BLOODChapter 12

FUNCTIONS

Transport Heat Distribution Fluid Regulation

COMPONENTS

Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets (cell fragments) Plasma (fluid)

BLOOD VOLUME AND COMPOSITION

45% Red Blood Cells (Hematocrit) 55% Plasma <1% White Blood Cells/Platelets Avg. adult has 5L of blood

Fun fact: Men have more blood than women

Centrifuged Blood Sample

Plasma

“Buffy coat” (white blood cells and platelets)

Red blood cells

RED BLOOD CELLS

AKA Erythrocytes Biconcave discs No nucleus Carry hemoglobin

HEMOGLOBIN

Carries oxygen When carrying oxygen, appears bright red No oxygen, appears darker (bluish)

Iron needed to make hemoglobin Low iron or RBC’s-anemia Lowers oxygen carrying ability

Low energy Sickle Cell

RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION/DESTRUCTION

Red Bone Marrow

With age, capillary transport damages RBCs

These damaged cells are broken down

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

AKA leukocytes Body’s defenders against disease Can leave blood and go to tissues Five types

Some of these engulf harmful particles

WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS

High WBC counts can indicate illness

PLATELETS

Cell fragments Function: blood clotting

Travel to site of bleeding and “plug up” the leak

PLASMA

Mostly water Functions to transport nutrients and gases,

regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain a favorable pH

STOPPING BLEEDING

Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding1. Blood vessel spasm2. Platelet plug3. Blood coagulation (clotting)

Thrombus Embolus

Endothelial lining Collagen fiber

Break invessel wall

Platelet Red blood cell

Blood escapingthrough break

Platelets adhereto each other,to end of brokenvessel, and toexposed collagen

Platelet plughelps controlblood loss

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BLOOD TYPES

Blood type is determined by which proteins are present on red blood cells Proteins = Antigens Antigens = A, B, Rh

Blood Types A, B, AB, O Can be positive or negative

TYPE A

Has A antigen (protein) May or may not contain Rh Factor

TYPE B

Has B antigen (protein) May or may not contain Rh factor

TYPE AB

Has A and B antigens May or may not contain Rh factor

TYPE O

Has neither A or B antigens May or may not contain Rh factor

ANTIBODIES

A person will make antibodies against any antigens they do not have in their own blood

What is an antibody? Attacks foreign material; released by a type of WBC

A type A person will make antibodies against what antigen?

Type B? Type AB? Type O? What if a person is Rh – or +?

AGGLUTINATION

If an antibody detects its corresponding antigen, the red blood cells will start to clump

This clumping is called agglutination

Why is this a problem with blood transfusions?

BLOOD TYPE REVIEW

UNIVERSAL DONOR AND RECEIVER

Which blood type is the universal donor?

Receiver?

BLOOD COMPATIBILITY

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Rh-negativewoman withRh-positivefetus

Cells fromRh-positivefetus enterwoman’sBloodstream.

In the nextRh-positivepregnancy,maternalantibodiesattack fetal redblood cells

Womanbecomessensitized—antibodies ( )form to fightRh-positiveblood cells

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RH FACTOR PROBLEM

Rh- mother bears an Rh+ baby No problem with FIRST BABY because the

mother is NOT exposed to the Rh+ blood until birth

If there is exposure, mother will produce antibodies to attack Rh protein

If mother bears other Rh+ children, the anti-Rh antibodies may enter the growing baby’s blood and attack the baby’s RBC

Lack of oxygen due to decreased or damaged RBCs can cause brain damage or death