagnetic moment.Electricity.

Electric moment. .

Charge.

Magnetism.

Resonance. .

Nuclear matter

Quantum number propertiesSymmetry.Nuclear parity.Mean life.

Size of nucleus.Width. .Radius. .

Mass.Packing fraction. .

Isospin (nuclei), isotopic spin (nuclei).

Angular momentum (nuclei).Spin.

Nuclear spin. .Helicity. . .Orbital spin. . .

Spin orbital coupling (nucleus). . . .Intrinsic spin. . .

Charge (nucleus).Charge distribution. .Charge symmetry. .Charge independence. .Nuclear electric moment, nuclear quadupole

moments. .

Hypercharge (nuclei). .

Nuclear magnetic moment. .Nuclear magnetic dipole moment. . .Nuclear magnetic quadrupole moment. . .Nuclear magnetic octopole moment. . .Nuclear magnetic resonance (general), NMR

(general). . .

Double nuclear magnetic resonance. . . .Internuclear nuclear magnetic resonance,

INDOR. . . . .



PolarizationNuclear polarization.



MechanicsPick-up reaction. . . .

BBM

BNYBO

BOF P

BBM

BNYBO

BOBBOF UT

Particular forms of collisions.

Special quantum properties.

Special to nuclei.

Magnetic properties.

Nuclear reactions

42

BOMOQV

BORX8V

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BOM OQVORPMPTRURW

BON JLVX

BOQThis class (BOQ) takes general studies of theinteractions betweeen a particle and a nucleus,without specification of the role(s) played by each.Reactions in which roles are specified are dealt within classes BOR/BOXAdd (retroactively) to BOQ letters B/X followingBN; eg Hyperon-nucleus reactions BOQ X.Add (retroactively) to BOQ Y letters O/Q followingB; eg Nucleus-nucleus reactions BOQ YO.

DCDCF TDLYGO

GOR LFMNNFU RP

For nuclear-electron capture, see Beta decayBOF KT.

QQFTSU

UNRNucleons are exchanged between targetnucleus and the projectile nucleus.See also Linear energy transfer, BNL K

URD RFW

WFU RXXFU RYO

BORReactions between nucleus & bombarding particles.The instructions at BNB for the subdivision of anygiven particle are amended here; see second note atBO above.Class here (BOR) general works on all nuclearreactions, including spontaneous ones. Forspontaneous reactions alone, see BOF J.Reactions in which roles are specified are dealt within classes BOS/BOX (see the instructions precedingBOS).See also radiation and wave phenomena (BOF/BOG)for constituents of reactions

2M2SA2SA G2SA K2SA R

8VL

BB

BB9 2DBetween target amd interacting particles.

BCJ

For entoergic and exoergic nuclear reactions, seeCollisions BOF SM.

PNFor spontaneous decay, see BOF K.

PRQ

For cascade reactions, see Excitation BOF IV.QTRSTVW

See also capture reactions BOF URX

Forming highly excited and short-lived nucleiimmediately after collisions.

X8V

Reactions in which roles are specified observe thefollowing citation order (which can also be seen inthe inverted filing order of the arrays concerned):

Nuclear Overhausen effect. . . . . .Nuclear quadruple resonance. . . .

Lepton number (nuclei).Baryon number (nuclei).Charm (nuclei).Strangeness (nuclei).

Superhigh energy reactions.Inclusive interactions.

Basic interactionsNuclear exchange forces.

Cosmic rays-nucleus reactions.Scattering. .

Gamma radiation-nucleus reactions.Photon-nucleus reactions.

High energy photon reactions. .Photodisintegration. . .

Lepton-nucleus reactions.Muon-nucleus reactions. .

Capture. . .Electron-nucleus reactions. .

Hadron-nucleus reactions.Scattering. .Meson-nucleus reactions. .Nucleon-nuclear reactions. .

Transfer reaction. . . .

Few nucleons-nuclear reactions. . .Neutron-nucleus reactions. . .

Capture. . . .Neutron radiative capture. . . . .

Hyperon-nucleus reactions. .Hyperon capture. . .

Nuclear reactions (general)

Mathematics.Group theory (nuclear reactions). .

G-matrix. . .K-matric. . .R matrix. . .

Theory & models.Optical model. .

Energy.Nuclear reaction energy, Q (nuclear reactions),

Q-factor (nuclear reactions), Q-value. .

Energy distribution (nuclear reactions). . .

Mass-energy relation. . .

Natural nuclear reactions. .

Artificial nuclear reactions. .Chain reactions. .

Knock-on nuclear reactions. .Cyclic nuclear reactions. .Rearrangement processes (nuclear reactions). .Transfer reactions. .Exchange reactions. .Direct nuclear interactions. .

Compound nuclear processes. .

Jackson model. . .

PhysicsNuclei

Quantum number propertiesMagnetic properties.

Double nuclear magnetic resonance. . . .Internuclear nuclear magnetic resonance. . . . .



Interactions with other particlesNucleus-nucleus reactions.

BBO

BOM

BOM OPBOM OQ

BBM

BNYBO

BOQBOQ YO

Interactions by energy expenditure


Special reactions. . .

Nucleus-nucleus reactions.

By general characteristics.

Nuclear reactions by roles played

Nuclei

43

BOS

BOVS

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

(1) By target nuclide (2) By incident & emittedparticle or radiation combined (3) By projectile,incident particle (4) By particle emitted (5) Byproduct nucleus. For example: Lithium as target,proton as projectile, with He4 as productBOV HLT VSH H.

BOSAdd to BOS letters D/R following BOX; eg

HDHJ

HJF THLJC

Add to BOS letters T/Y following BOT; egTVWYR

BOT

Add to BOT letters D/R following BOX; egHDHEHH

TUVWX

Add to BOT X letters B/Y following BN;Add to BOT Y letters O/Q following B; eg

XGO

YQU SBOU

Add to BOU letters B/Y following BOT; egV

For an example, see under chlorine as target,bombarded by protons with the emission of 6protons & 4 neutrons, and production ofmagnesium 28: BOV KLU VSW SJC.

BOU YAdd to BOV letters D/H followingBOX; eg

BOV FN

GA

HDHEHH

HIHLHLT VHLT VSH HHLT VSH HBH L

Add to BOV letters I/N following Cin Chemistry, except for thorium,uranium & plutonium (which areseparately notated); eg

IUJKKLKLU V

KLU VSWKLU VSW SJC

NCFPQRS

Deuteron (product nucleus). .Helium 4 (product nucleus), alpha particle

(product). .

Scattering. . .Alpha particle-nucleus scattering. . . .

Lithium (product nucleus). .Magnesium (product nucleus). .

Gamma radiation. .Proton (emitted particle). .Neutron (emitted particle). .Nuclear fragments (emissions). .

Deuteron (projectile). . .Triton (projectile). . .Alpha particle (projectile in nuclear reactions). . .

Gamma rays (incident radiation). . .Meson (projectile). . .Proton (projectile). . .Neutron (projectile). . .

Photon projectile, photonuclear reaction,photodisintegration

. . .

Heavy ion projectile. . .

Proton (incident & emitted particle combined). .

Nuclear bombardment targets.

Radioactive nuclei. .

Nuclei with mass numbers 1-5. . .

Deuteron (target nucleus). . .Triton (target nucleus). . .Helium (target nucleus), He4 (target

nucleus), alphaparticles(target nuclei)

. . .

He-3 (target nucleus). . .Lithium (target nucleus). . .

Bombarded by protons. . . .He4 product. . . . .

Mass defect. . . . . .

Beryllium (target nucleus). . . .Carbon (target nucleus). . . .Chlorine (target nucleus). . . .

Neptunium (target nucleus). . .Thorium (target nucleus). . .Uranium (target nucleus). . .Plutonium (target nucleus). . .Trans-uranium nuclides (target

nuclei). . .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsAtomic & nuclear physics

NucleiNuclear reactions by roles played



By incident & emitted radiation/particle combined

Proton.

BBLY

BMBNY

BO

BBM

BNYBO

BOUBOU V

By product nucleus.

By emitted radiation or particle.

By projectile, incident radiation or particle.Nuclides as projectiles. .

Incident particles/radiation. .

Other particles. . .

By incident & emitted radiation/particle combined.

By target nucleus

By mass number. .

By element. .

Other nuclides. . .

Bombarded by & emittingprotons

. . . . .

Emitting neutrons also. . . . . .With production of

magnesium. . . . . . .

Nuclear fusion

44

BOW

BOXBYHE

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BOWDisintegration of heavy nuclei into two or morelighter ones, with a loss of mass. Usually theresult of the impact of a neutron.Add to BOW letters A/V following BO; eg

3W

8VLBBFK

SSVSWSW9 BGSWTSWVSY

TW

TXG O

TXG OSTTXG OSV

TXG OSW

TYQ USUYVPVQVR

BOX BNuclear reaction between two light atomicnuclei to form a single heavier nucleus ofgreater binding energy (usually helium) withthe loss of mass producing nuclear energy.Add to BOX B letters A/V following BO; eg

B3WB7T 3UBVBVT

BOX BWB

BWC EProduct of particle density and containmenttime.

BWC FBWC HBWC JBWC KBWC LBWC MBWC NBWC PBWC QBWC RBWE

Configuration of magnetic field for containment.BWFBWGBWHBWIBWKBWL

BWMBWNBWPBWQBWSBWTBWVBWX

BXAdd to BOX BX letters D/R following BOS; eg

BXH HBXH LBY

Add to BOX BY letters D/R following BOX; egBYH BBYH DBYH E

Fission.

Fission reactors. .Theory & models. .

Liquid drop model (fission). . .Energy. .Spontaneous fission. .

Fission output. . .Protons (fission products). . . .Neutrons (fission products). . . .

Number of neutrons. . . . .Prompt neutrons. . . . .Delayed neutrons. . . . .

Fission fragments. . . .

Neutrons. . .Photon. . .

Photofission, nuclear photoeffect. . . .

Gamma fission reaction. . . . .Proton fission reaction, photoproton

reaction. . . . .

Neutron fission reaction, photoneutronreaction

. . . . .

Heavy ion. . .

Thorium. . .Uranium. . .Plutonium. . .

Nuclear fusion, thermonuclear reactions.

Fusion reactors. .Accelerators. .Thermonuclear systems. .

Plasmas (thernonuclear systems). . .

Plasma confinement, containment (plasmas).

Lawson criterion. . .

Containment time. . .Confinement temperature. . .Plasma density. . .

Inertial confinement. .Radiofrequency confinement. .Magnetic lines. .

Internally generated magnetic lines. . .Externally generated magnetic lines. . .Open magnetic lines. . .Closed magnetic lines. . .

Magnetic wells. .

Pinch effect (general). . .Toroidal field confinement. . .

Zeta pinch. . . .Theta pinch. . . .Tokamak, stellarator. . . .

Linear field confinement, axial fieldconfinement

. . .

Magnetic bottle. . . .Magnetic mirrors. . . . .

Cusp systems. . .Baseball coils. . .

Rotating plasma systems.Plasma injection systems.Thermal systems (nuclear fusion).Fusion energy extraction.

Helium (fusion product). .Lithium (fusion product). .

Hydrogen 1 (fusion projectile). .Deuteron, hydrogen 2 (fusion projectile). .Triton, hydrogen 3 (fusion projectile). .



By target nucleusTrans-uranium nuclides. . .

PhysicsAtomic & nuclear physics

NucleiNuclear fusion

Thermonuclear systemsPlasmas.

BBM

BNYBO

BOV S

BBNY

BOBOX B

BOX BVBOX BVT

By mode of energy release

By product particle. .

By projectile. .

By particle emitted. . . .

By target. .

Properties, parameters. .

Types of fusionBy product nucleus.

By projectile.

Nuclei

45

BOXD

BPBD

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

See second note under BO.For Nuclides, see BPV

BOX DAdd (retroactively) to BOX D letters A/Xfollowing BN if applicable.Add (retroactively) to BOX E letters O/Qfollowing B if applicable.

FCFEFHFLFN

See also compound nuclear processes BOR XFPFQFRFS

FTExtremely unstable particles produced whena lambda particle replaces a neutron in anucleus.

GAGBGDGGGJGLGNGQGSGVGW

HBHD

For deuterons as product nuclei, seeBOS HD; as targets, see BOV HD.

HDQ YOHDR DCHE

HEQ YOHEX B

A lambda particle can replace the neutronin a nucleus to form a very unstablehypernucleus.

HEX D

BOX HHHHR DCHI

HIQ YOHJHL

Add to BOX letters I/Q following CChemistry, except for thorium, uranium &plutonium, which are notated separately;eg

IUJCJKKLPQR

BOYAdd to BOY letters A/Y following BP so far asapplicable; eg

BDNVPLPLB H

BP

Structure, processes and properties of the atomregarded as a whole. For the atom as a constituentof molecular reactions, see Chemistry (Class C).Add to BP as instructed in the notes under BNB.

BP8 MFBP9 D

DKBPB B

For atomic energy, see Nuclear energy BOB B.D

Narrowly, the energy state of a particularelectron in orbit around the central nucleus ofan atom. More broadly, the possible energyvalue of an electron or nuclear particle.Strictly, the state can be considered separatelyfrom the level, although they are usually treatedas synonymous. If state is distinguished fromlevel, use BPB E Quantum states.For energy levels of particular particles, see theparticle; eg Molecules - Charge transfer stateBQB EW; for energy bands, see condensedmatter BTX BF.

Isotopes (nuclei). .Active nuclei. .Low energy nuclei. .Stable nuclei. .Unstable, radioactive nuclei. .

Daughter products. . .Fissile nuclei. . .Fissionable nuclei. . .Radioactive series, nuclear series, nuclear

decay series, radioactive decay series. . .

Hypernuclei. . .

Nuclei with mass numbers 1-5. .Few-nucleon systems. . .

Nuclei with mass numbers 6-19. .Nuclei with mass numbers 20-38. .Nuclei with mass numbers 39-58. .Nuclei with mass numbers 59-89. .Nuclei with mass numbers 90-149. .Nuclei with mass numbers 150-189. .Nuclei with mass numbers 190-219. .Nuclei with mass numbers 220 or more. .

Superheavy nuclei. . .

Hydrogen nucleus. .Deuterons, deutons. . .

Deuteron-nucleus interactions. . . . .Cosmic ray deuterons. . . .

Tritons. . .

Triton-nucleus interactions. . . . .Hypernuclei. . . .

Hypertriton. . . . .

Helium nucleus, alpha-particles. . . .Cosmic ray alpha particles. . . . .Helium 3 nucleus. . . . .

Helium 3-nucleus intractions. . . . . . .Helium 4 nucleus. . . . .

Lithium nucleus. . . .

Beryllium nucleus. . . . .Magnesium nucleus. . . . .Carbon nucleus. . . . .Chlorine nucleus. . . . .Thorium nucleus. . . . .Uranium nucleus. . . . .Plutonium nucleus. . . . .

Atomic & molecular & ion physics (together)

Energy levels.Basic interactions.

Weak interactions. .Van der Waals forces. . .

Atoms (physics), atomic physics, physics of singleatoms

Quantum field theory.Size.

Atomic radii. .Energy.

Energy levels (atoms), electron energy states(atoms)

. .



Energy interactions & formsTriton. . . . . .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsAtomic & nuclear physics

Hydrogen nucleus. . . .Hypertriton. . . . . . .

BBM

BNYBO

BOA FBOX BYH E

BBLY

BMBNYBOX HBBOX HEX D

Types of nuclei

By other particles.

By various characteristics.

By mass number.

By element.

Interactions with other particles. . . .

Interactions with other particles. . . .

Interactions with other particles. . . . . .

Other nuclei, by element. . . .

Atoms

46

BPBD9DJ

BPQYP

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

For degeneracy, see degenerate level BPB EQ.Add to BPB D numbers & letters 2/G following B;eg

BPB D9D JDDNDFPDJDK

Probability of locating electrons in a level.DLDM

When higher energy state has more electronsthan a lower state.For pumping, see Lasers (techniques)B6K SFI O.

DNSee also radioactivity BOF K

DN2 MDNMDQ

DTDUDU8 WDUL

EEG

See also atomic orbitals, BPB DTEKEKLEKM

Loss of energy on ionization.EKNEKREKSEKTEM

EM2 M9NEPEQEQPERESET

EUEW

Two unpaired electrons.

BPB FSee condensed matter BTX BF

GBPC H

JFor mass as quantum number, see BPM H; forisotopes, see BPW.

JMBPE Y

BPF EFor atomic energy level transitions, seeBPB DN; for hyperfine structure, see BPB ES.

E9D JEMLINIXPPS

For collisions between two specified particles, seeparticle interractions BPQ.

SMBPG BBPH IBH

IBH FP

KKO

See BPM MPBPJ BH

JCBPK J

JFC

BPM MPBPN VBPP L

LBG

For molecule-atom interactions, see BQQ YP; forion-atom interaction, see BQU QYP.Add to BPQ letters B/Y following BN;Add to BPQ Y letters O/Q following B; eg

BPQ PPFI NPFSPFTPRFPRF FTYP

Energy level width.Rotation.Polarization.Electron density of state.Fermi level.

Electron correlations.Population inversion.

Transitions.

Sum rules. .Quantized electron transition. .

Isomerism.

Orbitals, electron configuration (atoms).Electron shells (atoms). .Principal quantum number. .Larmor orbit, Larmor precession. .

Stationary state.Ground state.

Excited state.Doubly excited states (atoms). .

Auger effect, Auger ionization. . .

Atomic metastable state. .Atomic resonant state. .

Flashback resonance. . .Metastable state. .

Bound state.Mathematics. .

Bethe-Salpeter equations. . .Unbound state.Degenerate level.

Degeneracy. .Fine state, atomic fine structure.Hyperfine state.

Isotope shift. .

Multiplets.Atomic triplet state. .

Energy bands. .

Force.Atomic force, interatomic potential. .

StaticsAtomic mass, atomic weight.

Relative abundance. .Radiation

Spectra.Atomic spectra. .

Atomic spectral line breadth. . .Atomic fluorescence. . .

Excitation.Electron impact excitation (atoms). .

Polarization.Collision.

Atomic inelastic collisions. .Atomic beams.

Electric fieldPolarizability.

ChargeAtomic charge.

Electric moment. .

Magnetic fieldMagnetic momentIonizing radiation

Ionization.Quantum properties

Electric moment.Basic interactions

Weak interactions.Van der Waals forces (atomic). .

Electron-atom interaction.Excitation. .Collision. .Scattering. .

Positron-atom interactions.Positron-atom scattering. .

Atom-atom interaction.

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsAtoms

EnergyEnergy levels

PhysicsAtoms

EnergyEnergy levels.

Types of energy levels special to a particle, etc.. .Atomic triplet state. . . .

BBLY

BMBP

BPB BBPB D

BBP

BPB BBPB D

BPB EW

Processes & properties

Structure

Types of energy states

Types of energy levels special to a particle, etc.


Particle physics

47

BPQYV

BQDVABD

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BPQ YVFor electrons, see BNP; for nucleons, see BNU; fornucleus, see BO.

BPR BBR

Unstable atoms in which electrons are replacedby another negative particle.See also Positronium BNP RFT

CB

DRC

HSee Ions BQU

HW

LRLS

NQS

Add to BPU letters I/Q following C Chemistry(but notation is provisional); eg

BPU HBHBR HWHH

BPVAtoms characterized by their atomic number,mass number and the constitution of theirnucleus.

2HU

RS

BPWTwo or more nuclides which have identicalnuclear charge (atomic number) but differ innuclear mass.

73P73Q73R73S

BPX

For nuclear decay series, see BOX FS.R

BPX ST

BPYSpecified by mass number as follows:Add to BPY letters A/W following BOX G;eg BPY A Nuclides with mass numbers 1-5.

BQ

See also Stereochemistry CAdd to BQ as instructed in the notes under BNB.

BQ9 DDSJV

Use BQB DV

BQB DFor valency, see Chemistry C

DQHaving the same atomic and mass numbersbut with different energy states.For stereoisomerism, see Stereochemistry C

DQM

DT

DT7 5DT7 5A

Arrange A/Z; eg NDO calculationBQB DT7 5N.

DVDWERES

EWIM

BQC DF

See also Spin BQM KFH

Energy loss per molecule normal to the motionof the particle travelling a distance.

H

JBQD N

For internal rotation, see BQB DQM.NXV

VAB D

Exotic atoms. .

Symmetry groups (atoms). .

Atomic clusters. .

Charged atoms. .

Neutral atoms, uncharged atoms. .

Medium-heavy atoms. .Heavy atoms. .

Muonic atoms. .Hadronic atoms. .

Mesic atoms. . .

Hydrogen atom. .Hydrogen neutral atom. . .

Helium atom. .Nuclides, nuclear species.

Graphs. .Segre charts. . .

Mirror nuclides. . .Wigner nuclides. . .Isotopes, isotopic nuclides. . .

Isotope separation. . . . .Electrolytic separation (isotope). . . . . .Gas diffusion separation (isotopes). . . . . .Centrifugation (isotopes). . . . . .

Radioisotopes, radiactive isotopes,radioactive nuclides, radionuclides

. . . .

Stable isotopes. . . . .

Fissionable nuclides. . . .Fissile nuclides. . . .

Individual nuclides. . .

Molecules, molecular physics, physics of singlemolecules

Size.Molecular volume. .

Configuration.

Energy levels, energy states.Molecular electronic structure. .

Isomerism. . .

Molecular rotational isomerism, molecularinternal rotation

. . . .

Molecular orbitals, wave function (molecules). . .Calculation. . . .

Molecular orbital calculation. . . . .Specific calculations. . . . . .

Molecular configurations. . . .Molecular orientation, molecular alignment. . .Molecular fine structure. . .Molecular hyperfine structure. . .

Charge transfer state. . . .Molecular moment. .Internal forces. .

Bond energy. . .Energy loss. .

Molecular stopping power. . .

Statics.Mass. .

Molecular weight. . .Rotation.

Libration. .Vibration.

Energy states. .Molecular vibronic states. . .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsAtoms

Interactions with other particlesAtom-atom interaction.


AtomsTypes. . .

Isotopes. . . .Stable isotopes. . . . . .

BBLY

BMBP

BPQ YP

BBMBP

BPWBPX R

Parts of atoms

Types of atomsBy properties other than quantum properties.

By quantum property.

By aggregation.

By charge.

By mass.

By other particles.

By individual element.

Types. .

Operations. . . .

Special types of energy level. . .

Ions

48

BQFE

BQUQYQFS

*

***

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

BQF E

E9D JIN

IQIRIUIXP

JBreakdown of molecules into smaller molecules oratoms.

MO

PSSMSRTTL

BQG BBQH K

KL

BQJ KSBQM

KBQN VBQP L

LBG

For chemical reactions see Chemistry (Class C)Add to BQQ letters B/X following BN;Add to BQQY letters O/Q following B; eg

BQQ WWFR UWFTYPYQ

See Ion physics BQU QYQ

BQT DEGM

MBD

BQUElectrically charged atoms, molecules or groups ofatoms or molecules.Add to BQU as instructed in the notes under BNB.

AGSee also Ion temperature BQU GV

BDFor ionized state, see BKJ FC.

CHCJCJ9 2H

CLM

DCDU

See also ion optics BQU F

For ionization, see BKJFFGFGTFGUFIN

See also Metastable ions BQU TIU

FJFS

See also Recoil ions BQU TSFTFUF

GBGVHIB HHKHL

HPL

Use BQU F.Q

Add to BQU Q letters B/Y following BN;Add to BQU QY letters O/Q following B: eg

QYPQYQQYQ FS

SpectraBreadth.

Molecular spectral line breadth. .Excitation

Dexcitation.Molecular internal conversion. .

Non-radiative transition. . .Molecular metastable state.Molecular electron impact excitation.

DecayMolecular dissociation.

RefractionResonancePolarization

Molecular polarizability.Collision

Molecular inelastic collision.Molecular energy transfer collision.

ScatteringMolecular elastic scattering.

BeamsMolecular beams.

ChargeCharge transfer state.

MagnetismMolecular magnetic susceptibility.

Quantum number propertiesSpin.

Basic interactionsWeak interactions.

Van der Waals forces (molecular). .

Neutron-molecule interaction.Coupling. .Scattering. .

Atom-molecule interaction.Molecule-molecule interaction.Ion-molecule interactions.

Diatomic molecules.Polyatomic molecules.Conjugated molecules.Macromolecules.

Energy states. .Macromolecular energy state. . .

Ions, ion physics

Thermodynamics.

Energy levels.

Statics.Mass. .

Change of mass (ions). . .Density. .

Ion concentration. . .Velocity.

Ion mobility. .Oscillation.

Radiation, wave motion.

Ion optics. .Emission. . .

Secondary ionic emission. . . .Thermionic ionic emission. . . .

Excitation. . .

Decay. . .Ionic dissociation. . . .

Collision. . .

Scattering. . .Diffusion. . . .Beams. . . .

Ion beams. . . . .Temperature.Electric fields.Charge.Potential.Current.

Ionization current. .Ion optics.


Atom-ion interactions. .Molecule-ion interactions. .

Molecule-ion collisions. . .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsMolecules

VibrationMolecular vibronic states. .

PhysicsMatter

Particle physicsMolecules

Macromolecular energy state. . . .

BBLY

BMBQ

BQD VBQD VAB D

BBLY

BMBQ

BQT MBD


Types of molecules

Bulk matter physics

49

BQURHU

BRAX

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BQU RHURHVRHWRHY

Ionized atoms from which at least oneelectron has been removed.

RIRJS

SQY OT

Add to BQU T letters A/Y following BFAdd to BUQ U letters A/F following BG; eg

TIU

TSUH

BQV FBQW

Add to BQW letters I/Q following CChemistry; eg

HAHB

BQXSee also Vacuum techniques B6Q X

BRPhysics of aggregates of molecules (includingplasmas).

BR3 6B

BR4BR6 2

9BR7 6BR8 B

BR9 DEKELGJJVQQGQJ

BRA FAdd to BR letters A/L following B amplified asindicated below.

GIn the sense, somewhat narrower than that atBAG, of the transfer of energy to, from andbetween macroscopic bodies.For thermal properties of bulk matter, seeBRG P.

TMost of the literature refers to these propertiesin particular energy forms or states of matter,q.v. This class takes only general works ontransport properties in bulk matter.For mass transfer, see BAX.

T2M 9LT2N 9NVX

See also Heat transfer BRG Q

Cations, positive ions. . . . .Anions, negative ions. . . . .Ion pairs, paired ions. . . . .Stripped atoms. . . . .

Magnetic ions. . . .Complex ions. . . .Heavy ions. . . .

Heavy ion and nucleus interactions. . . . . .

Excitation. . . . .Metastable ions. . . . . .

Collision. . . . .Recoil ions. . . . . .

Electrolytic ions. . . . .Free ions. . . .

Metal ions. . . . .Hydrogen ion. . . . .

Vacuum physics

Bulk matter physics, macrophysics

Practical physics.Equipment & materials. .

Instrumentation. . .Investigative techniques. .Physical methods. .Measurement. .

Theoretical physics.

Spatial dimensions. .Isotropy (bulk matter). .Anisotropy (bulk matter). .Systems characteristics. .

Structure. . .Shape, configuration. . . .

Control systems. . .Open loop systems. . . .Closed loop systems, feedback control

systems. . . .

Energy interactions & forms.

Thermodynamics. .

Transport processes & properties. . .

Equations. . . .Bolzmann equation, transport equation. . . . .

Diffusion (general). . . .Mass transfer. . . .

PhysicsMatter

Interactions with other particles. . .Molecule-ion collisions. . . . .

PhysicsVacuum physics

BBLY

BQU QBQU QYQ FS

BBQX

Types of ions. . .By charge. . . .

Interactions with other particles. . . . .

By origin. . . .

By element. . . .

General properties.

Mechanical vibrations & oscillations

50

BRB

BRF

*

*

*

*

**

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

BRBGIMJJBHJPJQJWK

For works on deformation in bulk matter ingeneral; most of the literature concerns the solidstate and the detailed schedule is given at BVB K.Add to BR letters BK/CB following BV; eg

KLLPT

BRC BHLNPS

XBRD A

CDE

For special elements & attributes of flow, see FluidsBSG E.

E8B

STB

BREThe term Sonics is sometimes used for soundwaves narrowly, in which case use BRG H.Add to BRE A letters A/DS following B;Add to BRE letters B/Y following BE; eg

7272B72D72E73D

As an operation in investigation.For synthesis of sound, see BRG H73 N

BBH

BRE BQDDD

For vibration in a particular state of matter, see latter;eg BTE Vibration & oscillation in gases.

VV

WJWL

WMWNWPWPQWPRWRWS

See also S waves (seismology) DGWUWVXC

XGXHXL

Arrange A/Z (eg blowing, plucking).

XMFor acoustic phenomena in particular types ofmaterials, see BRG J.

XNXNGXNHXNJXNKXNNXPXPMXPNXPPXSXSPXT

Arrange A/Z (eg bells, foghorns)BRF

Division of waves is parallel with that of vibrations andoscillations (see notes at BE and BF). For bulk matter,some amplification may be made here by adding lettersfollowing BRE.

MechanicsForces.

Moments. .Pressure. .

Pressure field. . .Low pressure physics. . .High pressure physics. . .

External forces. .Deformation. . .

Stress/strain relations. . . .Stress. . . . .

Shear. . . . . .Strain. . . .Elasticity. . . .

Statics.Density. .Equilibrium. .Stability. .

Motion.

Dynamics.Kinematics. .

Velocity. . .Acceleration. . .

Kinetics. .

Theory. . .Kinetic theory (bulk matter). . . .

Periodic motion. .Harmonics. . .Mechanical vibrations & oscillations, sonics. . .

Control. . . . .Hysteresis. . . . . .Damping. . . . . .

Isolation damping. . . . . . .Generation, reproduction. . . . .

Harmonics. . . . .Nodes. . . . . .

Anharmonics. . .Frequency. .

Mode. . .

Linear vibration, non-sinusoidal vibration. . .Non-linear vibration, sinusoidal vibration,

angular vibration, circular vibration. . .

Random vibration. . . .Chatter. . . . .

Rotational vibration. . .Critical speed. . . .Hunting. . . .

Transverse vibration. . .Shear vibration. . . .

Longitudinal vibration. . .Axial vibration. . . .

Free vibration, natural frequency. . .Forced vibration. . .

Vibrating bodies. . .

Linear bodies (vibration). . . . .Strings. . . . . .Rods. . . . . .

Straight rods. . . . . . .Curved rods. . . . . . .

Tuning forks. . . . . .Two-dimensional bodies (vibration). . . . .

Membranes (vibration). . . . . .Diaphragms (vibration). . . . . .Plates (vibration). . . . . .

Three-dimensional bodies (vibration). . . . .Pendulums. . . . . .

Waves

PhysicsBulk matter physics

Energy interactions & formsThermodynamics

Mass transfer. .


Mechanical vibrations & oscillationsProperties & processes.

Harmonics. .Nodes. . .

BBR

BRA FBRA GBRA X

BBR

BRE

BRE BBRE BH

Operations. . . .

Properties & processes. . . .

Types of vibrations.

By property. .By direction/transience & waveform. .

By degree of freedom. .By internal/external origin. .

By origin as to action. .

By origin as to body vibrating. .

By solid medium. . . .

By specific medium. . . .

Acoustics

51

BRF

BRGO

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Add to BRF letters A/Y following BRE so far as isnecessary; eg

BRF D

YGYRYS

See also S waves (seismology) DGYU

BRG HFor acoustic phenomena in a particular medium (gas,liquid, solid, etc.) see medium.

H36H72 NH72 PH72 QH73

See also Types of sound by source BRG IH73 D

Purely acoustic studies; most of the literaturewill go under sound recording & reproduction inTechnology Class U.

H73 LArrange A/Z; eg

H73 LBH73 M

Arrange A/Z (eg bells, foghorns).H73 NH74 JH7MH8B

H9D GHBJHDTHFBHFB KHFCHFD

HFE NHFE OHFE PHFE Q

Subjective difference in tone associated withtwo closely similar frequencies being heardtogether.See also Interference BRG HFR

HFE S

BRG HFNHFN RHFN SHFO

For magnetic resonance, see BRG HJF O.HFO S

See also Noise BRG HNHFRHFX XHFY G

HGPHHHJHJF OHLHM

Add to BRG HM letters M/Q if applicable.

HNSubjective category of sounds which are undesiredby the (human) recipient.

HPHQ

Most of the literature goes in technology.HRHS

For sonic boom, see BTM GHT.HW

Aperiodic sound.I

Alternative (not recommended) for librarieswishing to keep together all acoustic studies.Add to BRG I numbers & letters 3/9,A/Z from thewhole classification; eg physics of musicBRG IWV.

JAlternative (not recommended) for librarieswishing to keep together acoustic studies in allmedia (see note at head of this class).Add to BRG J letters R/W following B; eg acousticproperties of solids BRG JV.

KK9L RK9MLM

Usually assumed; see note at BRG HN.NO

For phonons, see solid state BVG O8N.

Frequency. .

Standing waves. .Transverse waves. .

Shear waves. . .

Longitudinal wave. .Acoustics, sound waves, sonics (sound)

Analysis of sound. .Qualitative analysis of sound. . .Quantitative analysis of sound. . .

Generation of sound. .

Reproduction of sound. .

Blowing. . . .

Synthesis of sound. . .Sensing & detection. .Acoustic spectroscopy. .

Theory.

Directionality. .Pressure. .Velocity. .Harmonics. .

Quality of sound, timbre. . .Propagation, transmission. .Frequency. .

Pitch. . .Octaves. . . .

Tone. . .Beats (acoustics). . . .

Amplitude. .Loudness, volume (sound), subjective intensity

(sound). . .

Reflection.Reverberation (acoustics). .

Albedo (acoustics). . .Resonance.

Dissonance, consonance. .

Interference.Pulses.Standing waves.

Thermal acoustics. .Electroacoustics. .Magnetism. .

Magnetic resonance (acoustics). . .Acoustooptics, acoustic optics. .

Noise.

Reduction of noise. .Insulation of sound. . .

Ambient noise. .Cavitation noise. .

White noise. .

Acoustic spectrum. .Linear. . .Non-linear. . .

Infrasound. .Audible sound. .

High-frequency sound, ultrasonics. .Extremely high frequency sound. . .


MechanicsDynamics



AcousticsProperties & processes

Amplitude.Loudness. .

BBR

BRBBRC X

BRD SBRF

BBR

BRG H

BRG HFE S

Properties.

Types.

Practical & experimental.

By causative action. . .

By specific body. . . .


Special acoustic attributes. .


Relations with particle physics.

Types of sound

By source.

By medium.

By frequency.

Heat transfer

52

BRGP

BRGTX

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

BRG PP93P94 FP94 KP94 QPAG

PAP DPAP EPAP QPAP TPAP VPAP YPAQ

Arrange A/Z; egPAQ CPAQ RPAT

For heat transfer, see BRG Q.PBBPCNPCN PPDE

For temperature, see BRG V; for combustion,see Chemistry C.

PMAdd to BRG PM letters M/Q following B ifapplicable.

PQFor latent heat, see Phase transormationBRN S.

PQ7 6PQ7 64PQ7 64VPQ7 64WPQ7 64X

Arrange A/Z; eg mixing calorimeters.PQ7 64YPQ7 7PRPS

BRG QIncludes heat & mass transfer together; for masstransfer alone, see transport processes BRA X;See also Chemical engineering VAdd to BRG QA letters A/J following B.

QKSee BRG R

QLQL7 6QL7 64QLKQLMQLPQM

QNQNK

QNTQPQRQT

See Gases BTM GQTQV

Heat transfer in a fluid by the movement of thefluid itself; see Fluids BSM GQV.

RAdd to BRG R letters K/L following B so far asapplicable.

RSRTRTSRU

For black body radiation, see BRG RS.

TFor supercooling, see change of stateBRN P94 T.

TEXTSHTSJTTTTSTTVTTXTTYTUTVTVSTWTX

Thermal properties of bulk matter

Constant volume, isochoric, isometric. .Constant pressure, isobaric. .Constant temperature, isothermal. .

Thermodynamics.

Reversible. . .Irreversible. . .Adiabatic. . .Isothermal. . .Isentropic. . .Cycles. . .

Named cycles. . . .

Carnot cycle. . . . .Rankine cycle. . . . .

Transport processes. . .

Energy.Equilibrium.

Balancing. .Kinetic energy.

Heat, quantity of heat. .

Measurement. . .Calorimetry. . . .

Calorimeters. . . . .Bomb calorimeters. . . . . .Continuous flow calorimeters. . . . . .Others. . . . . .

Microcalorimetry. . . . .Calorimetric units. . . . .

Heat capacity, thermal capacity. . .Specific heat capacity. . . .

Heat transfer, heat exchange

Radiation.

Heat flux, transmission, heat flow.Measurement. .

Heat flow meters. . .Heat transfer coefficient. .Direct flow (heat). .Counter flow (heat). .

Thermal cycling.

Conduction of heat. .Coefficient of thermal conduction, thermal

conductance. . .

Thermal conductivity. . .Diffusion of heat. . .

Heat resistance, resistivity. .Thermal transpiration, thermal effusion. .

Convection. .

Thermal radiation, heat radiation. .

Black body radiation. . .Thermal emission.

Emmisivity. .Thermal absorption.

Heat loss, cooling. .

Radiation. . .Radiation cooling. . . .

Thermoelectric cooling. . .Magnetic cooling. . .Phase change cooling. . .

Linde cooling. . . .Film cooling. . .Expansion cooling. . .Sweat cooling. . .Evaporative cooling. . .

Tranpiration cooling. . . .Boiling heat transfer. . . .

Ablation cooling. . .Sublimation cooling. . .


Energy interactions & formsMechanics

Extremely high frequency sound. . . . . . .


Energy interactions & formsThermal properties of bulk matter

HeatSpecific heat capacity. .

BBR

BRA FBRB

BRG O

BBR

BRA FBRG P

BRG PQBRG PS

Environmental conditions.



Special thermal properties & processes.

By process.

By resulting temperature.

Thermal properties of bulk matter

53

BRGTY

BRK

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BRG TYArrange A/Z.

UFor superheating, see change of stateBRN P94W.

UEYUQNV

Property of an object which determines thedirection of heat flow when in thermal contactwith another body.Add to BRG VA letters A/Q folowing B ifapplicable.

V72V72 4V72 4ACV72 4GAV72 4VV72 4WV72 4XV72 4Y

V76V76 4V76 47AV76 47A HV76 5CV76 5DV76 5E

Arrange A/Z; eg thermistor.V76 5GV76 5HV76 5JV76 5KV76 5MV76 5NV76 5PV76 5RV76 5SV76 5T

Arrange A/Z; eg quartz thermometersBRG U76 5TQ

V78 LV78 LT

V78 MV78 MR

V78 NV78 OV78 P

BRG V7MV7N SL

V7TV7V

VJVJ9 2JVK

VNVR

VSVSRVSXVW

For cryogenics, seeVX

For high temperature physics, see BRG X.

W

W76X

X76X76 TX76 U

X76 VX76 WX76 X

YThe detailed schedule for this class is given undersolid state BVG Y.Add to BR letters H/K following BV; eg

BRH UBRJ

FOBRK

Other forms of cooling. . .

Heat gain, heating. .

Radiation. . .Conduction. . .

Temperature

Control.Thermostats. .

Electrical thermostats. . .Thermistors. . .Gas thermostats. . .Cryostats. . .

Pneumatic temperature control. .Other control methods. .

Measurement.Thermometry. .

Thermometers. . .Testing & correcting. . . .

Hypsometers. . . . .Electric thermometers. . . .

Resistance electric thermometers. . . . .Special types. . . . . .

Thermocouples (thermometers). . . . .Thermopiles. . . . . .

Gas thermometers. . . .Vapour pressure thermometers. . . .Mercury thermometers. . . .

Beckmann thermometer. . . . .Other liquid expansion thermometers. . . .Solid expansion thermometers. . . .

Bimetallic thermometers. . . . .Other solid expansion thermometers. . . . .

Temperature scales. .Thermodynamic temperature, absolute

temperature scales. . .

Kelvin scale. . . .Relative temperature scales, practical

temperature scales. . .

Celsius scale, Centigrade scale. . . .Fahrenheit scale. . . .Reaumur scale. . . .

Spectral methods (thermometry). . . . .Colour thermometry, thermocolour

methods. . . . . .

Acoustic methods (thermometry). . . . .Calorimetric thermometry. . . . .

Temperature variations. . . .Temperature gradients. . . . .Adiabatic change. . . . .

Inversion temperature. . . .Normal temperature, room temperature,

ambient temperature. . . .

Critical temperature. . . .Minimum temperature. . . . .Maximum temperature. . . . .

Low temperatures (general). . . .

High temperatures (general). . . .

Low temperature physics, cryogenics. .Measurement. . .

Cryometry. . . .High temperature physics (general). .

Measurement. . .Pyrometry. . . .

Resistance pyrometry. . . . .Radiation pyrometry, total radiation

pyrometry. . . . .

Optical pyrometry. . . . . .Heat radiation pyrometry. . . . . . .Light radiation pyrometry. . . . . . .

Electrical & magnetic properties of bulk matter

Electrically conducting systems.Magnetic properties.

Magnetic resonance. .Electromagnetic radiation.


Thermal properties of bulk matterHeat transfer

Heat loss. .Sublimation cooling. . .

PhysicsThermal properties of bulk matter

Special thermal properties & processes.Measurement. . .

Relative temperature scales. . . . .Reaumur scale. . . . . .

BBR

BRG PBRG QBRG T

BRG TX

BBRG P

BRG V78 MRBRG V78 P

Properties. . .

Types of temperature. . .

Thermal regimes.

Optics

54

BRKM

BRL4VG

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BRK MU

BRLOriginally confined to the study of visible light, theterm Optics is usually used to cover infrared, visiblelight and unltraviolet. But it is sometimes used toembrace most of the electromagnetic spectrum inone way or another (e.g.including the behaviour ofelectrons and neutrons in an optical context). Here,it is restricted to the frequencies from infrared toultraviolet.Most of the literature refers to visible light(BRL V), details for which are taken from thegeneral class (BRL 2/BRL Q)An alternative (not recommended) is to confoundvisible light with optics in general and useBRL 2/BRL Q for optics in general and visiblelight.

2M2M9 4

36

3B

3B3 7I

3BK

3ML3R3RQ V3RQ X3TF

For fibre optics, see B6L FCT.3TT3TV3U

Equipment serving particular processes, etc.goes with the process. But although some ofthe devices below primarily perform aparticular operation in optics, (eg mirrorsreflect) they may appear in many differentcontexts and are therefore treated as generalaccesories.When used in a particular process,wave-length, etc. see latter; eg Absorption - Filters BRL FL4 UF. Filters BKWhen treated as a component in a containinginstrument, see latter; eg microscope mirrorsBRL 7J4 WM.

For light sources, see Production BRL 73; see alsoPhysical optics BRL F

BRL 445

4UFFor filters controlling particular processes,etc, see latter - eg Absorption - FiltersBRL FL4 UF.

4UF P4UF S4UH

See also Phosphors BRL FH3 TP4UH L4UJ4UR4UY4V4V3 8Q4V3 8R4V3 8S4V3 8T4V3 8U4V3 8V4V3 8W4V3 8X4V3 8YC

4V3 JM4V3 JN4V3 JP4V3 JR

4V3 NB4V3 NC

4V3 NE4V3 NH

4V3 NI

4VC4VD

Hypothetical, infinitely thin lens.4VD L4VE

Real lens, as distinct from infinitelythin lens.

4VF4VG

Radiofrequency waves.Microwaves.

Optics, optical properties of bulk matter.

Mathematics. .Fourier transform optics. . .

Practical & experimental optics. .

Materials & equipment. . .Undesired effects. . . .

Aberration. . . . .

Testing & monitoring. . . . .

Reflectivity. . . . . .Materials. . . .

Optical film. . . . .Coatings (optical materials). . . . .Optical fibres. . . . .

Optical glass. . . . .Light sensitive materials. . . . .

Equipment & plant. . . .

Optical instruments.

Optical filters, light filters. . . .

Spatial filters. . . . .Spectral filters. . . . .

Luminescence devices. . . .

Fluorescent screens. . . . .Diffraction gratings. . . .Rangefinders (optical instruments). . . .Lenses & prisms (together). . . .

Lenses. . . . .Aberrations. . . . . .

Image errors. . . . . . .Aperture error. . . . . . . .Sperical aberration. . . . . . . .Coma. . . . . . . .Curvature of field. . . . . . . .

Astigmatism (lenses). . . . . . . . .Distortion. . . . . . . .Chromatic aberration, chromatism. . . . . . . .

Principal focus. . . . . . .Principal focal plane. . . . . . .Focal length, refractivity of system. . . . . . .Field of view, visual field, image

field. . . . . . .

Surfaces (lenses). . . . . . .Bloomed surfaces, coated surfaces

(lenses), blooming. . . . . . . .

Apertures. . . . . . .Stops (optical equipment),

diaphragms. . . . . . .

Iris diaphragms. . . . . . . .

Eyepieces, oculars. . . . . . .Thin lenses (general), astigmatic

lenses. . . . . . .

Cylindrical lenses. . . . . . . .Thick lenses (general). . . . . . .

Achromatic lenses. . . . . . .Apochromatic lenses. . . . . . .


Energy interactions & formsElectrical & magnetic properties of bulk matter

Electromagnetic radiation


Electrical & magnetic properties of bulk matterOptics

Materials & equipmentEquipment & plant

BBR

BRA FBRG Y

BRK

BBR

BRG YBRL

BRL 3BBRL 3U

E-m waves by frequency & wavelength

Operations on materials & equipment. . . .

Properties. . . .Special to optical materials. . . . .

Components. .Special to optics. . .

Properties. . . . . .

Parts. . . . . .

Types of lenses. . . . . .

Optics

55

BRL4VH

BRL9M

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BRL 4VH4VI4VJ4VK4VL4VM4VN4VO4VP4VQ4VR4VS4VT4VU

Arrange A/Z; eg zone plates BL5 VXZ.4WB

See also Lenses & prisms (together)BRL 4UY

4WCArrangement of 3 prisms.

4WDSee also Polarizers BRL 4WS

4WF4WG4WM4WN4WP4WQ4WS

See also Nicol prisms BRL 4WD4WT4WU4WY C4WY D4WY F4WY H4WY I4WY K4X

See particle optics imaging (BM7 I) for example.5

For instruments serving a particular purpose, seelatter; eg Magnification - Microscopy BL7 J.

BRL 6269

72For control of specific properties, etc. see thelatter; eg Luminance - ControlBRL LR7 2..

7373L74G74T74V74V 474V 4V76

Measurement of particular phenomena goeswith the phenomenon; eg DiffractometersBRL FQ7 64.For Photometry, see BRL L76.

7A7I7IC7IC P7IE7IE E

See also Thermal blooming BRL FCL R7IE F7IF E7IF N7IF P7IF Q7IX7J7M

8D8DS8FD M8M

For Non-linear optics, see BRL 9M; for Coherentoptics see BRL PF; for Lasers & Masers, seeB6K QM.

9MStudies electro-optical effects of very intense lightbeams and how the light interacts with and ispropagated through matter.See also specific properties, processes, etc. treatedas non-linear systems; e.g. Optical phaseconjugation BRL FEY; Stimulated scatteringBRL FTM.See also Quantum optics BRL 8M

Contact lenses. . . . .Helical lenses. . . . .Quadruple lenses. . . . .Spherical lenses. . . . .Aspherical lenses. . . . .Gas lenses. . . . .Zoom lenses. . . . .Refracting prisms. . . . .

Focusing. . . . . .Converging lenses. . . . .Diverging lenses. . . . .Complex lens systems. . . . .Geodesic lenses, integrated optics. . . . .Other forms of lens. . . . .

Prisms. . .

Beam splitters. . . .

Nicol prisms. . . .

Reflectors. . .Gratings. . .Mirrors. . .

Schmidt corrector, Schmidt plates. . . .Plane mirrors. . . .Spherical mirrors, curved mirrors. . . .

Polarizers. . .

Piles (optics). . . .Kerr cells. . . .

Collimators, finders. . .Autocollimators. . . .

Focussing instruments. . .Optical scanners. . .

Flying spot scanners. . . .Isolators (light). . .

Investigative techniques in optics.Physical methods. .

Control. . .Optical control. . . .

Production. . .Light sources. . . .

Detecting & indicating. . .Recording. . .

Scanning. . . .Optical scanners. . . .

Flying spot scanners. . . . .Measurement. . .

Testing & evaluation. . .Imaging. . .

Optical transfer function. . . .Phase transfer function. . . . .

Focusing, beam focusing. . . .Beam trapping, optical self-focussing. . . . .

Self-trapping. . . . . .Resolution. . . .Scanning. . . .Projection (optics). . . .

Collimation. . . . .Magnification (optics). . . .

Microscopy. . . . .Spectroscopy. . .

TheoryEmission theory of light (Newton).Wave theory of light (Huyghen, etc.).Electomagnetic theory of light (Maxwell).Quantum optics (general).

Non-linear systemsNon-linear optics (general).

PhysicsElectrical & magnetic properties of bulk matter

OpticsComponents

Lenses. . .Apochromatic lenses. . . . .


OpticsPractical & experimental optics

Materials & equipment.Types of optical instruments. . . .

BBRG Y

BRLBRL 45BRL 4V

BRL 4VG

BBRG Y

BRLBRL 36

BRL 3BBRL 5

Components special to a type of optics

Types of optical instruments

By operations on the phenomena. .

Optics

56

BRL9NP

BRLFIM

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

BRL 9NP

AFBBBB9 2DBB9 2DMBB9 2DNBB9 2DP

DA

DC

EXJEYB BF

For luminous flux, see LuminosityBRL LBB F.

EYB BI

F

Light as electromagnetic waves; forgeometrical optics, see Rays BRL GC.

FCFor optical fibres, see Optical techniquesBRL 3TF.

FC2 QK

See also Opacity BRL FILFC4FC4 UFFCD CFCIFCL

For laser techniques, see B6K SFCL RFCL SFCMFDFD7 TFD7 UFDMFEFE7 3

For diffraction gratings, seeBRL FQ4 PW.

BRL FEXFEY

FFFor coherent light, see BRL PF.

FFC FFGFGKFGOFGPFGQFGQ SFH

Emission resulting from non-thermal processes.For luminosity, see BRL L.

FH3 TP

FHLLuminescences ceases on removal of energysource.

FHL 4FHN

FHP BBy friction.

FHP HFHQFHQ RFHRFHR TFHR UFHSFHS WFHT CFHT E

Optical aspects only.FHVFIFIJ EFIJ GFIJ HFIJ KFIKFIL

Reciprocal of transmittance BRL FC2 QK.FIM

Adaptive optics.

Energy interactions & formsEnergy.

Distribution of energy. .Spectral distribution of energy (optics). . .

Equal energy spectrum. . . .Relative spectral distribution, spectral

density. . . . .

Kinematics.Velocity. .

Speed of light. . .

Transients. .Radiant flux. .

Radiant intensity. .Radiance. . .

Wave motion. .Physical optics (general), electromagnetic

optics (general), light waves. . .

Propagation, transmission. . .

Coefficients. . . .Transmittance (optics), transmission

coefficient. . . . .

Instruments. . . .Light filters. . . . .

Velocity of propagations. . . .Transmissivity. . . .Amplification. . . .

Thermal blooming (nonlinear optics). . . . .Parametric oscillation amplification. . . . .

Attenuation. . .Frequency. . .

Optical frequency conversion. . . .Optical harmonic generation. . . . .

Frequency mixing (non-linear optics). . . .Spectra. . .

Production. . . .

PhaseOptical phase conjugation, wavefront reversal,

time reversal reflection.

Coherence

Transients.Optical coherent transients. .

EmissionExitance, emittance.

Luminous exitance. .Radiant excitance, radiant emittance. .

Incandescence.Candoluminescence. .

Luminescence.

Materials. .Phosphors. . .

Fluorescence. . .

Instrumentation. . . .Fluorescent screens. . . . .

Phosphorescence. . .

Triboluminescence. . .

Sonoluminescence. . .Thermoluminescence, incandescence. . .

Radiothermoluminescence. . . .Electroluminescence. . .

Galvanoluminescence. . . .Cathodoluminescence. . . .

Photoluminescence. . .Radiophotoluminescence. . . .

Chemiluminescence. . .Bioluminescence. . .

WavetrainTransparence

Behaviour of transparent bodies.Self-induced transparence.Non-transparence.

Shadows. .TranslucenceOpacity

Visibility



Non-linear systemsNon-linear optics.



SpectraProduction.

BBR

BRG YBRL

BRL 9M

BBR

BRG YBRL

BRL FEBRL FE7 3

Special radiation properties & processes.

By duration of luminescence. .

By method of excitation. .

Optics

57

BRLFL

BRLFTM

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

BRL FL

FL4 UFFLQ

Selective absorption by crystals in one plane andnot another.

FLRColour effects of dichroism.

FLTFLXFMFM4FM4 URFM9 BIN

See also Schlieren device B6L FQFM9 BIPFMJ

See also Double refraction techniquesB6L KMJ

FMJ MFMJ NFMJ P

FNFN4FN4 UFFNLFNL 3RFNL 3TFFNMFNM RFNQ

See also imaging as a technique, B7IFNQ 37JFNQ 4FNQ 4LFNQ 4SSFNQ 4TUFNQ 62FNQ 73PFNQ 73RFNRFNSFNS T

For holography, see B7K.

BRL FPFP7 3FP7 3DFP7 3DRFP7 3DVFP7 3E

FP7 3LEFP7 3LGFP7 3LJFP7 3LKFP7 3MFP7 3MNFP7 3MP

FP7 3MR

FP7 6FP7 64

FP7 64T

FPQ BFPQ DFPQ E

For birefringence, see Double refractionBRL FMJ.

FPSFPTFPUFPVFQFQ4FQ4 UJFQ4 UKFR

For holography, see B7K.

FR4FR4 VFRM

FRNFROFT

See note under Types of scattering at BFT.Add to BRL FT letters J/M following BMF T ifrequired.

FTMFor laser techniques, see B6K S.

AbsorptionFilters.

Absorption filters. .Dichroism.

Pleochroism. .

Trichroism.Refraction & reflection (together)

Refraction.Instrumentation. .Rangefinders. .Refractive index. .

Becke line. . .Double refraction, birefringence, extraordinary

rays, photoelastic effect. .

Circular birefringence. . . .Elliptical birefringence. . . .Stress birefringence, mechanical

birefringence, photoelasticity. . . .

Reflection.Instrumentation. .

Reflection filters. . .Total internal reflection. .

Materials. . .Optical fibres. . . .

Surface reflection. .Fresnel reflection. . .

Images (optics)

Aberrations.Instrumentation.

Image converters. .Image detectors. .Image intensifiers. .

Investigative techniques.Image processing & restoration. .Image reduction. .

Real images.Virtual images.Stereoscopic images.

PolarizationProduction.

Rotation of plane of polarization. .Rotatory power (polarization). . .Optical activity. . .Kerr effect, magneto-optical effect. . .

Irregular crystals. . .Quartz. . .Other crystals. . .Amorphous substances. . .Wave surfaces of refraction. . .

Single-sheet surfaces. . . .Double-sheet surface. . . .

Ray axes, optic axes (polarization). . .Measurement.

Polarimetry. .Polarimeters, Polariscopes. . .

Instrumental outputs. . . .Polaroids. . . . .

Plane of polarity. .Degree of polarization. .

Depolarization. . .

Plane polarization. .Circular polarization. .Elliptical polarization. .Chromatic polarization. .

DiffractionInstrumentation.

Diffraction gratings. .Echelon gratings, echelles. . .

Interference

Instrumentation.Interferometers. .Interference filters. .

Interference fringes.Interference patterns.

Inclusion pattern interference. .Labradorescence. . .

Scattering

Stimulated scattering (general).



Energy interactions & formsVisibility



ImagesStereoscopic images.

BBR

BRG YBRL

BRL AFBRL FIM

BBR

BRG YBRL

BRL FNQBRL FNS T

By medium. . .

By source. .

Effects of particular media, structures. .

Properties.

Types of polarization.

Types of scattering by particle.

Optics

58

BRLFTN

BRLMM76T

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BRL FTNFTOFTPFTP WFTQFTRFTS

For example, Coulomb scattering BNG FTS.FUFFUP

For optical rotation, see BRL FP7 3D.FUP 4FUP 4V

FWRFWS

GC

Assumes rectilinear propagation of light, asrays, without reference to waves or thephysical nature of light. The behaviour oflight in optical instruments.See also Optical instruments BRL 4

GHSee also Brillouin scattering BRL FTN

GNProduced by high-frequency sound waves.

GPH

IUJ

JMJNJPJQJSJT

Add to BRL M letters LX/Q following B ifapplicable.

BRL KYL

Attribute of light sources which give visualsensation of brightness.See also Luminescence BRL FH

L76L76 4L78 Q

Measurement by physical receptors,radiometers, etc.

L78 REvaluation by visual effect in the eye of theobserver.

LBB FLBB G

LBB I

LBB I77LMLNLRLTM

M76M78 QM78 R

M8BM8V

A/Z by name; eg Goethe.

MFDFor physiological colour, see BRL MV.

MFNMFN NMH

ML

MMObjective description of the colour quality ofa visual stimulus irrespective of its luminance.Chromaticity & luminance togethercompletely specify a colour stimulus.

MM7 6MM7 6T

Brillouin scattering. . .Mie scattering. . .Raman scattering. . .

Coherent antiStokes Raman scattering. . . .Rayleigh scattering. . .Tyndall effect. . .

Diffusion. .Dispersion. .

Instrumentation. . .Dispersion prisms. . . .

Spherical waves. . .Cylindrical waves. . .Rays. . .

Geometrical optics (general), rectilinearpropagation (optics)

. . . .

Acoustooptics.

Sonoluminescence. .

Thermooptics.Electrooptics, electric double refraction,

optoelectronics.

Stark effect. .Magneto-optical effects. .

Couton-Mouton effect (magneto-optics). . . .Faraday effect. . . .Kerr effect (magneto-optics). . . .

Pockels effect. . . . .Voigt effect (magneto-optics). . . .Zeeman effect (magneto-optics). . . .

Optical illusions.Luminosity.

Measurement. .Photometry (light). . .

Photometers. . . .Physical photometry. . . .

Visual photometry, subjective photometry. . . .

Radiant flux. .Luminous flux, light flux. . .

Illuminance, light flux density, illuminationdensity

. . . .

Luminous intensity, light intensity,candlepower

. . . .

Units. . . . .Candela. . . . . .

Radiant quantities. .Luminous quantities. .Luminance, brightness. .Shade. .

Colour.Measurement. .

Colorimetry. . .Spectral methods (colour). . . .Comparison method (colour), empirical

method (colour). . . .

Theory. .

Frequency. .Physical colour. . .

Reflection. .Surface colour. . .

Electrochromism. .Luminosity. .

Brightness. . .

Chromaticity. . .

Measurement. . . .Chromaticity coordinates. . . .


OpticsSpecial radiation properties & processes

Scattering. .Stimulated scattering. . .



Interactions with other energy formsRelations with particles.

BBRG Y

BRL

BRL FTBRL FTM

BBR

BRG YBRL

Types of scattering special to a particle. . .

Types of light motion. .

Interactions with other energy forms

Named effects. . .

Relations with particles.

Special optical properties & processes

By specific theorists. . .

Special chromatic properties. .

Optics

59

BRLMM76V

BRLWW

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

BRL MM7 6VMNMNPMNRMPMQMR

For shade, see luminosity BRL LT.

MUMV

For physical colour, see wavelength BRL MFD.MWNBNB2 M

NCNE

Eg mixing coloured lights as in TV.NFNFNNFPNHNJ

Giving white when mixed.NK

NMBNMDNMENMFNMGNMH

Eg carmine, pink.NMJNMK

Eg reddish orange, brown.NMLNMM

Eg reddish yellow, cream.NMNNMP

Eg yellowish green, pure green.NMQNMR

Eg ice blue, turquoise.NMSNMTNMV

Eg bluish violet, purple.

BRL NPRepresentation of colours in terms of a specificset of coordinates (eg wavelength, luminosity).

NPQNPSNQNRNSNT

See also physiological colour BRL MV;equivalent colours BRL NK

NUArrange A/Z; eg Abney, OSA.

NVNWNX

OBOCODOE

Add to BRL P letters C/Y following BF;Add to BRL PQ letters A/D following BG; eg

PFFor lasers, see B6K QM.

PFF CKPMPNPPPPPPPTPPUPWCPWDPWPPXPYHQB

QNQP

UUFEUVUWV

See notes at BRL.WWW

Tristimulus values. .Colour diagrams.

Two-dimensional colour representation. .Three-dimensional colour representation. .

Chrominance.Saturation (colour), chroma.

Composition of colours

Colourlessness.Physiological colour.

Hue_. .Primary colours.

Colour equations. .

Mixing colours (operation). . .Additive mixing (colours). . . .

Subtractive mixing (colours). . . .Colour filter transmission. . . . .Pigment mixing. . . . .

Secondary colours.Complementary colour, compensatory colour.

Equivalent colours.

Physical colour. .White. .Grey. .Black. .Red group. .

Specific colours. . .

Orange group. .Specific colours. . .

Yellow group. . . .Specific colours. . .

Green group. .Specific colours. . .

Blue group. .Specific colours. . .

Indigo. .Violet group. .

Specific colours. . .

Colour systems, chromatic systems. . .

Objective colour systems. . . .Subjective colour systems. . . .Monochromatic systems. . . .Dichromatic systems. . . .Trichromatic systems. . . .

Physiological chromatic systems. . . . .

Named systems. . . . . .

Tetrachromatic systems. . . .Thermochromatic systems. . . .Photochromatic systems. . . .

Optical bistability. .Optical multistability. .Optical switching (non-linear optics). .Optical properties of substances (general). .

Coherent light, coherent optics. .

Light modulation. . .Refracted light. .Reflected light. .Polarized light. .

Partially polarized light. . .Circularly polarized light. . .Elliptically polarized light. . .

Isotropic light. .Anisotropic light. .Optical solitons, solitary waves (optics). .Light pulses. .Continuous light waves. .Beams (light). .

Natural light. .Artificial light. .

Infrared radiation. .Spectra. . .Near infrared radiation. . .Far infrared radiation. . .

Light, visible light. .

Ultraviolet radiationLong wave ultraviolet radiation.

PhysicsOptics

ColourSpecial chromatic properties

Chromaticity.Chromaticity coordinates. .

PhysicsOptics

Energy interactions & formsSpecial optical properties & processes.

Types of colours. . .Specific colours. . . . . .

BBRL

BRL M

BRL MMBRL MM7 6T

BBRL

BRL AF

BRL NMV

Types of colours

Operations. .

By wavelength.

Other special optical properties.

Types of light by property.

By source.

By frequency & wavelength.

States of matter

60

BRLWX

BRNP94T

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BRL WX

XPenetrating electro-magnetic radiation, usuallygenerated by accelerating electrons to bombard asolid body, or by inner shell transition of atoms.

XFCXFEXFLXFNXFQXFTXUXVXWY

High energy photons, especially as emitted by anucleus in a transition between two energy levels.

YUYV

See Nuclear reactions BOF KRBRM

Add to BRM letters M/Q following B; egO

BRN

new file bu2.sch 27.6.97; 3.7.97; 22.7.97; 14.8.9720.8.97; 12.11.97; 29.6.98; 31.7.98; 12.8.98;27.8.98For the effects of these on chemical behaviour, seeChemistry C.

9HHUse BRN P.

P

Process by which a substance changes fromone state to another without a change intemperature; accompanied by change involume and in degree of randomness in theinternal structure.Note that ’phase’ is also used to represent aparticular chemical substance in a mixture, ora particular crystal structure in a mixture ofsuch structures. If these meanings arise in thisclass, the array (Systems by number ofcomponents) is provided, at BRR N. Here,’phase’ means a state of matter.

P2M 9L

P2M 9NBP2M 9NCP2M 9NV

P94 CP94 EP94 FP94 GP94 HP94 JP94 JCP94 KP94 LP94 MP94 N

Add to BRN P94 N letters P/Sfollowing BSB J if applicable.

P94 OP94 PP94 PCP94 QP94 R

P94 SFor heat loss in general, see BRG T.

P94 T

Vacuum ultraviolet radiation, far ultravioletradiation

. . . .

X-rays, Roentgen rays. . .

Production. . . .Spectra. . . .Absorption. . . .Reflection. . . .Diffraction. . . .Scattering. . . .Grenz rays, Infra-Roentgen rays. . . .Continuous X-rays, Bremsstrahlung. . . .

Cosmic ray X-rays. . . . .Gamma radiation. .

Non-solar gamma radiation. . .H-alpha radiation, alpha radiation. .

Particle physics of bulk matter, high energy physics ofbulk matter

Nuclear physics of bulk matter.

States of matter, physical phases (states of matter),systems of bulk matter, forms of matter

Change of state of system. .

Change of state, thermodynamic changes ofstate, phase changes

. .

Mathematics. . .Equations. . . .

Named equations. . . . .Boyle-GayLussac equation. . . . .Clapeyron equation. . . . .Van der Waals equation. . . . .

Critical point. . . .Volume. . . .

Constant volume. . . . .Decreasing volume. . . . .Increasing volume. . . . .

Pressure. . . .Critical pressure. . . . .Constant pressure. . . . .Dcreasing pressure. . . . .Increasing pressure. . . . .Other pressure conditions. . . . .

Velocity. . . .Thermal conditions. . . .

Critical temperature. . . . .Constant temperature. . . . .Adiabatic change of state. . . . .Decreasing temperature. . . . .

Cooling (change of state). . . . . .

Supercooling. . . . . . .


Electrical & magnetic properties of bulk matterOptics. .

Ultraviolet radiation. . .Long wave ultraviolet radiation. . . .


Energy interactions & formsNuclear physics of bulk matter. .

BBR

BRG YBRL

BRL WBRL WW

BBR

BRA FBRM O

Processes.

Conditions, parameters, influences. . .

Surfaces

61

BRNP94V

BRQP

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BRN P94 VFor heat gain in general, see BRG U.

P94 WP94 YP95P96P97P98R

For transitions in a particular state of matter, seethe latter.For order-disorder transformations, see solidsolutions BVU SNR.

R94 ES

Quantity of heat absorbed or released in thermalphase transformation. Change of internal energyof a physical system without change oftemperature.See also Thermochemistry C

TTPTRTTTYU

For allotropes, see Chemistry CV

BROThis class is used only when qualifying aparticular state of matter.See the states of matter involved. In the case oftwo different states, the denser one is cited first;eg both liquid into solid and solid into liquid gounder solids (see BVO L). Note that the samecitation order applies to mixed states of matter(dispersions); see note at BRT.

Each subsystem may be divided in the same way as asystem. See Add instructions at BRR.

BRP W

BRQ366FQ6FQ R

6FR

For surface chemistry, see Physical chemistry C9J

9JV

BBFor surface tension, see BRQ BLX.

BBPBBQ

BBQ 8OBFNBFPBFRBFT

BLXBLX MBLX PEYFGKFNHFNIFNJFNKHHWBHWJLLFG OLFG PM

Add to BRQ M letters M/Q following B.O

Surface separating two physical phases.

OBB

OBL XFor skin friction, see aerodynamic dragBTB TKP.

OTOUP

Increasing temperature. . . .Heating (change of state). . . . .

Superheating. . . . . .Electro-magnetic conditions. . .

Electrical conditions. . . .Magnetic conditions. . . .Radiation conditions. . . .

Other conditions. . .Phase transformations, phase transitions. .

Critical points. . .Critical state, transition points. . . .

Latent heat, specific latent heat. . .

Phase equilibrium. . .Phase diagrams, constitution diagrams. . . .Phase rule. . . .Triple point, three-phase equilibrium. . . .

Commensurate-incommensurate transformation. . .Allotropic transformation. . .

Isothermal transformations. . .

Impurities (states of matter).

SurfacesPractical & experimental.

Diffraction techniques. .Low energy electron diffraction. . .

Interferometry. .Surface interferometry. . .

Structure. .Profile, contours. . .

Microtopography of surfaces. . . .Energy. .

Surface activity, surface energy. . .

Potential energy. . . .Potential barrier, potential hill. . . . .

Quantum effects. . . . . .Tunnelling. . . . . . .

Adhesion. . . .Sorption physics. . . .

Absorption. . . . .Adsorption. . . . .

Tension. .Surface tension. . .

Wetting. . . .Angle of contact. . . .

Radiation properties. .Exitance. . .Reflectance. . .

Specular reflectance. . . .Diffuse reflectivity. . . .Total relectivity. . . .

Electromagnetic properties. .Resistance. . .Resistivity. . .

Optical properties. .Luminous exitance. . .Radiant exitance, radiant emittance. . .

Relations to particle physics. .

Interfaces.

Energy. .Interfacial energy. . .Surface tension. . .

Interfacial surface tension. . . .

Contact surfaces. .Free surfaces. .

PhysicsProcesses

Conditions, parameters, influences. .Thermal conditions. . .

Decreasing temperature. . . .Supercooling. . . . . .


States of matterImpurities

B

BRN P94 P

BRN P94 T

BBRBRNBRP W

Types of change by states involved. .

Subsystems, parts


Types by materials interfacing. .

States of matter

62

BRQQ

BRTY

*

*

*

*

***

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BRQ QGeneral studies only, covering solid & liquids films &fluid molecular layers.

R

RRRTRURVRWSCSGTTBJ

For osmotic pressure, see Liquids BUB JSOTO

BRRSystems defined by particular physical properties (egisotropic, low pressure, electrically conducting) aretreated as indistinguishable from the state of matterqualified by the property; so dense liquids (say) areclassified as Liquids - Density BUC L.Each system may be divided as follows (where hyphenrepresents the clasmark of the system):Add to - letters A/L following B;Add to -M letters M/Q following B;Add to - letters N/T following BR; eg Homogeneoussystems - Mixtures BRS NRO.Add to -U letters RU/V following BR for states dispersedin the medium (see note and example at BRT).

DUse only when the system is distinguishable from theproperties qualifying the state of matter.Add to BRR letters D/F following AYK; eg perfect gasesBTR D.

Phases other than those represented by states of matter.See note at BRN P.

NO

See note at BRT for citation order between the statesinvolved in a mixture, etc.

SSee homogeneous systems BRS NRS

UVWX

Phase here means a state of matter, not a chemicalsubstance or crystal structure.For Allotropic systems, see Class C Chemistry.

BRS NNRONRS

Physical studies only; for solutions (criticalmixtures) see physical chemistry, C

T

TROTUTVTWTXTY

BRT

A system of particles dispersed and suspended in asolid, liquid or gas.Physical considerations only; most of the literaturegoes in physical chemistry. If in doubt, preferphysical chemistry.Mixtures, solutions, colloid dispersion, etc. of onestate in another state go under the denser state; eggases in liquids go under liquids.Use -U to introduce states dispersed in a system; egBVU G Solids - Dispersions in - Gas in solid.

HBHHDEHDFHDGHDH

For electrosmosis, see Membranes BRQ TO.U

See fluids BST UV

Consist of ultramicroscopic particles,intermediate between those of a true solute andthose of a suspension. Most substances can bebrought to the colloidal state by suitabletechnique.

YDisplaying the distribution throughout onematerial of another material in fine particle form.

Films (states of matter), surface films.

Thin films. .Formation. . .

Unctuosity, oiliness. . . .Molecular films. . .

Monomolecular layers (films). . . .Plateau figures. . .Minimum surfaces, soap bubbles. . .

Thick films. .Coatings. .Membranes, porous media. .

Pressure. . .

Electrosmosis, electroendosmosis. . . .

Single component systems.Mixtures (general).

Solutions. .

Two component systems. .Three component systems. .Four component systems. .Five or more component systems. .

Homogeneous systems, single phase systems.Mixtures. .

Solutions (general). . .

Heterogeneous systems, inhomogeneous systems,multiple phase systems

.

Mixtures. .Anomalous systems. .Binary systems (bulk matters). .Ternary systems (bulk matter). .Quaternary systems (bulk matter). .Five phases or more. .Disperse systems, mixed states of matters,

dispersions. .

Electro-magnetic field. . .Electrokinetic effect. . . .

Streaming potential. . . . .Sedimentation potential. . . . .Electrophoresis. . . . .

Suspensions. . .

Colloids. . .

Composite materials. . .


States of matterSubsystems, parts

Surfaces.Types by materials interfacing. . .


States of matterSystems by number of components

Five or more component systems. .

BBRBRN

BRQBRQ P

BBRBRN

BRR X

Systems by state of matter

Systems by simplifying assumptions

Systems by number of components

Systems by number of phases

Plasmas

63

BRU

BRVDE

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

BRUAdd to BRU letters A/X following BS Fluids so faras applicable.

BB9B

Expressing the quantity in terms of powers offundamental quantities (e.g. mass, length,time).

B9B K

Usually considered in relation toaerodynamic and fluid flow. See BSB 9BLfor enumeration of particular numbers(which may be added here as necessary).

GPGW

JBehaviour of a conducting plasma or fluid in amagnetic flux. The motion of the plasmainduces an electrical field which interacts withthe applied magnetic field to cause a change inmotion itself.

BRVA gas at a temperature high enough for most of itsatoms to be ionized.See also nuclear fusion BOX BAdd to BRV letters A/X following BS Fluids sofar as applicable.

36696H6J

6J3 U

7373K73L73L S73M

73N

73N K

BRV 73P73P 7673P 76473P 764 V73P 764 W73P 7M73Q

73Q R73Q T73Q V73Q W73R73S73T73U73V7F7FY TAFAF9 2JAGATAVAW

BB8MBGBJBJQCB

See also Vibration BRV ECHCLCLP

See also Collisionless plasmasBRV VL

CLTSee also Collisional plasmas BRV VR

CNCRCRR BDADCDC9 2DDE

Plasmas & fluids.

Mechanics. .Flow of plasmas & fluids. . .

Dimensions of a physical quantity. . . .

Similarity parameters, dimensionlessnumbers

. . . . .

Thermal properties. .Low temperature. . .

Magnetism. .Magnetohydrodynamics, MHD. . .

Plasmas. .

Physical methods. . . .Electromagnetic. . . . .

Toroidal systems (plasmas). . . . . .Equipment. . . . . . .

Stellarators (plasmas). . . . . . . .Production. . . .

Plasma generation, plasma sources. . . . .Formation of plasmas (natural). . . . . .Laser beam production of plasmas. . . . . .Shock wave production of plasmas. . . . . .

Excitation (plasmas), ionization (plasmas),breakdown (plasmas)

. . . . .

Heating (plasmas), plasma microwaveresonance

. . . . . .

Plasma focus. . . . . . .

Acceleration (plasmas). . .Measurement. . . .

Plasma probes. . . . .Rogowski coil probes. . . . . .Langmuir probe. . . . . .

Spectroscopy. . . .Confinement (plasmas), containment (plasmas),

control (plasmas).

Magnetic mirrors. .Magnetic traps, magnetic bottles. .Pinch. .

Theta effect (plasmas). . .Tokamak confinement. .Non-magnetic confinement. .

Inertial confinement of plasmas. . .Electrostatic confinement of plasmas. . .

Radiofrequency confinement (plasmas). .Modelling.

Heat-trap model. .Plasma reactions

Reaction rate.Thermodynamics.

Transport properties. .Diffusion in plasmas. . .Viscosity. . .

Mechanics.Flow of plasmas (general). .

Quantum theory. . .Forces. . .

Pressure. . . .High pressure plasmas. . . . .

Elasticity. . . .

Statics. . .Density. . . .

Low density plasmas. . . . .

High density plasmas. . . . .

Equilibrium. . . .Instability. . . .

Velocity-space instabilities. . . . .Kinematics. . .

Velocity. . . .Distribution. . . . .

Kinetics. . .


States of matterSystems by number of phases

Composite materials. . .

PhysicsPlasmas

Practical & experimentalProduction.

Heating. . .Plasma focus. . . .

BBRBRN

BRT Y

BBRV

BRV 36

BRV 73NBRV 73N K

Systems by particular state of matter

Practical & experimental. . .

Plasmas

64

BRVDN

BRVVJ

*

*

*

**

**

*

*

*

BRV DNDSEFFCFPYFPY WFSFSHFYJFYLFYNGA

Normal retroactive synthesis fromBRG F/BRL is interrupted here in order toaccommodate the large vocabulary of fluidflow. It is resumed at BRV M.

GLGLVGMM

Normal retroactive synthesis from BR is resumedhere after its interruption beginning at BRV GER.Add to BRV M letters GF/L following BR; eg

MGHMGPMGP QMGQMGV

MGW10,000 K - 100,000 KSee also Collisional plasmas BRV VR

MGW WMGW XMGX

Over 100,000 K.See also Collisionless plasmas BRV VL

MGYMHLMHNMHRMHUMHW BMIS

BRV MJBehaviour of a conducting fluid (ionizedgas, plasma, etc.) under the influence ofa magnetic flux.

MJF

MKMKF HMKF LMKF TMLMMMMD MWMMG BMNHMNPMNP BDMQU

MQU FJMQU KQF

NPSee also plasma production techniquesBRV 73

PW

RN

SNSTU

For plasmas in other states (gases, liquids,solids), see the other state; eg gaseous plasmasBTU B.

VBVCVDVEVFVGVHVJ

Rotation. . . .Rotating plasmas. . . . .

Periodic motion. . . .Oscillation & vibration. . . . .Waves. . . . .

Propagation. . . . . .Interactions. . . . . .

Plasma-wall interaction. . . . . . .Collisions. . . . . .

Atomic cross section (plasmas). . . . . . .Linear waves. . . . . .Non-linear waves. . . . . .

Solitons. . . . . . .Shock waves. . . . . .

Jets. . . . .Arcs. . . . .Drift waves, drift current. . . . .

Acoustic properties.Plasma sound waves, magnetosonic waves. .

Thermal properties.Heat. .Heat transfer. .Temperature. .Thermal regimes. .

Low temperature plasmas. . .

Thermal plasmas. . . .Cold plasmas. . . .

High temperature plasmas. . .

Electrical & magnetic properties.Electric potential. .Electrostatic waves. .Discharges. .Conductivity. .Resistance. .Dielectric properties. .

Magnetic properties. .Magnetohydrodynamics. . .

Magnetoplasmadynamics. . . .

Waves. . . . .Alfven waves, hydromagnetic waves,

plasmamagnetohydrodynamic waves

. . . . . .

Radiation. .Emission in plasmas. . .Absorption in plasmas. . .Scattering in plasmas. . .Optical properties. . .

Particle physics of plasmas.Particle orbits in plasmas. .Particle beam interaction in plasmas. .Plasma interaction with charged particles. .Electron physics of plasmas. .

Electron state (plasmas). . .Ion physics of plasmas. .

Dissociation. . .Plasma loss, plasma decay. . . .

Plasma lifetime. . . . .Change of state.

Plasma formation (natural). .

Impurities in plasmas.

Single component systems.

Homogeneous plasmas.Inhomogeneous plasmas.

Plasmoids. .Clouds (plasmas). . .Rings (plasmas). . .

Columns (plasmas). .Layers (plasmas). .Sheaths (plasmas), plasma double layers. .Slab plasmas. .Cylinders (plasmas). .

PhysicsStates of matter

Plasmas & fluidsPlasmas

Plasma reactionsKinetics. . .

PhysicsPlasmas & fluids

PlasmasOther energy interactions & forms

Electrical & magnetic properties.Dielectric properties. .

BBRN

BRUBRV

BRV AFBRV DE

BBRUBRV

BRV MBRV MGY

BRV MIS

Forms of motion. . .

Special attributes & elements of flow. . . .

Other energy interactions & forms

Subsystems, parts of plasmas

Systems by number of components

Systems by number of phases

Systems by phase media.

Special types of plasmasBy form, shape.

Fluids

65

BRVVL

BSBIT

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

****

*

*

*

*

BRV VLSee also Low density plasma BRV CLP

VMVNVPVR

See also High density plasma BRV CLT

For impure plasmas, see BRV PW

See Particle physics of plasmas BRV MM; egElectron plasmas BRV MNP.

BRXAlternative (not recommended) to locating inClass C Chemuistry; if this option is taken:Add to BRX letters G/R following C; eg (notationis provisional)

ICICPV

Alternative (not recommended) to locating these intheir context. If this option is taken, proceed proceedas follows:Add to BRX V letters A/G following D; eg Cosmicplasmas, Geophysical plasmas.

BSMany concepts included in this class are applicablemainly (and sometimes perhaps exclusively) to aparticular type of fluid or plasma. For economy inscheduling and ease of reference and assignment ofnotation, all generally applicable concepts are given here,under fluids in general. Concepts which are largely orexclusively applicable only to a particular form of fluidare given under that form; eg lift in aerodynamics(BTB SB). But any concept appearing in any part of thisgeneral fluids class may be used in any type of fluid orplasma, and vice versa, should it prove to be applicable.Normal retroactive notation is modified for fluids inorder to insert a large expansion under flow (beginning atBSG E). The add instructions are summarized here forconvenience although they are reinforced at necessarypoints of the schedule.Add to BS letters A/GD following B;Add to BSM letters GF/L following BR;Add to BSM letters M/Q following B;Add to BS letters N/T following BR.

BS8 M

BSA GFor thermal properties narrowly, see BSM GP.

TVWWCWDWI

BSB363U3YE

Add to BSB 3Y letters E/U followingBTB 3Y so far as applicable; eg BSB 3YSExpansion tubes.

76764764 V764 W8B8T9B9BK9BL E9BL F9BL H9BL K9BM9BM P9BM V9BN9BN P9BO9BP

Arrange A/Z.G

Many of the concepts in this class are moreusually found under gases; see BTB G/BTC Dfor more details (which may be used here ifrequired).

IMIQIRISIT

Collisionless plasmas. . .

Non-equilibrium plasmas. . . .Non-uniform plasmas. . . .Relativistic plasmas. . . .

Collisional plasmas. . .

Metallic plasmas. . . .Alkali metal plasmas. . . . .

Fluids

Quantum theory.Quantum fluids. .

Thermodynamics

Transport properties.Diffusion. .Viscosity, fluidity. .

Dynamic viscosity. . .Kinematic viscosity. . .Intrinsic viscosity. . .

Mechanics

Fluid mechanics, flow of fluids (general).Practical & experimental study. .

Equipment. . .Tunnels & tubes, rigs. . . .

Measurement. . .Instruments. . . .

Venturi meters. . . . .Pitot tubes. . . . .

Theory. .Molecular theory of flow. . .

Dimensions of a physical quantity. .Similarity parameters, dimensionless numbers. . .

Euler number. . . .Froude number. . . .Hartmann number. . . .Knudsen number. . . .Mach number. . . .

Critical Mach number. . . . .Mach number of divergence. . . . .

Nusselt number. . . .Prandtl number. . . .Reynolds number. . . .Others. . . .

Forces. .

Moments. . .Pitching moments. . . .Rolling moments. . . .Yawing moments. . . .Hinge moments. . . .


Plasmas & fluidsPlasmas

By form, shape. .Cylinders. . .


Plasmas & fluidsFluids

Quantum theoryQuantum fluids.

BBRN

BRUBRV

BRV VJ

BBRN

BRUBS

BS8 M

By activity. .

By composition. .

By particle. . .

By chemical characteristics. . .

By location. .

Fluid mechanics

66

BSBJ

BSGAJ

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BSB J

J92 DJ94J94 EJ94 KJBHJMP

See also Cavitation BSG NVJNJOJO9 2JJOSJOTJOU

See also Osmotic pressure BUB JSOJPJQJSBJSCJSDJSFJSIJSJJSKJSNJWKLQ

See also Dynamic stability BSC QAdd to BSB letters R/T following BTB so far asapplicable. A selection of examples is given toshow their scope.

QSQUQVQWSBTBTSTT

BSC BSee also Vibration BSD V

DHLNPPS

BSC QAdd to BSC Q letters T/V following BTC Q; eglongitudinal stability BSC QU.

RX

BSD ABC

For types of flow defined by speed, see BSJ R.C76C76 4CFCQCRCSDE

E8BKNP

See also cavitation BSG NVPR

PT

QFQHQJ

QLQNQPQRS

See also Elasticity BSB CBSE

See also special forms under aerodynamics BTE;eg Flutter BTE H.

BSFYRYU

BSG ASee also Supersonic flow (gases) BTJ W

AFAFC M

AGSee also Sonic boom BTM GHT

AHAJ

Pressure.

Distribution of pressure. . .Pressure conditions. . .

Critical pressure. . . .Constant pressure. . . .

Pressure fields. . .Pressure effects. . .

Centre of pressure. . . .Head of pressure. . . .

Gradients (pressure). . . . .Pressure drop, pressure loss. . . . .Pressure recovery. . . . .Pressure rise, pressure gain. . . . .

Low pressure. . .High pressure. . .Partial pressure. . .Static pressure. . .Dynamic pressure. . .Induced pressure. . .Impact pressure. . .Base pressure. . .Kink pressure. . .Stagnation pressure. . .

External forces.Deformation. .

Stress. . .Loading, loads. .

Compressibility (fluids). . .Buffeting loads. . .Gust loads. . .Impact loads (hydrodynamics). . .Lift, normal force (lift). . .Drag. . .Side force, lateral force. . .Drift. . .

Elasticity.

Internal forces.Statics

Density.Equilibrium.Stability.

Static stability. .

Dynamic stability. .

Instability.DynamicsKinematics

Displacement.Velocity.

Measurement. .Rate flowmeters. . .

Velocity gradient. .Mass flowrate. .Internal velocity. .Surface velocity. .

Acceleration.Kinetics

Theory.Kinetic theory of fluids. .

Forms of motionRotational flow.

Vortices, vortex motion, vortex flow. .

Breakdown of vortices. . .

Vorticity. . . .

Vortex filaments. . . .Vortex streets. . . .Vortex sheets. . . .

Bound vortices. . . .Trailing vortices. . . .Free axis vortex motion. . . .Three-dimensional vortex motion. . . .

Periodic motion.

Vibration & oscillation. .

Waves (fluids). .Transverse waves. . .Longitudinal waves. . .Shock waves, compression waves. . .

Attenuation. . . . .

Mach cones. . . . .

Attached shock waves. . . . .Detached shock waves. . . . .

PhysicsFluids

Fluid mechanicsForces

Moments.Hinge moments. .

PhysicsFluids

Fluid mechanicsStatics

Stability.Static stability. .

BBS

BSBBSB G

BSB IMBSB IT

BBS

BSBBSC H

BSC PBSC PS


Types of pressure. .

Properties. . .

Elements. . .

Types. . .

Properties & processes. . . .

Types. . . .

Fluid mechanics

67

BSGAL

BSGSJ

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BSG ALANAPARASATAXD

Arrange A/Z; eg flexural waves

Normal retroactive synthesis from BRG F /BRL isinterrupted here in order to accommodate the largevocabulary of fluid flow. It is resumed at BSM.

ERComplete flow field.

EVFCFE

See BTG FE and the note there.FT

FVFXGGHGJGLGPGQGTGVGXJBJDJFJHJJJMJPJQJSJTLLMLNLPLRLTLULVNC

BSG NENGNJNLNNNPNRNSNTNVNXP

Add to BSG letters P/Q following BTG so far asapplicable; eg

PH

RC

RERG

RJRJLRJPRKRLRMRN

See also Multiphase flow BSG RPRNLRNSRNV

RORP

See also Non-Newtonian flow BSG RNRQRRRS

RTRURV

SESF

SHSJ

Normal shock waves. . . . .Oblique shock waves. . . . .Standoff waves. . . . .

Blast waves. . .Explosion waves. . . .Denotation waves. . . .

Expansion waves. . .Other types of waves. . .

Flow regime.

Homogeneity (flow). .Suction.Aeronautical factors.

Interference (fluid dynamics), interaction (fluiddynamics)

.

Stagnation.Choking.Aerodynamic heating.Downwash.Upwash.Sidewash.Wake.Slipstream.Turbulence.Surging.Ground effect, ground resonance.Hydrodynamic characteristics.

Spray. .Concurrent streams.Mainstream.Downstream.Streamtubes.Streamlines.Sources.Sinks.Doublets.Jets.

Jet streams. .Mixing jets. .Propulsive jets. .Wall jets. .Plumes. .Couette flow. .

Arcs (fluid flow).Leaks.

Wakes.Eddies.Surges.Sloshing.Circulation.

Supercirculation. .Ripples.Sprays.Drops.Cavities, cavitation.

Bubbles. .Boundary layer.

Transition. .

Conical flow. .

Compressible flow. .Incompressible flow. .

Viscous flow. .Slow viscous flow. . .Creeping viscous flow. . .

Non-viscous flow, inviscid flow. .Free stream flow. .Newtonian flow. .Non-Newtonian flow. .

Relativistic flow. . .Slug flow. .Forced flow. .

Single phase flow. .Multiphase flow. .

Two phase flow. . .Piston flow, plug flow, slug flow. . . .

Three or more phases. . .

One-dimensional flow. .Two-dimensional flow. .Threee-dimensional flow. .

Symmetrical flow. .Axisyymetrical flow. .

Equilibrium flow. .Non-equilibrium flow, reactive flow, radiative flow. .

PhysicsFluids

Fluid mechanicsForms of motion

Shock waves. . .Detached shock waves. . . . .


FluidsFluid mechanics

Special attributes & elements of flowLeaks.

BBS

BSBBSD K

BSG ABSG AJ

BBRU

BSBSB

BSG NC

Special attributes & elements of flow

Types of flowBy shape.

By compressibility.

By viscosity.

By phase.

By dimension.

By symmetry.

By equilibrium.

Fluid mechanics

68

BSGSM

BSKPX

*

*

*

*

*

*

BSG SMSNSRSSST

SVT

TQTRTTTV

For compressible & incompressible flow, see BSG RE;for molecular flow (Knudsen flow) see Gases BTG V.

UUR

Add to BSG letters UR/X following BTG so far asapplicable; eg Molecular flow BSG V.

Y

BSH BDFHIJ

LP

For rotational flow, see BSD N.

SU

WBSI

ST

BSJP

Add to BSJ letters R/X following BTJ so far asapplicable; eg

RST

BSK BBBG

On bodies in fluids.BBG LBBG NBBG P

DDLDNDPDREELENEPEQERETEV

FGHI

JKLLLLPMNNPO

Channels allowing sudden rushes offluid.

PPPPRPTPVPX

Separated flow.Unseparated flow.Reattached flow.Mixed flow.

Re-energized flow. .

Cavity flow.Shear flow. .

Secondary flow.Fully developed flow.Accelerated flow.Decelerating flow.

Isobaric flow.Rarefied flow.

Isothermal flow.

Reversible flow.Irreversible flow.Adiabatic flow.Diabatic flow.Isentropic flow.Non-isentropic flow.

Potential flow.Irrotational flow.

Steady flow, continuous flow.Unsteady flow, transient flow.

Free stream flow.Laminar flow, streamline flow, Poiseuille flow.Superlaminar flow.Transitional flow.Turbulent flow.Pulsating flow.

Low speed flow.Medium speed flow.High speed flow.

Bodies in fluid flow.Control forces. .

Longitudinal controls. . .Lateral controls. . .Directional controls. . .

Surfaces. . .Corners, kinks. . .Bends. . .

Irregular bends. . . .Holes. . .

Orifices, apertures, openings. . . .Constrictions. . .Widenings. . .Entries. . .Exits. . .Forebodies. . .Centrebodies. . .Afterbodies. . .

Streamlined bodies. . .One-dimensional bodies (fluid flow). . .Two-dimensional bodies (fluid flow). . .

Porous media (bodies in flow), membraneflow

. . . .

Manifolds. . . .Nozzle. . . .Conduits, ducts. . . .

Low gradient conduits. . . . .High gradient conduits. . . . .Open conduits. . . . .

Channels, passages, channel flow. . . . . .Semi-infinite channels. . . . . . .Sluices. . . . . . .

Closed conduits. . . . .Pipes. . . . . .Networks (fluid flow). . . . . .Tubes. . . . . .

Pitot tube. . . . . . .Diffusers. . . . . .



By equilibriumNon-equilibrium flow.



By speedHigh speed flow.

BBRU

BSBSB

BSG SJ

BBRU

BSBSB

BSJ T

By degree of attachment

By stress

By development

By pressure

By parameter changes

By presence of velocity potential

By continuity

By degree of mixing

By speed

Flow defined by bodies in fluid

Parts of bodies in flow. .

Types of bodies in flow. .

Fluids

69

BSKQ

BT9E2

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BSK QQLQPQRRSTVW

BSL CDHI

See also Couette flow BSG LTJLNOPRSTUV

BSMNormal retroactive synthesis from BR is resumedhere after its interruption beginning at BSG ER.Add to BSM letters GF/L following BR: eg

GHGPGQVGQV SGQV T

For superfluids, see BSM PBF.H

HUFor magnetohydrodynamics, see BRU J.

MAdd to BSM letters M/Q following B; eg

PPBE G

For superfluidity, see BSM PBF.PBF

State exhibiting apparently frictionless flow.PBF B

BSNPR

BSOSee note at BRO.

BSP R

WBSQ

UW

See also properties defining quasi-types; eg Electricallyconducting fluids BSM HU

BSR DFFR

O

BSS NTU

Fluids with two or more phases present at the sametime.

BSTFor dispersions involving two states, cite first thedenser state; eg fluids in solids go under solids.

USystems in which the denser particles aredistributed through the less dense fluid.

BSUSee note at BRT re citation order.

BTWorks relating to physics of air are treated as generalworks on gas physics unless their purpose is specificallyto distinguish problems of air from those of other gases,in which case prefer BTV.Many concepts associated primarily with gas physics(eg many types of flow) appear in the general class forfluids (BS). All concepts in fluid physics which areapplicable to gases may be added to the latter ifnecessary (eg BTG FH Balancing (aerodynamics)).Similarly, if any concept enumerated under gases butnot under fluids or liquids proves to be applicable to thelatter, it may be added to them.Add to BT letters A/U following BS; eg

BT9 E2

Three-dimensional bodies (fluid flow). . . . . .Cubes. . . . . . .Prisms. . . . . . .Pyramids. . . . . . .Wedges. . . . . . .Bodies of revolution. . . . . . .

Cylinders. . . . . . . .Hollow cylinders, tubular cylinders. . . . . . . . .

Discs. . . . . . . .Cones. . . . . . . .

Truncated cones. . . . . . . . .Spheres, balls. . . . . . . .

Cocentric spheres, concentric flow. . . . . . . . .

Hemispheres. . . . . . . .Ellipsoids. . . . . . . .Ogives. . . . . . . .Toruses. . . . . . . .Paraboloids. . . . . . . .Rings. . . . . . . .

Boat-tail bodies. . . . . . .Blunt bodies. . . . . . .Bluff bodies. . . . . . .

Other bodies in flow. . . . . .

Acoustic properties.Thermal properties.

Convection. .Natural convection, free convection. . .Forced convection. . .

Zero temperature. .

Electro-magnetic properties.Conduction. .

Electrically conducting fluids. . .

Atomic aspects. .Lowest energy state. . .

Superfluidity, superfluids. . .

Superfluid flow. . . .States of matter

Change of state.Transitions. .

Impurities.Surfaces.

Free surfaces. .Mainstream (fluids). .

Perfect fluids, ideal fluids. .Real fluids. .

Rarefied fluids. . .

Mixtures. .

Homogeneous. .Heterogeneous systems. .

Anomalous fluids, Non-Newtonian fluids,anomalous viscosity

. . .

Mixed systems, dispersions. . .Fluid dispersions. . . .

Suspensions. . . . .

Gases.

Spatial properties. .Anisotropy. . .

Anisotropic gases. . . .


FluidsMechanics

Two-dimensional bodies. . . . . .Diffusers. . . . . . . . .


Plasmas & fluidsFluids

States of matterTransitions. .

BBRU

BS

BSK HBSK PX

BBRN

BRUBS

BSNBSN R


Relations with particle & atomic physics.

Types of changes of state. .

Properties special to a type. . .Subsystems, parts of fluids

Types of fluids

By simplifying assumptions.

By number of components.

By number of phases.

By state dispersed. . . .

Gas mechanics

70

BTAG

BTBTP

*

*

*

*

*

*

BTA GTVVTWWSWT

BTB

363U3XT3YB3YE

3YFArrange A/Z; eg nozzlesBTB 3YF N.

3YG

3YJFor spinning towers, seeBTB 3YO V

3YL3YL 3BD

3YMAdd to BTB 3YM letters D/Mfollowing BT (except for JR/JX).

3YNAdd to BTB 3YN letters R/Xfollowing BTJ; eg transonic windtunnels BTB 3YN V.

3YO V

3YP3YQ3YS3YU

E.g. electrolytic tanks (potential flow)BTH L3Y U

769B9B2 X9BK9BL K9BM9BO

BTB GIMIQIRISITIX

Angle of airfoil to flow [level]J

J94J94 EJ94 KJBHJMPJN

JPJQJSBJSCJSDJWQQSQUQVQWSBSB2 QKSB9 2DSCKSFSHSJSLSNSPTB

TCTFTGTHTJTKTKPTKRTLTNTP

ThermodynamicsTransport properties.

Diffusion. .Penetration of gases, inflow (gases). . .

Viscosity. .Internal friction (gases). . .

Outflow. . . .

Mechanics

Gas mechanics, pneumatics, flow of gases(general), aerodynamics

.

Practical & experimental study. .Equipment. . .

Physical models. . . .Simulators (gas flow). . . . .

Tunnels & tubes, rigs. . . .

Special components. . . . . .

Walls. . . . . .

Rotating equipment (gas physics). . . . . .

Wind tunnels. . . . . .Design & construction. . . . . . .

Vertical wind tunnels, spinningtowers

. . . . . . . .

Shock tubes. . . . . .Shock tunnels. . . . . .Expansion tubes. . . . . .

Measurement. . .Dimensions of a physical quantitity. .

Dimensional analysis. . .Similarity parameters. . .

Knudsen number. . . .Mach number. . . .Reynolds number. . . .

ForcesMoments.

Pitching moments. .Rolling moments. .Yawing moments. .Hinge moments. .

Attitude.

Pressure.

Pressure conditions. . .Critical pressure. . . .Constant pressure, isobaric. . . .

Pressure fields. . .Pressure effects. . .Centre of pressure. . .

Low pressure. . .High pressure. . .Partial pressure. . .Static pressure. . .Dynamic pressure. . .

External forces.Loading, loads. .

Compressibility. . .Buffeting loads. . .Gust loads. . .Impact loads. . .Lift. . .

Lift coefficient. . . .Lift distribution. . . .Kussmer function. . . .Lift vector. . . .Lift slope. . . .Lift interference. . . .Lift effects. . . .Non-linear lift. . . .Maximum lift. . . .

Drag (aerodynamics), air resistance(aerodynamics)

. . .

Drag coefficient. . . .Drag rise. . . .Drag divergence. . . .Foredrag. . . .Profile drag, zero lift drag. . . .

Form drag. . . . .Surface friction drag, skin friction drag. . . . . .

Wave drag. . . .Induced drag, lift-induced drag. . . .Parasitic drag, interference drag. . . .Coulomb drag. . . .


FluidsGases

Spatial propertiesAnisotropic gases. .

PhysicsFluids

GasesGas mechanics

Dimensions of a physical quantitityReynolds number. .

BBRU

BSBT

BT9 E2

BBS

BTBTB

BTB 9BBTB 9BO

Parts. . . . .

Types. . . . .

Types. . . . . . .By flow properties. . . . . . . .

By speed. . . . . . . .

Special to a situation. . . .


Types of pressure. .

Gas mechanics

71

BTBTQ

BTGFC

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

***

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BTB TQTSTTTUTVTWTXUNVE

BTC BInteraction of aerodynamic forces & the elasticreactions of bodies.See also Vibration BTE

CDHKKN

See also vertical thrust BTB TXLNPPSQ

See also Oscillation BTEQTRQUQUHQUPQVQVK

Uncontrolled oscillation in yaw.QVRR

For aerodynamics, see gas mechanics in general (BTB).XN

BTD ABC

For types of flow defined by speed, see BTJ R.

C76DEE8BE8GEG

BTD NPSV

Use BTE.BTE

See also aerolasticity BTC BAdd to BTE letters A/E following BE.Add to BTE F letters F/U following BE so faras applicable.

HSustained oscillation of body.

JL

Severe vibration, especially of controlsurfaces.

NIrregular oscillation of body.

BTFYU

BTG ASee also Sonic boom BTM GHT;Supersonic flow BTJ W

AFC M

AGAHAPARAXD

Normal retroactive synthesis from BRG H/BRM isinterrupted here in order to accommodate the largevocabulary of gas flow. It is resumed at BTMThe main enumeration of the special properties andtypes of flow is given under fluids in general, at BSG.A number of the concepts prominent in gas dynamicsare repeated below for convenience and todemonstrate the scope of the synthesis. But all theclasses under fluids may be used under gases ifrequired.Add to BT letters GE/L following BS; eg

ERFC

Zero lift drag. . . .Lateral force. . .Drift. . .Wind loading. . .

Gust loading. . . .Thrust. . . .

Vertical thrust. . . . .Torsion. . .Elastic deformation. . .

Aeroelasticity (general). .

Viscoelasticity. . .Viscoelastic gases. . . .

Internal forces.Statics

Weight.Buoyancy. .

Density.Equilibrium.Stability.

Static stability. .Dynamic stability. .

Stability derivatives. . .Longitudinal stability. . .

Short-period longitudinal stability. . . .Phugoid stability. . . .

Lateral stability, directional stability. . .Snaking. . . .

Dutch rolling. . . .Instability.

Dynamics

Non-stationary gas dynamics.Kinematics.Displacement.

Velocity. .

Measurement. . .Anemometry. . . .

Acceleration. .Kinetics.

Kinetic theory of gases. .Brownian movement. . .

Mean energy of molecules, mean velocity ofmolecules

. .

Rotational flow. .Vortices, vortex mmotion, vortex flow. . .

Periodic motion. .Vibration (aeroelasticity). . .

Vibration & oscillation. . .

Flutter. . . . .

Flexure-torsion flutter. . . . . .Buzz. . . . .

Buffeting. . . . .

Waves (gas dynamics). . .Longitudinal waves. . . .Shock waves, compression waves. . . .

Attenuation. . . . . .

Mach cones. . . . . .Attached shock waves. . . . . .Standoff waves. . . . . .

Blast waves. . . .Expansion waves. . . .Other types of waves. . . .

Flow regime.Suction.

PhysicsForces

External forces.Loading, loads. .

Drag. . .Coulomb drag. . . .

PhysicsGases

Gas mechanicsDynamics

Kinetics.Mean energy of molecules. .

BBTB G

BTB JWBTB Q

BTB TBBTB TP

BBT

BTB

BTD EBTD EG

Forms of motion.

Special forms. . . .

Properties & processes. . . . .

Types. . . . .

Special attributes & elements of flow

Gas mechanics

72

BTGFE

BTHL3YU

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BTG FEAlternative (not recommended) to locating inTechnology U.

FGFH

Minimizing control forces needed to balance airloads.

FKFLFMFNFPFPHFPJFPLFPNFPPFPRFT

Aerodynamic influence of one body on another.GHGQGTGXJQJSJTLLTNCNENGNN

Lift-producing airflow round an aerofoil.NPP

PHPKPLPMPNPP

PSPTQ

Add to BTG Q letters DF/L following BT; egVortex boundary layer BTG QDP : Laminarboundary layer BTG QI.

BTG RC

See also Rarefied gas flow BTG URRERG

RJRJLRKRLRM

SESF

SHSJ

SMSNSRSS

SVT

For compressible & incompressible flow, seeBTG RE.

UURV

Mean free path of the gas molecules is largecompared with dimensions of containing vessel;so flow rate is determined more bymolecule/wall collisions than intermolecularcollisions (ie viscosity).

VRLW

Flow at very low densities.XXPY

BTH BD

L

L3Y U

Aeronautical factors (airflow)

Blowing.Balancing (aerodynamics). .

Rotational field (aerodynamics), curl (aerodynamics).Autorotation, windmilling.

Spin (aerodynamics). .Feathering.Manoeuvrability forces.

Performance (aerodynamics). .Speed. .

Rate of ascent. . .Rate of descent. . .

Take-off. .Landing (aerodynamics). .

Interference (aerodynamics), interaction (aerodynamics)

DownwashSlipstreamTurbulenceGround effect, ground resonanceSourcesSinksDoubletsJets

Couette flow.LeaksWakesEddiesCirculation

Supercirculation.Boundary layer

Transition (boundary layer). .Separation (boundary layer). .Reattachment. .Thickening (boundary layer). .Growth (boundary layer). .Interference (boundary layer). .

Wall boundary layer. .Oscillating boundary layer. .Other. .

Conical flow. .

Compressible flow. .Incompressible flow. .

Viscous flow. .Slow viscous flow. . .

Non-viscous flow. .Free stream flow. .Newtonian flow. .

Symmetrical flow. .Axisyymetrical flow. .

Equilibrium flow. .Non-equilibrium flow. .

Separated flow. .Unseparated flow. .Reattached flow. .Mixed flow. .

Cavity flow. .Shear flow. . .

Isobaric flow. .Rarefied gas flow. .

Molecular flow, Knudsen flow. . .

Free molecular flow. . . .Superaerodynamics. . .

Slip flow. . .Expansion flow, Prandtl-Meyer flow. . . .

Isothermal flow. .

Reversible flow. .Irreversible flow. .

Potential flow. .Equipment. . .

Electrolytic tanks (potential flow). . . .


FluidsGases

Gas mechanicsSuction

PhysicsFluids

GasesGas mechanics

Special attributes & elements of flowOther. . .

BBRU

BSBT

BTBBTG FC

BBS

BTBTB

BTG Q

Processes.

Types.

Types of gas flowBy shape.

By compressibility.

By viscosity.

By symmetry.

By equilibrium.

By degree of attachment.

By stress.

By pressure.

By parameter changes.

By presence of velocity potential.

Gases

73

BTHS

BTMNP

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BTH SFor Couette flow, see Jets BTG LT.

U

WBTI

ST

BTJ

RMach 0.3 or less.

SM 0.8 - M 1.0.

STSVTUV

Partly subsonic, partly supersonic.W

M 1.0 - M 4.99.X

Mach 5 or more.Y

BTK BBBG

DDR

FGHJKLNPPPPTQRST

BTL STU

BTL WSee Liquids BUL W

XSee Aeronautical engineering U

BTMNormal retroactive synthesis with classes from BR isresumed here after its interruption beginning atBTG FC.Add to BTM letters GH/Q following BR; eg

GHGHNGHSGHT

See also Shock waves BTG AGP

GPA GGQGQTGUGYHRHR3 6HR5 VHR5 WHRJHRKHRLHRL VHRM

See also Luminous discharge (gases)BTM LFH R

HRNHRPHRQHRRHRR SHRSHRTHRVKJKJF C

LFH RM

Add to BTM letters M/Q following B; egNP

Steady flow, continuous flow.

Unsteady flow, transient flow.

Free stream flow.Laminar flow, streamline flow, Poiseuille flow.

Superlaminar flow. .Transitional flow.Turbulent flow.

Low speed flow.

Subsonic flow.

With compressibility effects. .Without compressibility effects. .

High speed flow.Subcritical flow.Transonic flow.

Supersonic flow.

Hypersonic flow.

Hypervelocity flow. .

Bodies in gas flow.Control forces. .

Surfaces. .Holes. .

Streamlined bodies. .One-dimensional bodies (gas flow). .Two-dimensional bodies (gas flow). .

Manifolds. . .Nozzles. . .Conduits, ducts. . .

Channels, passages. . . .Closed conduits. . . .

Pipes. . . . .Tubes. . . . .

Three-dimensional bodies (gas flow). .Wedges. . .Bodies of revolution. . .

Cylinders. . . .Boat-tail bodies. . . .Blunt bodies. . . .Bluff bodies. . . .

Immersed bodies. . . . . . .

Acoustic properties of gases.Noise. .

LCavitation noise. . .Sonic boom. . .

Thermal properties of gases.Thermodynamics. .

Aerothermodynamics. . .Heat transfer. . .

Thermal transpiration. . . .Aerodynamic heating. . . .

Electrical & magnetic properties.Electrical discharge, field discharge (electricity). .

Practical & experimental. . .Thermionic tubes. . . .Cold cathode tubes. . . .

Partial discharge. . .High-frequency discharge. . .Electrical breakdown (general). . .

Electron avalanches. . . .Surface discharge. . .

Corona. . . .Brush discharge. . . .

Disruptive discharge. . .Arc discharge. . . .

Flashover. . . . .Spark discharge. . . . .Glow discharge. . . . .

Space charges. . .Ionization. .

Ionized gases. . .Electroluminescence. .

Luminous discharge (gases). . .

Atomic aspects.

PhysicsFluids

GasesGas mechanics

By presence of velocity potentialElectrolytic tanks. . .

PhysicsFluids

GasesMechanics

Bodies of revolution. . . . . .Bluff bodies. . . . . . .

BBS

BTBTB

BTH L3Y U

BBS

BT

BTK SBTL U

By continuity

By degree of mixing

By speed

Flow defined by bodies in gases

Parts.

Types of bodies in flow.

Aeronautical structures. . . . . .


Relations with particle & atomic physics

Condensed matter

74

BTNP

BTXBK

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BTN PBTO

See note at BRO re citation order.

See Liquids - Types of change BUO E

See Solids - Types of change BVO E

BTP WBTQ

Q

For types defined by physical properties, see theproperty; eg anisotropic gas BT9 EL.

BTR DF

See also Rarefied gas flow BTG URKO

BTS NTUV

BTTV

BTUBG

See Liquids - States of matter BUU G

See Solids - States of matter BVU G

For gases by chemical composition, see Class CChemistry; for air, see DSQ (in Class DG Earthsciences).

See BU (under condensed matter)

BTXSee note at BR. Although sometimes used to coverall bulk matter, its usual meaning now is of liquidsand solids taken together.Add to BTX letters A/U following BR as instructed;eg at BRR, with the addition of BTX BF; eg

BBBF

See also Semi-conductors BVI; DielectricsBVI S

BF7 5BF7 5W

Arrange A/Z; eg OPW calculationBTX BE7 5WO.

BF8 BBF8 HBF8 TBF8 U

BF8 VBF8 W

BFF

Some of these are special to semi-conductors(BVI) but are given here for convenience.

BFGBFHBFIBFJBFKBFLBFMBFN

Usually implies a metal.BFOBFPBFQBFQ RBFRBFR SBFSBFTBFW

Arrange A/Z; egBFW TBGBJBJQBJW

BKDeformation and flow of condensed matter.

Change of state. .

Impurities. .Surfaces. .Films. .

Perfect gases. . .Real gases. . .

Mixtures. . .

Homogeneous, single phase. . .Heterogeneous, multiphase. . .

Anomalous. . . .Binary systems. . . .

Dispersions, mixed systems. . .Colloids. . . .

Plasmas in gases, gaseous plasmas. . .Gases in gases. . .Gases in liquids & liquids in gases. . .

Gases in solids & solids in gases. . .

Liquids

Condensed matter

Energy.Energy bands, band structure. .

Calculation. . .Calculations (energy bands). . . .

Theory, models. . .Relativistic models. . . .Free electron approximation (energy bands). . . .Nearly-free electron approximation (energy

bands). . . .

Cellular method (energy band theory). . . .Supercell cellular method. . . .

Band edge energy. . . .

Fermi level, Fermi energy. . . .Brillouin zone. . . .Localized electron states. . . .Deep levels (energy bands). . . .Inner band. . . .Allowed band. . . .Forbidden zone. . . .Occupied state. . . .

Valence band. . . .Empty state (energy bands). . . . .Energy gaps, band gaps. . . . .

Energy band tails. . . . . .Barrier layer. . . . .

Barrier penetration. . . . . .Depletion layer. . . . .

Conduction bands. . . .

Two level bands. . . . .Forces.

Pressure. .High pressure physics. . .

External forces. .Deformation. . .

Rheology. . . .


FluidsGases

Relations with particle & atomic physics.Atomic aspects. .


States of matterPlasmas & fluids

Liquids. . .

BBRU

BSBT

BTM MBTM NP

BBRBRN

BRU

Processes & properties special to bulk matter.

Types of change by states involved. . .

Change of gas to & from liquid. . . .

Change of gas to & from solid. . . .

Subsystems, parts.

Types of systems.

By simplifying assumptions. .

By number of components. .

By number of phases. .

By state dispersed. .

Types of gases.

Properties. . .

Particular bands, states. . .

Special states. . . .

Liquids

75

BTXBQS

BULWCL

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BTX BQSCXDN

DN8 NQuantum of rotational energy (analogous tophoton).

GEThis class has a special expansion in Fluids BU, foruse also in gases and liquids. This special provisionapplies only to a minor degree to condensed matterin general and probably not at all to solids. But incase any of the concepts concerned are requiredunder BTX or BV (Solids) provision is made herefor them:Add to BTX GE letters GE/LW following BU ifapplicable.

HHUIP

Most of the literature on this refers to the solidstate; all details are therefore given there (atBVI P) but may be used here to qualify trulygeneral works.See also Superfluids BSV

NPO

See note at BRO re citation order.

QQBDQBFQOQOB D

BUAdd to BU letters A/U following BS (Fluids).

BU3 6UYL

BUA GT

BUBJJSO

For osmosis, see Chemistry C.JST

BUC BSee also Vibration BUE

HNOW

XX2MX2M 9LX2M 9N

Arrange A/Z; egX2M 9NE

BUD KNPS

BUEFor acoustics in liquids, see BUM GH.

BUFYU

BUG A

Normal retroactive synthesis fromBRG H/BRM is interrupted here in order toaccommodate the large vocabulary of liquidflow. It is resumed at BUM.Add to BU letters GE/L following BS; eg

ERGTP

BUIBUJBUK B

KNKO

BUL VW

WCL

Compressibility. .Dynamics

Rotation.Quanta. .

Rotons. . .

Electrical & magnetic propertiesConductivity.

Superconductivity (general). .

Change of state

Surfaces.Surface energy levels. .Fermi surface. .

Interfaces.Interface energy levels. .

Liquids, liquid physics

Practical.Equipment. .

Water tunnels, water tanks. . .Thermodynamics.

Transport properties. .

MechanicsHydromechanics, flow of liquids.

Pressure. .Osmotic pressure. . .

Flotation, floating. . .External forces.

Hydroelasticity. .

Statics.Hydrostatics. .

Equilibrium. . .Relative equilibrium (liquids). . . .

Dynamics.Hydrodynamics. .

Mathematics. . .Equations of continuity. . . .

Euler’s equation (hydrodynamics). . . . . .Forms of motions. .

Rotational motion. . .Vortices. . . .

Periodic motion. . .Vibrations & oscillations. . .

Longitudinal. . . .Shock waves. . . .

Flow regime. . .Turbulences. . .Boundary layers. . .

Laminar flow. . .Turbulent flow. . .Flow determined by bodies. . .

Channel flow. . . .Sluices. . . . .

Hydrofoils. . . .Immersed bodies, submerged bodies,

floating bodies. . . .

Density effects. . . . .Buoyancy. . . . . .


Condensed matterForces

Deformation. .Rheology. . .


Condensed matterLiquids

ThermodynamicsTransport properties.

BBRN

BTXBTX BG

BTX BK

BBRN

BTXBU

BUA GBUA T

Special attributes & elements of flow.

Types of change, by states involved.

Subsystems

By name. . . . .

Waves. . .

Special attributes & elements of flow. .

Types of flow. .

Liquids

76

BUM

BVBG

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BUMNormal retroactive synthesis is resumed here after itsinterruption at BUG ER.Add to BUM letters GF/Q following BR; eg

GHGPHM

BUN PR

BUOSee note at BRO re citation order.

EFor works considering both directions ofchange.

G

For vaporization in the narrower sense oftransformation of solid to gas, seeBVO G.

GAM

GBJ

GNSGPGQ

GQ9 4CGQNGQPGQRGRGS

Heating of liquid above its normalboiling point,

GVH

II94 CIRISL

See Solids - Change of state BVO L

BUP WBUQ

BLXOU

BUQ Q

For systems defined by physical properties, seeproperty; eg electrically conducting liquidsBUM HU.

BUR DNO

BUTBUU

See note at BRT re citation order.BGHJL

See Solids BVU LS

For liquids defined by chemical composition, seeClass C Chemistry; for liquid crystals, see BWU L

BUW D

BVFor solid state physics in the narrow sense of the electricaland electronic properties of solids, see BVH.Add to BV letters A/U following BR; eg

BV9 EKEL

BVBF

G

Acoustics.Thermal properties.Electro-magnetic properties.

Change of state.Transitions, transformations. .

Change of liquids to gases & gases to liquids. . .Liquid-vapour transformations. . . .

Evaporation, vaporization, volatilization,change of liquids to gases

. . . . .

Entropy. . . . . .Entropy of fusion (liquid to gas). . . . . . .

Pressure. . . . . .Vapour pressure. . . . . . .

Latent heat. . . . . .Latent heat of vaporization. . . . . . .

Volatility. . . . . .Boiling. . . . . .

Critical point. . . . . . .Boiling point. . . . . . . .

Nucleate boiling. . . . . . .Film boiling. . . . . . .Pool boiling. . . . . . .

Formation of vapour below boiling point. . . . . .Superheating. . . . . .

Field evaporation. . . . . .Liquefaction of gas, change of gases to

liquids. . . . .

Condensation. . . . . .Condensation point, dewpoint. . . . . . .Filmwise condensation. . . . . . .Dropwise condensation. . . . . . .

Change of liquids to & from solids. . .

Impurities. .Liquid surfaces. .

Surface tension. . .Free surfaces. . .

Films. . .

Ideal liquids. . . .

Mixtures. . . .

Liquid dispersions. . . .

Plasmas in liquids, liquid plasmas. . . . . .Gases in liquids & liquids in gases. . . . . .

Liquids in gases. . . . . . .Gases in liquids. . . . . . .

Liquids in solids & solids in liquids. . . . . .

Liquids in liquids. . . . . .

Pure liquids. . .

Solids, rigid bodies

Spatial properties.Isotropic solids. .Anisotropic solids. .

Mechanics.Energy bands. .

Forces. .


Condensed matterLiquids

MechanicsBuoyancy. . . . . .

PhysicsCondensed matter

LiquidsSubsystems of liquids. .

Liquid surfaces. . .Free surfaces. . . .

BBRN

BTXBU

BUL WCL

BBTX

BU

BUQBUQ OU


Relations with particle & nuclear physics.

Types of change by states involved. .

Subsystems of liquids.

Systems. .

By simplifying assumptions. . .

By number of components. . .

Systems by number of phases. . .

By state dispersed. . . . .

Types of liquids. .

Strain

77

BVBK

BVBYJR

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BVB K

KL

KL6 LFM JFor photoelelastic effect, seeBVL FMJ.

KMKNKPKQKRKVL

Deforming force per metre.

LMLNLP

For example, holes, edges.LQLRLSLVLX

MDMFMHMLMMMNMPMQMRMTNNSOOTOUOVPQ

Add to BVB letters Q/V following BTB(aerodynamic loads) so far as applicable.

QSSee also Bulk modulus BVC BG

BVB TDeformation resulting from stress.

TLTM

Add to BVB U letters L/R following BVB; egUN

Result of applying twisting force or torque.UOUPUWUXVE

See also elasticity BVC BVL

See also piezoelectric effect BVI UCVMVNVOVPVQVRVSVTVXWPWQWRWTXDXDB KQXFXGXHXJ

Rotation of crystal axes to achieve symmetry.XLXNYDYFYGYH

Arrange A/Z; egYHAYHVYJ

Arrange A/Z; egYJCYJR

Deformation

Stress-strain relationships. .Techniques. . .

Birefringence techniques. . . .Photoelastic stress analysis. . . . .

Elastic limit. . .Limit of proportionality. . .Strength (stress-strain). . .

Yield point, yield strength. . . .Rupture point. . . . .

High velocity deformation.Stress.

Stress distribution. . .Concentration (stresses). . . .

Stress raisers. . .

Intensity (stress). . .Relaxation. . .Stress waves. . .

Stress components. .Tension. . .

Internal stress, residual stress. . .Combined stress. . .Static stress. . .

Hydrostatic pressure (stresses). . . .Dynamic stress. . .

Cyclic stress. . . .Flow stress. . .Vibrational stress. . .Thermal stress, thermoelastic stress. . .Bending stress. . .Torsional stress, twisting stress. . .

Impact stress. . . .Normal stress, direct stress. . .

Tensile stress, tensional stress. . . .Ultimate tensile stress, direct stress. . . . .

Compressive stress. . . .Shear stress. . .

Loads, loading. .

Compressibility. . .

Strain

Bauschinger effect.Hooke’s law.

Torsion. .

Normal strain. .Shear strain. .

Warpage.Aging.Elastic deformation.

Electrostriction, electrostricture strain. .

Dimension changes (strains). .Longitudinal strain, linear strain. . .

Elongation, stretching, lengthening (strain). . . .Contraction, shrinkage, shortening (strain). . . .

Area changes (strain). . .Volume changes (strain). . .

Swelling (strain). . . .Flattening. . . .Expansion (strain). . . .

Plastic deformation.Superplasticity. .Hardness. .Deflection. .Dislocation. .

Yield strength. . .Slip. . .

Direction of slip. . . .Slip planes. . . .

Deformation twinning (dislocation). . .

Edge dislocation. . .Screw dislocation. . .

Failure (strain).Fatigue. .

Limit (fatigue strain). . .

Acoustic fatigue. . . .Vacuum fatigue. . . .

Compression load. . . .Random load. . . .


States of matterCondensed matter

SolidsForces


Condensed matterSolids

StressCompressibility. .

BBRBRN

BTXBV

BVB G

BBRN

BTXBV

BVB LBVB QS

Parameters.


Types of stresses. .

By stress.

By environmental effect. . .

By load. . .

Solids

78

BVBYK

BVGX

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BVB YKYLB

YLDYLFYLHYM

Angular deformation.YNYPYQYRYSYTYUYV

BVC ASee Surfaces BVQ CA

BProperty of a physical system allowing it to return to theoriginal physical state after removal of a stress.

BERatio of stress to strain.For elastic limit, see BVB KM.

BFBG

For compressibility (the reciprocal of bulkmodulus) see BVB QS.

BHBIBJBKBLBMBNBOBPBQBRBSBTBUBVBW

For photoelastic effect, see BVL FMJ.CC

Show a combination of liquid-like and solid-likebehaviour, due in particular to energy storage anddissipation during deformation.

CESee also Creep BVB YK; Damping BVC CJ

BVC CGCJCKCPCQCSCTDHSX

BVE

RUBVG E

This class has a special expansion for fluids,gases and liquids, achieved by an interruptionof normal synthesis. The concepts involvedapply only to a minor degree to condensedmatter and hardly at all to solids. But in caseany of the concepts concerned are requiredhere, provision is made for them as follows:Add to BVG E letters GE/LW following BU.

HH7HH7H L

HJHKO

O8NP

PJ

For pyromagnetism, see BVJ UGX.WX

Creep. . .Recovery (creep). . . .

Transient creep. . . . .Steady state creep. . . . .Tertiary creep. . . . .

Shearing. . .

Tearing. . .Fracture, rupture (fracture). . .

Post-yield fracture. . . .Brittle fracture, brittleness. . . .Spalling. . . .Cleavage, splitting. . . .Cracks (fracture). . . .

Buckling. . .Friction, tribology

Elasticity

Modulus of elasticity, elastic constants.

Young’s modulus, coefficient of elasticity. .Bulk modulus, volume elasticity. .

Rigidity modulus, shear modulus. .Poisson’s ratio (elasticity). .Rupture modulus. .Bending moment. .

Ductility. .Toughness. .Hysteresis (properties of solids). .Instability (elasticity). .Brittleness. .Resilience. .Flexibility (elasticity). .Extensibility. .Relaxation. .Stiffness. .Rigidity. .

Viscoelasticity, viscoelastic solids. .

Anelasticity. .

Thermoelasticity. . .Damping.

Internal friction. .Plasticity.

Photoplasticity. .Superplasticity. .

Hardness.Internal forces.

StaticsMotionDynamics

Periodic motion.Vibration, oscillation & wave motion. .

Coupling. . .Polaritons. . . .

Acoustic properties (solids). . .Visualization & imaging. . . .

Chladni figures. . . . .

Magnetoacoustics, acoustomagnetics. . . . .Acoustomagnetoelectric effects. . . . . .

Extremely high frequencies. . . .Quantum state. . . . .

Phonons. . . . . .Thermal properties

Magnetocaloric effects, thermomagnetic effects,magnetothermal effects

. .

Low temperature (solids).High temperature (solids).


SolidsDeformation

Fatigue. . .Random load. . . . .


SolidsForces

Elasticity.Anelasticity. . .

BBTX

BVBVB KBVB YF

BVB YJR

BBTX

BVBVB G

BVC BBVC CE

By stage. . . .

Elastic properties.

Forms of elasticity.

Special attributes & elements of flow. . .

Interactions with other energy forms. . . .


Solids

79

BVGY

BVHNKN

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BVG YThis is the main schedule for these in Class B, for thereasons given at BGY (that many of the concepts aredependent on bulk matter). An additional factor is thatmany of them (eg circuits) also reflect the existence ofhuman artefacts which, strictly speaking, should go inClass U/V Technology.The term Solid state physics is sometimes used for thisclass. For works using it thus, use BVH.Locate works here only when they are treated ascontributions to physics proper, rather thantechnology. In cases of doubt, prefer technology.

BVHElectric and magnetic fields in solids and theirinteraction with electric charges and currents.For electric fields, see BVH IBH; for magneticfields, see BVJ BH.

BHSee also Electrostatics BVH N

BHJBHKBHLBHMBHN

IIBH

Usually implies electrostatic field (BVH NBH);in cases of doubt, prefer latter.

IBH KJC

JGJLK

For free electrons, see BNP RLJ; for chargecarriers, see BVI E.

KLSee also Electrostatics BVH NKL

KNTKNVKOKPKQKRKSKV

BVH L

LJGLNLPLQLRLSLTLULVLWLXMC

Rate at which energy is spent.

MCJ GMCPMCRMCTMDMEMGMHMLMMMNMPMQMRMSN

Phenomena associated with electric charge at rest, ascompared with current electricity.For electrodynamics, see BVH O.

NBGNBH

See note at BVH IBH.NBH KNBH Q

NBH RNBH SNBH T

NKNKLNKMNKN

Electrical & magnetic properties

Electromagnetic properties of solids.

Electromagnetic field. .

Gradient (electromagnetic field). . . .Field strength (electromagnetism). . . .Field interaction (electromagnetism). . . .Excitation of field (electromagnetism). . . .Deexcitation of field (electromagnetism). . . .

Electric field. .

Electric intensity, electric field strength. . .Electrical quantities, electrical variables. .

Gain. . . .Loss. . . .

Charge, electric charge. . .

Electrification. . . .

Attraction. . . .Repulsion. . . .Electric moments. . . .Polarity. . . .Electric dipoles. . . .Positive charge. . . .Negative charge. . . .Hypercharge. . . .

Voltage, potential difference, electromotive force,EMF, potential (electricity)

.

Gain. .Voltage gain. . .

Distribution of voltage. .Voltage drop. .Overvoltage. .Contact potential. .Surface potential. .Low voltage. .Medium voltage. .High voltage. .Very high voltage. .

Capacitance.Power (electricity).

Gain. .Power gain. . .

Power factor, dielectric power factor. .Dissipation factor. .Power level. .Input power. .Output power. .Reactive power. .Apparent power. .Load (electricity). .

Load distribution (electricity). . .Load fluctuation (electricity). . .Load instability (electricity). . .Load sharing. . .Load energy (electricity). . .No load. . .

Electrostatics, static electricity

Electrostatic forces.Electric flux lines, electric lines of force. .

Electrostatic field.

Electric field strength, electric intensity. .Electric flux lines, electric lines of force. . .

Radial electric field. . .Uniform electric field. . .Crossed fields (electricity). . .

Charge.Electrostatic charge. .

Electrification.Inductive electrification, electrostatic induction. .Frictional electrification, triboelectrification. .



Thermal propertiesHigh temperature.


SolidsElectrical quantities

Charge.Hypercharge. .

BBRN

BTXBV

BVG PBVG X

BBTX

BVBVH JC

BVH KBVH KV

Properties. . .

Electricity, electrical properties of solids.

Input-output relations. . .

Types of electrostatic fields. .

Current

80

BVHNN

BVHXL

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

BVH NNNQ

Energy needed to move a charge; for potentialdifference, see BVH L.

ORelationship between electric and magnetic forces andtheir mechanical causes and effects, especially changesin motion due to electric and magnetic fields.For quantum electrodynamics, see BNG 8M.

OPFor alternating currents, see BVH Y

OROSOUP

Rate of flow of charge.PCM

PDEPEAPQ

PRPSPTPVR

Removal or reduction of an electrical charge froma body. Most of the literature concerns dischargein gases; see Bulk matter - Gases BTM HR

SArrangement of conductors, etc. to form a path foran electric current.For types of circuits, networks, etc., seeelectrotechnology U

S76S76 T

S94 PS97

For capacitance, see BVH LX.

See Electromagnetic induction BVH OP

BVH SVAdmittance and impedance together.

SXProperty which permits flow of current;reciprocal of impedance.

SYTTUTX

Reciprocal of resistance; real part ofadmittance.

U

VThe total opposition to a current flow (by itscapacitance and inductance as well as itsresistance). In particular, the quantity determiningthe amplitude of the current for a given voltage inan a-c circuit (see BVH Y).For capacitance, see BVH LX.

VFOVVVWVXWBWCWDWEWG

For dielectrics, see BVI SWJ

WLWMWNWPWSWT

XBUsually assumed.

XDNot accompanied by motion of current carriers in thedielectric; formulates electric dipoles.

XFXHXJXK

For electromagnetic induction, see BVH OP.See also Skin effect BVH PV

XL

Edge effect. .Electric potential. . .

Electrodynamics

Electromagnetic induction.

Inductance. .Self inductance. . .Mutual inductance. . .

Current (electricity).

Density. .Kinetics. .

Electrokinetics. . .Oscillation. .Distribution of current, conduction of electricity,

transmission of electricity. .

Amplification of current. .Fluctuations of current. .Rectification. .Skin effect. .Electrical discharge (general), field discharge

(electricity) (general). .

Circuits (general). .

Measurement. . .Q factor. . . .

Temperature. . . .Radiation. . . .

Inductance. . . .

Immittance. .

Admittance. . .

Intensity (admittance). . . .Electric displacement. . . .Susceptance. . . .Conductance. . . .

Conductivity, conduction, electricallyconducting solids

. . . .

Impedance. . .

Resonance (impedance). . . .Reactance. . . .

Capacitive reactance. . . . .Inductive reactance. . . . .

Resistance. . . .Constant resistance. . . . .Negative resistance. . . . .Contact resistance. . . . .Insulating resistance. . . . .

Resistivity (impedance). . . .

Low impedance. . . . .High impedance. . . . .Characteristic impedance. . . . .Constant impedance. . . . .

Saturation (electricity). .Drift (electricity). .

Normal current, conduction current.

Displacement current.

Forward current.Reverse current.Critical current.Eddy current, Foucault current.

Light current.


SolidsElectrostatics

Electrification.Frictional electrification. .

PhysicsSolids

ElectrodynamicsCurrent

CircuitsInductance. .

BBTX

BVBVH N

BVH NKLBVH NKN

BBV

BVH OBVH P

BVH S

Special properties.

Conditions, influencing factors. . .

Properties. . .

In special materials. . . . .

Types of impedance. . . .

Types of current

Semicounductors

81

BVHXN

BVIPU

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BVH XNXVYYSXYTUYWB

For vacuum tubes, see B6I BM; for gasdischarge tubes, see B6I BS.

BVIBCXBCX 8BBCX 8RBCX 8SBCX HNBCX JBCX KBCX KFU FBCX KIHBCX LBCX MBDBF

Add to BVI BF letters A/Y followingBTX BF; eg

BFLBFMBFOBFTBFW

Arrange A/Z.D

Add to BVI D letters D/Q following B ifapplicable.

E

EHEJEKELEMENEPERESETEU

EV

BVI EX

F9C IFATFAY CFAY DFCL

FJ

FNFPFQFRFSGB

More details are available in the Technologyschedule U

GCGDGEGFGGGHGJ

GLGMGNGPGQGRGSGTGUGVGWGXHB

See Techniques B6I HBP

More details are available from the Technology ClassUAdd to BVI P letters A/G following BVI so far asapplicable; eg

P94 PCPETPEUPSPU

Heavy current. .Direct current. .Alternating current. .

Admittance. . .Susceptance. . .Resistance. . .

Semicounductors.Electron states, crystal electron state. .

Theory. . .Localized electron theory. . . .Collective electron theory. . . .

Coulomb effect. . .Magnetoelectric effect. . .Radiation effect. . .

Diffusion. . . .Recombination radiation. . . .

Photovoltaic effect. . .Photoconductivity. . .

Energy levels. .Energy bands (semiconductors), band

structure (semiconductors). . .

Allowed bands. . . .Forbidden zone. . . .Valence bands. . . .Conduction bands. . . .Other bands. . . .

Charge carriers. .

Generation. . . .Concentration. . . .Injection. . . .Recombination. . . .Doping. . . .

Ion implementation. . . . .Breakdown. . . .

Reverse bias charge. . . . .Avalanche. . . . . .Tunnelling, tunnel effect. . . . . .

Josephson junction, Josephsoneffect

. . . . . . .

Zener effect. . . . . .

Electron-bound hole pairs. . . .

Lifetime, bulk lifetime. . .Transport properties. . .

Mobility, scattering. . . .Drift mobility. . . . .

Density. . .

Traps. . .

Conduction electrons. . .Ionic conduction. . .Holes (charge carriers). . .Majority carriers. . .Minority carriers. . .

Semi-conductor materials.

Binary materials (semiconductors). .Ternary materials (semiconductors). .Intrinsic semiconductor materials. .Extrinsic semiconductor materials. .Dopants, impurities (semiconductors). .

Acceptor impurities. . .Donor impurities. . .

Amorphous substances (semiconductors). . .Elemental substances (semiconductors). . .Ionic substances (semiconductors). . .Liquids (semiconductors). . .Oxides (semiconductors). . .Silicon (semiconductors). . .Germanium (semiconductors). . .Group 3-5 semiconductors. . .Gallium arsenide (semiconductors). . .Group 2-6 semiconductors. . .

Cadmium sulphide. . . .Other substances. . . .

Semiconductor devices.

Superconductors

Critical temperature.Tunnelling.

Josephson effect. .Superconducting junction devices.

Superconducting quantum interference devices,SQUID

. .


SolidsElectrodynamics

CurrentLight current. .

PhysicsSemicounductors

Charge carriers.Processes. .

Reverse bias charge. . . .Zener effect. . . . .

BBTX

BVBVH O

BVH PBVH XL

BBVIBVI E

BVI ERBVI EV

Electrodynamics of special media

Other energy interactions & forms. .

Processes. . .

Properties. .

Constituents. .

Types of carriers. .

By substance. .

Solids

82

BVIPV

BVIV

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

BVI PVPWS

Substances which can sustain an electric field andact as insulators.See also Piezoelectricity BVI UC

SBV ESBV LSFASFCSFC GSFC MSFL

SFPSFP RSFU PSH

SHJ L

SHJ N

SHP

SHTSHT S

Ratio of electric displacement in adielectric to the applied electric fieldstrength.

SHT TSHU

SHU VSHVSHW

Quantity of electric displacement across agiven area of a dielectric.

SLSLF MJPSLH

SM

Electric phenomena affected by other energy forms.For interactions in which electricity is the agent &not the recipient of the action, see the latter; egelectrooptics BRL H.

BVI UB

UCProduction of electrical polarization bymechanical stress. May also refer to the reverse(production of mechanical stress by electricalpolarization); in this case, use BVB LH.For electrostriction, see BVB VL.

UCH WBUCH WHUCRUGH

See also acoustoelectronics (technology) UUGP

UGQUGRUGS

UGTUGUUJUJQUJRUJSUJTUJUV

For electron emission in general, see BNP FGFor photoconductivity, see semiconductorsBVI BCX M.For electroluminescence, see BRL FHR.

Meissner effect devices. .Superconducting thin film circuit. .

Dielectrics, dielectric materials

Elastic deformation.Electrostriction. .

Propagation. .Loss (dielectrics), dissipation (dielectrics). . .Attenuation. . .

Absorption. .Polarization. .

Dielectric polarization. . .Relaxation time (dielectrics). . . .

Dispersion. .Electromagnetic properties.

Loss. .Breakdown (dielectrics). . .

Strength.Dielectric strength, disruptive strength

(dielectrics). .

Current. .Displacement. . .

Dielectric strain, dielectric displacement. . . .Permittivity. . . . .

Absolute permittivity. . . . . .Relative permittivity, dielectric constant

(permittivity). . . . . .

Electric susceptibility. . . . . . .Dielectric hysteresis. . . . .Electric flux (dielectrics). . . . .

Optical properties.Photoelasticity. .Electrooptics. .

Ferroelectric materials. .

Mechanical electric effects, electromechanicaleffects

.

Piezoelectricity. .

Resistance. . .Piezoresistance. . . .

Elastoresistance. . . . .Ferroelectricity. . .

Acoustoelectric effects, electroacoustics.

Thermoelectricity, thermoelectric effect.

Peltier effect. . .Seebeck effect. . .Thomson effect, Kelvin effect

(thermoelectricity). . .

Pyroelectricity. . .Electrocaloric effect. . .

Magnetoelectric effects, galvanomagnetic effects.Hall effect. .Nernst effect. .Photoelectromagnetic effects. .Magnetoresistance, magnetoresistivity. .

Corbino effect. . .Photoelectric effects (solids).


SolidsElectrodynamics

SuperconductorsSuperconducting quantum interference devices. .



ElectrodynamicsFerroelectric materials. . . .

BBTX

BVBVH O

BVI PBVI PU

BBRN

BTXBV

BVH OBVI SM

Wave properties.

Electrical properties of dielectrics.

Types of dielectrics.

Interactions of electrical with other energy forms

Special effects. .

Magnetism

83

BVJ

BVJTV

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

BVJ

45V5W8M8MO

BBPBHBHK

BIM

CPReturning to equilibrium after disturbance.

FOSee also Magnetic resonance imaging B7I O

FOHFPJEJFJGJMJNKKLKN

KPKQ

Ratio of mfd & magnetic field strength.KRKSKTLLMLNLPLR

LSLTLULVLWLX

LY

For fields of force, see BVJ BHBVJ N

Hypothetical particles underlying magnetism.NPNQNRNS

For domain wall and wall energy, seeferromagnetism BVJ S

PCPEPFPLPNPP

See Earth sciences DPQ

See also materials defined by these forms; egparamagnetic materials BVR JR.

PXProduced by an electric current rather than by apermanent magnet.

See also materials defined by these forms; egparamagnetic materials BVR JR.

QQS

Unable to retain magnetism.See also high polymers BVS RB

RR6

R6G TRFORS

RUSSLMSNSSNWSVTTV

Magnetism, magnetic properties magnetically orderedsystems, magnetic materials

Instrumentation.Magnetometers. .Magnetic balances. .Quantum properties. .

Magnons, quantized spin waves. . .Potential energy.

Magnetomotive force, MMF, magnetic potential. .Magnetic fields (general).

Field strength (magnetism), magnetic intensity. .

Moments. .Magnetic moment, dipole moment (magnetism). . .

Stability. .Relaxation (magnetism). . .

Resonance (magnetism). .

Double resonance. . .Polarization (magnetism), polarity (magnetism). .Magnetic loss, magnetic leakage. .Attraction (magnetism). .Repulsion (magnetism). .Transition temperature (magnetism). .Curie temperature, Curie law. .Magnetic flux, magnetic lines of force. .

Magnetic circuit. . .Magnetic flux density, MFD, magnetic induction

(mfd). . .

Anisotropy (magnetism). . .Permeability. . .

Magnetic constant. . . .Susceptibility. . .Reluctance, magnetic resistance. . .

Magnetization. .Coercive force. . .Magnetic aftereffect. . .Hysteresis (magnetism). . .Reversal of magnetization, magnetic polarity

reversal. . .

Demagnetization, demagnetized fields. . .Transition (demagnetization). . . .

Remanence, residual magnetization. . .Spontaneous magnetization. . .

Magnetic transitions. . . .Induced magnetization, magnetic induction,

magnetic displacement. . . .

Saturation. . . .

Magnetic monopoles.

Poles.Dipoles.

Dipole moments. .Domains.

Steady state magnetic fields.Magnetostatics. .

High magnetic fields.Multipole fields.Crossed magnetic fields.Geomagnetism.

Magnetic meridians. .

Electromagnetism (forms of magnetism). .

Diamagnetism. .Soft magnetism, soft magnetic materials. .

Paramagnetism, paramagnetic materials. .Techniques. . .

Cooling. . . .Magnetic cooling. . . . .

Paramagnetic resonance. . .Pauli paramagnetism, free electron

paramagnetism. . .

Superparamagnetism. . .Ferromagnetism. .

Coercive force. . .Domains. . .Walls. . .Anti-ferromagnetism. . .

Ferrimagnetism. .Anti-ferrimagnetism. . .



Electricity, electrical properties of solidsPhotoelectric effects. .


SolidsMagnetism

Properties & processesSaturation. . .

BBRN

BTXBV

BVH IBVI V

BBTX

BVBVJ

BVJ LY


Field components

Types of magnetic fields

Forms of magnetism

By source.

By atomic and ionic structure.

Solids

84

BVJU

BVQCAEU

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BVJ U

Interactions in which magnetic properties areaffected by other energy forms. For interactionsin which the magnetism is the agent rather thanthe patient, see the material or phenomenonaffected; e.g. magnetohydrodynamics BRU J;Kerr effect (optics) BRL JP.See also Magnetic cooling BVR JR6 GT

UB

UBLStress dependence of magneticproperties.

UBL RUCB

UDNUGX

BVK73FCFC4FC5 V

BVLThe full schedule for these is at BRL, from whichdetails may be drawn; eg

FEFILFM

FMJFNFPFRJLLFH RMNP

BVMAdd to BVM letters M/Q following B.

BVN PSee also types of solids defined by number of phasesBVS N/BVU.

R

BVO BEFFQG

HLM

For humidity, see Class D MeteorologyN

N9BNAMPPRPSQ

Q94 CRR94 CST

Slow & continuous cooling of liquidwhereby its temperature drops to belownormal freezing point (ie, to a metastablestate in which solidification is precipitatedby very small additions of solid or by thesmallest mechanical disturbance).

WSee BWO J

BVP WBVQ

BBKCA

Friction, lubrication & wear of surfaces inrelative motion.

CABCACCAD

Arrange A/Z; egCAD GCAECAE TCAE U

Magnetomechanical effects. . . .Stress. . . . .

Magnetostriction, piezomagnetism. . . . . .

Joule effect. . . . . . .Magnetoelasticty. . . . . .

Rotation. . . .Gyromagnetic effect. . . . .

Pyromagnetism. . . .Radiation properties. .

Production techniques. . .Transmission. . .

Instruments. . . .Waveguides. . . . .

Optical properties. .

Spectra. . .Opacity. . .Refraction. . .

Birefringence. . . .Photoelastic effect. . . . .

Reflection. . .Polarization. . .Interference. . .Magneto-optical effect. . .Luminosity. . .

Electroluminescence. . . .Colour. . .

Colour systems. . . .

Change of state

Phase transformations.

Sublimation. . .Latent heat of sublimation. . . .Solids to gases (change of state),

vaporization (solid to gas). . . .

Gases to solids (change of state). . . .

Solids to liquids (change of state),liquefactions (of solids)

. . .

Melting, fusion (melting). . . .Critical point. . . . .

Melting point. . . . . .Entropy of fusion (liquid to solid). . . . .Plastic-liquid phase. . . . .

Flow point, softening point. . . . . .Dropping point, droplets. . . . . .

Liquids to solids (change of state),solidification

. . .

Critical point. . . .Eutectic point, reaction point. . . . .

Freezing. . . .Freezing point. . . . .

Icing, congealing. . . .Supercooling. . . .

Crystallization. . . .

Impurities.Surfaces.

Mechanics. .Deformation. . .Tribology, friction (general). . .

Lubrication. . . . .Lubricants. . . . . .

Graphite lubricants. . . . . . . .

Gaseous lubricants. . . . . . . .Liquid lubricants. . . . . . . .

PhysicsMechanics

Electrical & magnetic properties.Magnetism. .

Forms of magnetism. . .Anti-ferrimagnetism. . . . . .



Change of statePhase transformations.

BBVB

BVG YBVJ

BVJ TV

BBRN

BTXBV

BVN PBVN R

Interactions of magnetism with other energyforms

. . .


Types of changes in solids, by states involved.To & from plasmas. .To & from gases. .

To & from liquids. .

Subsystems of solids

Operations. . . .

By composition. . . . . . .

By state of matter. . . . . . .

Solids

85

BVQCAEV

BVUS

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BVQ CAE VCAFCAGCAH

For friction, see general class BVQ CA.CAJ CCAJ DCAKCALCAMCANCAPCAQCARCAR RCASCATCAV

Removal of matter from surface of amoving body by friction with theatmosphere (eg by vaporization).

NBNCNPNRNSNTOQ

For systems defined by physical properties, see theproperty; eg isotropic solids BV9 EK.Chemical aspects of the following classes are locatedin Class C Chemistry.

BVR NOOPS

See Homogeneous solids BVS NRS

BVS NPhysical and chemical properties are the sameabout every point; may be amorphous orcrystalline.

NLNRS

Homogeneous mixture of two or more solids,forming a homogeneous crystalline phase ofseveral different chemical species.

NRS NRNRS NRSO

OPPPVQRB

RERGRHRJT

BVTQ

V

BVU BGH

HRPHTVHTWJLMMROMRPMTVMTWMTXMTYNS

For solid solutions, see homogeneousmixtures BVS NRS.

Solid lubricants. . . . . . . .Self lubrication. . . . . . .Boundary lubrication. . . . . . .Thin film lubrication. . . . . . .

Mechanical contact (surfaces). . . . .Adhesion. . . . .Internal friction. . . . .Coulomb friction. . . . .Rolling & sliding friction (together). . . . .

Rolling friction. . . . . .Sliding friction. . . . . .

Skid resistance. . . . .Wear. . . . .

Resistance to wear. . . . . .Abrasion. . . . . .Erosion (tribology). . . . . .Ablation. . . . . .

Roughness, smoothness. . . .Corrugations. . . .Protuberences. . . .Notches. . . .Perforations. . . .Porosity. . . .

Interfaces. .Films.

Single component systems. .Mixtures. .

Eutectics. . .Solutions. . .

Homogeneous solids.

Optically homogeneous solids. .Solid solutions. .

Transformation. . .Order-disorder transformations. . . .

Amorphous solids (homogeneous solids). .

Crystallinity of amorphous solids. . . .VitreouLs solids. . .

Glasses. . . .Polymers (amorphous solids). . .

High polymers (amorphous solids), plastics(amorphous solids)

. . . .

Elastomers (amorphous solids). . . .Thermoplastics (amorphous solids). . . .Thermosetting plastics (amorphous solids). . . .Fibres (amorphous solids). . . .

Heterogeneous solids.Dispersions. .

Surfaces. . .

Colloids. . .

Plasmas in solid, solid state plasmas. . . .Gas-in-solid & solid-in-gas. . . .

Solid-in-gas dispersions. . . . .Mixtures. . . . . .

Dusts. . . . . . .Colloids. . . . . .

Smokes. . . . . . .Gas-in-solid dispersions. . . . .

Liquid-in-solid & solid in liquid. . . .Solid-in-liquid dispersions. . . . .

Mixtures. . . . . .Suspensions. . . . . . .

Colloids. . . . . .Semi-solids. . . . . . .

Gels. . . . . . . .Sols. . . . . . .

Liquid-in-solid dispersions. . . . .Solid-solid systems. . . .

PhysicsSubsystems of solids

Surfaces.Mechanics. .

Tribology. . .Operations. . . .

By state of matter. . . . . . .Liquid lubricants. . . . . . . .



By number of componentsSolutions. .

B

BVQBVQ BBVQ CA

BVQ CAEBVQ CAE U

BBRN

BTXBV

BVR S

Processes. . . .

Elements & attributes of surfaces. . .

Systems of solids

By number of components.

By number of phases

Properties. . .

Systems. . .

By states dispersed. . .

Crystals

86

BW

BWOJY

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BWSolids in which the physical properties may varyregularly with direction, being the same along allparallel directions.An alternative (not recommended) is to locate thisclass in C, with crystal chemistry.

BW2 MBW3 6

UBW6 9

KKFMKFM 9BIKFM JKFM MKFM NKFPKFP 76KFQKFQ H

KFQ J

KFQ L

KFQ PKFQ RKFT

LXLXF QLXF SLXF WMNPNPF QNWNWF Q

BW7 MMLX

See also diffraction techniques BW6 KFQ

For isotropic and anisotropic crystals, seeBWS Q.

BWABWB

HK

For crystal defects, see BWQ DKVLTWPXDYFYKYPYRYT

BWC BBWG P

YBWL

FLFMFPFQM

BWMBWN P

For crystallization, see BWO J.RT

Normal retroactive synthesis by BV (as instructed at BR)is modified here in order to accommodate the specialprocesses and properties of crystals. Normal synthesis isresumed at BWR B.Add to BWN X letters A/W following BVO ifapplicable.

BWO GH

Initiation of the growth process.

HRHSHTJ

Slow formation of a crystal from melt or solution.

JSJW

JY

Crystals, crystallography

Mathematical methods.Practical & experimental crystallography.

Equipment. .Physical methods in investigation. .

Radiation techniques. . .Refraction techniques. . . .

Refractive index (crystallography). . . . .Double refraction, birefringence. . . . .

Ordinary rays (refraction). . . . . .Extraordinary rays (refraction). . . . . .

Polarization. . . .Polarimetry. . . . .

Diffraction techniques. . . .Precession method (diffraction

techniques). . . . .

Rotating crystal method (diffractiontechniques)

. . . . .

Oscillating crystal (diffractiontechniques)

. . . . .

Powder method (crystal diffraction). . . . .De Jong-Boumann method. . . . .

Scatter techniques. . . .

X-ray techniques. . . . .X-ray diffraction. . . . . .

Laue method. . . . . . .Weissenberg method. . . . . . .

Particulate radiation techniques. . . . .Electron techniques. . . . . .

Electron diffraction (crystallography). . . . . . .Neutron techniques. . . . . .

Neutron diffraction (crystallography). . . . . . .

Spectroscopy. . .X-ray spectroscopy (crystallography). . . .

Spatial properties. .

Physical crystallography.Mechanics. .

Forces. . .Deformation. . . .

High velocity deformation. . . . .Stress. . . . .Strain. . . . .Plastic deformation. . . . .

Dislocation. . . . . .Fatigue. . . . . .Creep. . . . . .Fracture. . . . . .

Brittleness. . . . . . .Cleavage. . . . . . .

Elasticity. . . .Thermal properties. .Electric & magnetic properties. .Optical properties. .

Absorption. . .Refraction. . .Polarization. . .Diffraction. . .Colour. . .

Particle physics & crystallography. .Change of state.

Phase transformation. .Phase equilibrium. . .

Growth of crystals, formation of crystals.Nucleation. .

Nucleating agents. . . .Homogeneous nucleation. . .Heterogeneous nucleation. . .

Crystallization. .

Seed crystals. . . .Water of crystallization, constitutional water,

water of hydration. . .

Polymorphism (crystallization). . .



By number of phasesSolid-solid systems. . . .


SolidsCrystals

Processes & propertiesSpatial properties.

BBRN

BTXBV

BVU S

BBTX

BVBW

By radiation/particle. . . .

By action on phenomenon investigated. .


Special processes/properties in crystallography

Agents. . .

Agents. . .

Lattices

87

BWOL

BWQN

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

BWO LUnified crystal growth, depositing one layeron another.See also Semiconductors BVI

LRLSMMS

See also Mineralogy DIQMTNPQRT

For crystal texture, see BWR C.T2P

Use BWO U.T9J S

Use BWP S.U

BWP

BBBB2 MBB2 M9N

CXOscillation of atoms in the lattice.See also phonons BWP E8N

E

E8NQuantum of lattice vibrational energyin crystal.

E8N FTS

Symmetry is a major defining characteristicof types of crystals. For such types, seeBWS Q/BWU.See also Cleavage BWB YT

For space groups, see BWQ L.T

VSee also types of crystals defined byaxes, BWS Q

VRVSVTVW

BWP WWRX

X76BWQ D

D36

D92 DD92 EDRDSDT

EGEK

EKG G

Add to BWQ E letters KJ/Q following B;eg

ELX

ERETEVEW

For line defects, see slip planes BWB XH.F

Localized misalignments or gaps in lattice.See also Vacancies BWQ GV

G

GSGTGVGW

HWithout defects.

J

LLSLULVMN

Epitaxy. .

Liquid phase epitaxy. . .Molecular beam epitaxy. . .

Recrystallization. .Solid state recrystallization. . .

Crystal pulling. .Thick films (crystal growth). .Whisker crystals. .Dendritic growth, dendrites. .Crystalline overgrowth. .

Structural crystallography, crystalline state

Geometry.

Symmetry.

Geometric crystallography.

Lattices, space lattices, arrangement (crystals). .Energy. . .

Lattice energy. . . .Mathematics. . . . .

Kapustinskii equation. . . . . .Dynamics. . .

Lattice dynamics. . . .

Vibration. . .

Phonon. . . . .

Phonon-phonon scattering. . . . . .Symmetry (crystals). . .

Point groups, symmetry classes, crystalclasses (point groups)

. . . . .

Axes of symmetry. . . . .

Crystal axis. . . . . .Crystallographic axis. . . . . .Screw axis. . . . . .Rotational axis of symmetry. . . . . .

Faces. .Crystal habit. . .

Interfacial angles. .Measurement. . .

Goniometry (crystals). . . .Defects in lattice, defects (crystals), imperfections

(crystals), impurities (crystals)Practical physics.

Distribution of imperfections. .Concentration of imperfections. . .

Annealing. .Doping, implantation of impurities. .Interactions between imperfections. .

Thermal diffusion (crystal defects). . .Radiation effects (crystal defects). . .

Channelling effect, blocking. . . . .

X-rays (crystal defects). . . . .

Intrinsic defects. . .Extrinsic defects, inclusions (crystal defects). . .

Voids, bubbles. . . .Colour centres. . . .

Non-stoichiometric defects, defect structures. . .

Point defects. . .

Defect motion. . . . .Defect cluster. . . . .

Vacancies. . . .Interstitial point defects, grain boundary

defects?. . . .

Perfect crystals. . .

Twin crystals, twinning. . .

Space groups.Electron densities (lattice structures). .Unit cells. .

Bravais lattices. . .Primitive crystal lattices. . .Face-centred cells. . .

PhysicsSolids

CrystalsSpecial processes/properties in crystallography

Crystallization. .Polymorphism. . .

PhysicsStructural crystallography

LatticesSymmetry

Axes of symmetry. .Rotational axis of symmetry. . .

BBV

BW

BWO JBWO JY

BBWO T

BWPBWP S

BWP VBWP VW

Components.

Special quantum properties. . . .

Elements. . . .

Processes/properties.

Types of defects.By cause. .

Processes. . . .

By type of radiation. . . .

By origin. .

By lattice structural characteristics. .

Processes. . . .

Types of lattice structures

Crystals

88

BWQP

BWYC

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

BWQ PQS

Planes of molecular weakness allowingmovement along them without actualfracture.

SBX DSBX GHSBX GLSBX GNT

For crystal faces, see BWP W; for impurities, seelattice defects BWQ D.

V

WX

Aggregations of crystallites in which crystalstructure is continuous across each grain.

XOGSee also Annealing BWQ DR

XQDXRY

Arrangement of atoms or molecules ofdifferent species within same lattice.

YNRYNR SYRYS

BWR BNormal synthesis is resumed here after itsinterruption at BWO.Add to BWR B letters B/V following BVQ ifapplicable; eg Smoothness BWR BNB.

Types defined by physical properties are collocatedwith the properties unless otherwise indicated.Add to BW letters RN/U following BV so far asapplicable, with the modifications indicated below;eg

MSee also semi-conductors systems BVI

BWS RBBWU L

BWV D

Atoms are displaced from crystal lattice (eg, byionizing radiation) to positions which are notpart of the lattice.

BWV FH

JFor twin crystals, see BWQ J.

KAggregates of single interlocking crystals.

MIf distinguished from crystal systems.

NPQ

SDSFSHSJSLSNSPSQSTSV

VX

BWW BCDEFGJKLM

OPQS

BWXThis location, is reserved for libraries wishing to usethe detailed system (of some 230 classes) based on theFederov-Schoenthes system.

For metal bond crystals, see BWY S.BWY C

Body-centred cells. . . . . .Side-centred cells. . . . . .

Slip planes, gliding planes. . . . .

Dislocation. . . . . .Axial glides. . . . . . .Diagonal glides. . . . . . .Diamond glides. . . . . . .

Reciprocal lattices. . . .

Microstructure (crystals), grain structure, crystaltexture

.

Crystallites. .Grains. .

Growth. . .

Defects. . .Grain boundaries. . .

Mixed crystals, solid solutions (crystals). .

Transformation. . .Order-disorder transformations. . . .

Interstitial solid solutions. . .Substitutional solid solutions. . .

Surfaces.

Crystal systems (general).

Plastic crystals. .Liquid crystals. .

Disordered systems, disordered crystallinealloys

. .

Thin crystals.Powder crystals.

Single crystals.

Polycrystalline crystals.

Crystal classes (general).

Body-centred crystals.Face-centred crystals.Close-packed crystals.

Pedion.Pinacoid.Dome.Prism (crystal forms).Sphenoid.Bisphenoid.Pyramid.Bipyramid.Trapezohedron.Scalenohedron.

Isotropic crystals.Cubic crystals, regular crystals, isometric crystals. .

Anisotropic crystals.Uniaxial crystals. .

Tetragonal crystals. . .Hexagonal crystals. . .Trigonal crystals. . .

Rhombohedral crystals. . . .Biaxial crystals. .

Rhombic crystals, orthorhombic crystals. . .Monoclinic crystals. . .Triclinic crystals. . .

Non-linear crystal systems.Piezoelectric crystal systems.Electro-optical crystal systems.Scintillation crystal systems.

Space group symmetry classes.

Molecular crystals.

PhysicsCrystals

Structural crystallographySpace groups. . . .

Unit cells. . . . .Face-centred cells. . . . . .


SolidsCrystals

By positional propertiesDisordered systems.

BBW

BWO TBWQ LBWQ LU

BWQ N

BBTX

BVBW

BWV D

Subsystems

Systems, types of crystals

By number of phases.

By positional properties.

By dimensional properties

By number of components, aggregation

By symmetry

By crystal form

By relation of planes to axes

By linearity & behaviour

By space group symmetry

By bonding

Crystals

89

BWYF

BWYS

*

*

*

BWY F

FFR UJ

PAn alternative (not recommended) to subordinatingthis class to the elements & compounds in CChemistry. If this option is taken, proceed asfollows:

QSee also triclinic crystals BWT H

SAdd to BWY S letters letter following C (exceptfor metals). Notation is povisional.

Ionic crystals, electrovalent crystals.Coupling. .

Polariton. . .Covalent crystals, valence crystals.

Chemical crystallography.

Metallic bond crystals, metal physics. .

Other chemical substances. .


SolidsCrystals

By bondingMolecular crystals.

BBTX

BVBW

BWY C

By specific element or compound

Documents

B Physics B5 - Bliss Bibliographic Classification · 2016-04-11 · Stimulated emission techniques 4 B6KJ B6LFQS * * * * * * * * * * B6K J J4U J4Y B J4Y D J4Y F J83 JP JPQ M Q QM