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281© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016T. Jonter, The Key to Nuclear Restraint, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58113-6

INDEX

A AB Asea Atoms’ facilities in

Västerås , 251 AB Atomenergi (AE), government-

controlled company , 30, 53, 76–7, 80, 255

AB Atomenergi’s reactor in Studsvik , 251

AB Scienta measuring instruments company , 84

active energy policy , 78, 98 A 35 Draken, Swedish-built attack

aircraft , 75 Aftonbladet, social democratic evening

paper , 131 Afton-Tidningen, social democratic

paper , 131 Against Atomic Bombs in Sweden,

Labour Day slogan , 138 Ågesta reactor , 89, 154, 232, 252,

253, 262 AJ 37 Viggen, Swedish attack aircraft ,

75, 236 A 32 Lansen, Swedish-built attack

aircraft , 75, 236

Allmänna Svenska Elektriska AB (ASEA) , 76, 77, 80

Anglo-American proposal , 206 anti-nuclear activist group , 18, 261 anti-nuclear factions , 268 Atomenergiutredningen (the Atomic

Energy Commission) , 77 atomic bomb, nuclear weapons , 21,

22, 23, 25, 28 Atomic Committee (Atomkommittén,

AC), Sweden , 29, 167–8 Atomic Energy Act , 116–17 Atomic Energy Commission (AK) , 43,

53, 79 Atomic Energy Delegation , 79 atomic experiment, discovery of , 22–3 Atomic Weapons and East–West

Relations , 144 Atoms for Peace programme , 72, 76,

108–9

B Baltic Sea, Sea of Peace , 178, 206 Baruch Plan , 203

282 INDEX

Belgian Congo, principal source of uranium reserves , 26, 27

Bendix measuring instruments company , 84

Berlin Wall , 208 Boliden Gruv AB, mining company , 42 Boron-10 isotope , 102

C Canadian NRX heavy water

reactor , 104 capital-intensive heavy water

programme , 2 capitalist Western allies , 95 central players in nuclear reversal

process , 20 Centre Party, Sweden , 127, 195 CERN . See Conseil Européen pour la

Recherche Nucléaire Chalmers University of Technology , 42 civilian nuclear energy programme , 19 Cold War , 6, 11, 12, 49, 58, 95–8,

197, 203 Combined Development Trust, United

States and Great Britain , 27 Combined Policy Committee , 25 Commissariat á l’Energie Atomique

(CEA), France , 66, 104 Commission on Neutrality , 12 Communist Party , 34 communist Soviet Union , 95 Conseil Européen pour la Recherche

Nucléaire (CERN) , 143 Conservative Party, Swedish politics ,

18, 34, 127, 129, 133 containment policy , 99–100 conventional warfare , 265 Coordinating Committee for

Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) , 97

Cuban missile crisis and test ban treaty , 33, 215, 216, 220, 221, 222

detection technique , 216 deterrent balance , 218 hot test-ban issue , 219 30-power resolution , 216, 218, 222 Resolution 1762 A/XVII , 220

cyclotron , 27

D Dagens Eko radio programme , 152 Dagens Nyheter, Swedish morning

paper , 131, 188 Danish government , 59 defence leadership, Sweden nuclear

weapon abandonment plan 1961–75

Ågesta and Marviken facilities , 229 choice of the delivery system , 236 civilian nuclear industry , 226 Delegation of Atomic Energy

Issues , 226 detailed technical reviews , 228 drafting changes and

amendments , 238 Eurochemic company , 230 fuel elements draft document , 232 increase funds for the fi scal year

1960/61 , 227 inspection-free heavy water , 240 Nuclear Device Group , 234, 236,

237, 239, 240 reprocessing plant in Mol , 230 second-strike capability , 235 Supreme Commander’s 1957/1962

report , 232, 233, 238 Svenska kärnstridsmedel , 231 Swedish nuclear armaments , 233 total costs for 100 devices , 237

Delegation of Atomic Energy Issues (DFA) , 79, 91, 111, 226

INDEX 283

depth charges , 143 DFA . See Delegation of Atomic

Energy Issues disarmament policy from 1961–63,

Sweden , 197–8 Anglo-American proposal , 206 Baruch Plan , 203 Eden plan , 205 Eighteen Nations Disarmament

Committee , 213 Geneva Conference on the

Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests , 205

International Atomic Development Authority , 203

international disarmament , 201 Kennedy’s action plan , 208 NATO states , 211 Non-Aligned Movement

Conference , 207 non-atom club , 198, 209 Nonproliferation Treaty , 214 offensive weapons, prohibition

of , 200 Partial Test Ban Treaty , 214 protection research , 205 Rapacki Plan , 209 Soviet proposal , 204 Ten-Nation Disarmament

Committee , 205 Undén Plan , 198, 207, 210,

212 United Nations Atomic Energy

Commission , 203 United Nations Disarmament

Commission , 204 United Nations General

Assembly , 211 domestic politics model , 7 The Dynamics of Nuclear

Proliferation , 35

E Eden plan , 205–6 Eighteen Nations Disarmament

Committee (ENDC) , 213 English Channel , 70 enriched uranium and plutonium , 2, 24 Eurochemic company , 230 European Council for Nuclear

Research , 143

F Falcon missile systems , 97–8, 114, 134 Federation of Social Democratic

Women , 9, 18, 261 fi ssion released energy , 23 Fogelström–Morell proposals , 174 Försvarsväsendets kemiska anstalt: the

Armed Forces Chemical Institute (FKA) , 40

French imperial territories , 25 Fuel Committee , 78

G Geneva Conference on the

Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests , 72, 76, 77, 205

Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) , 42 German U-boats , 143 graphite and heavy water , 27 ground-to-ground missile , 75 Guidelines for Policy and

Operations— Sweden , 121

H Hawk missile systems , 98, 114, 134 heat-producing reactors , 79 heavy water technology, Sweden ,

2, 63, 257

284 INDEX

Higgs boson , 143 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear

explosion sites , 22, 37, 42 Honest Johns dual-purpose weapons ,

117, 134

I IADA . See International Atomic

Development Authority IAEA . See International Atomic

Energy Agency IBM 7090 computer , 85 ICBMs . See Intercontinental Ballistic

Missiles Industria, Swedish magazine , 101 Instead of an atomic bomb pamphlet ,

163, 172 Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

(ICBMs) , 158 International Atomic Development

Authority (IADA) , 203 International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA) , 18, 148, 267 International Relations (IR) theories , 6 International social environment , 18,

267 Irish proposal , 18 Isotope Technology Laboratory , 251

K Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics, in

Vienna , 36, 37 Kennedy’s action plan , 208 Korean War , 141 Kungliga Vattenfallstyrelsen—

‘Vattenfall’— (the Royal Waterfall Board) , 76

L latent capability , 35 League of Nations , 33

Liberal People’s Party, Sweden , 34, 127, 129, 134, 195

light water reactor technology , 2, 113 Limited Test Ban Treaty , 198 Lund University , 31, 40

M Manhattan project , 21, 22, 24, 38,

179 MarinPlan 60 , 178 Marshall Plan , 95, 102 Marviken reactor , 154, 243 McMahon Act , 99 Militärfysiska institutet: the Military

Physics Institute (MFI) , 40 missile technology , 133 Moderate Coalition Party , 249 Morgon-Tidningen, social democratic

paper , 131, 153, 155 Multilateral Development Assistance

Program (MDAP) , 107

N National Archives in Washington ,

DC, 12 National Defence Civil

Administration , 47 National Defence Research Agency

(FOA) , 255 National Security Council (NSC) ,

105, 119 NATO members , 115, 117, 120, 122,

135, 211 Naturvetenskapliga

forskningsrådet , 43 Naturwissenschaften journal , 23 Nazi Germany , 24, 25, 36, 50, 95 The Necessity for Choice , 144 neo-realists , 6 Neutrality Policy Commission,

Sweden , 106

INDEX 285

Nevada desert test site , 21 Nikes dual-purpose weapons , 117, 134 Nobel Institute of Physics in

Stockholm , 37 Nobel Peace Prize , 179, 200 Nobel Prize for chemistry , 24, 36, 179 Nobel Prize in physics , 37, 143 Non-Aligned Movement

Conference , 207 non-atomic club , 3, 198, 211 non-nuclear-weapon states , 1, 199 Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) ,

196, 214 No! to Swedish Atomic Weapons ,

178, 182 NPT . See Nonproliferation Treaty nuclear ambivalence , 8 nuclear chain reaction , 36 Nuclear Device Group reports , 122,

234, 236 nuclear fi ssion reaction , 23 nuclear-free zone , 198, 206 nuclear latency , 35 nuclear reversal

defi nition , 12–13 model , 94 nightmare proliferation

scenarios , 13 nonproliferation policy, different

means , 16–17 nuclear hedging , 13, 15 Swedish nuclear rollback process , 14 US nonproliferation policy , 16

nuclear test ban treaty , 3 nuclear weapons , 4, 6, 7, 8, 17, 19,

256 Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy ,

143–4 nuclear weapon programme in Sweden

AB Atomenergi (AE) company , 30 advisory committee of experts , 29 central actors in the decision-making

process , 31–2

energy production, self-reliant , 32 FOA and AE, close collaboration

between , 30 funds applied for , 28–9 government-directed export control,

of uranium , 21 Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 22 resistance against the bomb plans,

individuals in , 33–4 Social Democratic government , 22 Supreme Commander, military

elites , 32–3 Swedish Nobel laureate , 22 uranium reserves ; Ministry of

Foreign Affairs initiation , 28 ; National Defence Research Establishment , 28 ; negotiations with United States and UK , 28 ; survey on , 27

Ny Teknik, Swedish technical journal , 87

Ny Tid, social democratic newspaper , 153

O ÖB-47,-54,-57, Supreme

Commander’s report, Swedish defence , 48, 50–2, 68–70, 80–2

Oskarshamn, light water nuclear power plant , 2

P Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) , 214 plutonium 239, weapons-grade , 24,

30, 83 political debate: 1954–60, on Swedish

nuclear weapons atomic committee results ;

committee report , 192 ; future security policy situation , 190 ; protection programme , 191

286 INDEX

political debate (cont.) deal with the opposition ; Action

Group , 163 ; Atomic Committee , 167–8 ; defence committee’s report , 162 ; motions on parties , 170 ; protection research , 164–5 ; Social Democratic Youth League , 166–7 ; Social Democrats and Liberal–Conservative opposition parties , 161 ; Swiss Federal Council , 169 ; trade union movement , 163

decision-making process , 127 media role in , 126 military propaganda and supreme

commander actions ; alternative budgets , 185 ; design of future reactors , 184 ; funds campaign , 185 ; infl uence public opinion , 188

national security policy , 130 newspapers comment , 131 nuclear weapons issue , 128 opposition from civil society ;

Ambulance Sweden , 172 ; Fogelström–Morell proposals , 174 ; larger international movement , 173–4 ; MarinPlan 60 , 178 ; Red Cross country , 172 ; test ban treaty, importance of negotiations , 177–8

popular movement against nuclear weapons , 126

public parliamentary debates ; Against Atomic Bombs in Sweden, Labour Day slogan , 138 ; different types of nuclear weapons, secret information about , 134–5 ; disarmament problem , 132 ; disarmament wing, Social

Democratic Party , 138 ; domestic political situation , 137–8 ; group of representatives , 137 ; missile technology , 133 ; nuclear fi ssion process , 127, 131–2 ; policy of neutrality , 135–6 ; tactical nuclear weapons , 135–6

Social Democratic party ; civilian programme for nuclear energy research , 151 ; Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire , 143 ; Higgs boson , 143 ; issues related to nuclear weapons , 138–9 ; Nordic research institute creation , 143 ; nuclear energy expansion, parliamentary meeting on , 140 ; party board heavyweights , 150 ; party board meeting , 146–7 ; possibility of a limited nuclear war , 143–4 ; public statements , 146 ; Soviet Union, risk on preemptive strike , 139–40 ; Swedish Line , 140

Social Democratic Women’s Federation , 126, 128

Supreme Commander’s 1954 report ; guided missiles issue , 134, 155 ; Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles , 158 ; major issues , 159 ; Preparedness Committee , 156–7 ; strategic nuclear weapons , 160 ; total defence costs , 157

Sweden’s defence policy , 126 pro-nuclear sentiment , 138 PTBT . See Partial Test Ban Treaty Pu–Be neutron , 251 public parliamentary debates, on

Swedish nuclear weapons Against Atomic Bombs in Sweden,

Labour Day slogan , 138

INDEX 287

different types of nuclear weapons, secret information about , 134–5

disarmament problem , 132 disarmament wing, Social

Democratic Party , 138 domestic political situation , 137–8 group of representatives , 137 missile technology , 133 nuclear fi ssion process , 127, 131–2 policy of neutrality , 135–6 tactical nuclear weapons , 135–6

Q quantum mechanics , 23 Quebec Treaty , 25

R radiation–ecological studies , 84 Rapacki Plan , 209 Rapport angående atombomben , I, 44 Red Cross country , 172 Report on the atomic bomb , I, 44 Research and development (R&D)

investment , 1, 4 Research Institute for Experimental

Physics , 42 Robot 330 project , 75–6 Royal Academy of Sciences in

Stockholm , 42 Royal Aerospace Administration , 75 Royal Agricultural College , 84 Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) ,

42, 66 Royal Veterinary College , 84 Royal Waterfall Board , 80

S SAAB, Swedish company , 75 SAP . See Social Democratic Party Scandinavian countries , 50

Scandinavian defence union , 59 Scandinavian peninsula , 141 SDAC . See Social Democratic Atomic

Committee Second World War , 197, 203 security model, Swedish nuclear

weapons programme , 7, 265 Sidewinder missile systems , 98, 114, 134 SIFO . See Swedish Institute of Public

Opinion Research small state’s defence , 144 Smyth report, USA , 42 Social Democratic Atomic Committee

(SDAC) , 195, 199 Social Democratic government,

Swedish , 22, 29, 30, 33 Social Democratic Party (SAP),

political debate on Swedish nuclear weapons

civilian programme for nuclear energy research , 151

Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire , 143

Higgs boson , 143 issues related to nuclear weapons ,

138–9 largest parliamentary party , 3, 9, 10,

19, 125, 195, 268 Nordic research institute creation ,

143 nuclear energy expansion,

parliamentary meeting on , 140 party board heavyweights , 150 party board meeting , 146–7 possibility of a limited nuclear war ,

143–4 public statements , 146 Soviet Union, risk on preemptive

strike , 139–40 Swedish Line , 140

Social Democratic Women’s Federation (SSKF) , 126, 128, 138, 145–6, 149, 175, 233

288 INDEX

Social Democratic Youth League , 166–7

Soviet–American relations , 203 Soviet Bloc aggression , 258 Soviet fl eet, Baltic Sea , 105 Soviet Union, nuclear weapons/

programme , 5, 9, 18, 23, 25, 26, 27

SSKF . See Social Democratic Women's Federation

Stalin and the Bomb , 9 Statens råd för atomenergiforskning , 43 Statens uppfi nnarnämnd: the National

Inventions Board (SUN) , 40 strategic nuclear weapons , 139, 160 Studies of War — Nuclear and

Conventional , 144 Studsvik plant, Sweden’s second

reactor , 112 Suez crisis , 91, 153 supply-side with demand-side

research , 8 Supreme Commander’s 1954,-57

report, on Swedish nuclear weapons , 134–5, 157, 232

guided missiles issue , 134, 155 Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles ,

158 major issues , 159 Preparedness Committee , 156–7 strategic nuclear weapons , 160 total defence costs , 157

Svenska Dagbladet, largest conservative morning paper , 131

Svenska kärnstridsmedel (Swedish nuclear armaments) , 231

Svenska Skifferolje AB, mining company , 42

Sweden and the surface war , 178 Sweden nuclear weapon abandonment

plan 1961–75 active foreign policy , 197

Cuban missile crisis and test ban treaty ; detection technique , 216 ; deterrent balance , 218 ; hot test-ban issue , 219 ; Resolution 1762 A/XVII , 220 ; 30-power resolution , 216, 218, 222

defence leadership and nuclear issue ; Ågesta and Marviken facilities , 229 ; choice of the delivery system , 236 ; civilian nuclear industry , 226 ; Delegation of Atomic Energy Issues , 226 ; detailed technical reviews , 228 ; drafting changes and amendments , 238 ; Eurochemic company , 230 ; fuel elements draft document , 232 ; increase funds for the fi scal year 1960/61 , 227 ; inspection-free heavy water , 240 ; Nuclear Device Group , 234, 236, 237, 239, 240 ; reprocessing plant in Mol , 230 ; second-strike capability , 235 ; Supreme Commander’s 1957/1962 report , 232, 233, 238 ; Svenska kärnstridsmedel , 231 ; Swedish nuclear armaments , 233 ; total costs for 100 devices , 237

disarmament policy from 1961–63 , 197–8 ; Anglo-American proposal , 206 ; Baruch Plan , 203 ; Eden plan , 205 ; Eighteen Nations Disarmament Committee , 213 ; Geneva Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests , 205 ; International Atomic Development Authority , 203 ; international disarmament ,

INDEX 289

201 ; Kennedy’s action plan , 208 ; NATO states , 211 ; Non-Aligned Movement Conference , 207 ; non-atom club , 198, 209 ; Nonproliferation Treaty , 214 ; offensive weapons, prohibition of , 200 ; Partial Test Ban Treaty , 214 ; protection research , 205 ; Rapacki Plan , 209 ; Soviet proposal , 204 ; Ten-Nation Disarmament Committee , 205 ; Undén Plan , 198, 207, 210, 212 ; United Nations Atomic Energy Commission , 203 ; United Nations Disarmament Commission , 204 ; United Nations General Assembly , 211

freedom of action , 242 Limited Test Ban Treaty , 198 metallic plutonium production, 1-g

scale , 241 non-alignment policy , 197 nonproliferation treaty , 196 parliament’s decision on , 243 phasing out the program ; American

inspection , 251 ; inspections in Swedish facilities , 250 ; Isotope Technology Laboratory , 251 ; Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate , 251 ; Swedish Radiation Protection Institute , 254

protection research , 196 Social Democratic Atomic

Committee , 195 test ban treaty ; Committee of

Foreign Affairs , 223 ; Conservative Party support , 225

time periods in , 198 treaty on nonproliferation of nuclear

weapons, signing ; Article VI

inclusion , 247 ; halt of the production of fi ssile material , 244–5 ; Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , 245 ; Review Conference , 249 ; three-fold package , 245 ; threshold countries , 245–6 ; United Nations Disarmament Commission , 245 ; US and Soviet Union draft agreement , 247

Swedish Air Force , 52 Swedish–American agreement of 1952 ,

107 Swedish Atomic Bomb (AMSA) , 18,

126 Swedish atomic energy policy , 263 Swedish Atomic Research Council , 43 Swedish crowns (SEK) , 29 Swedish Defence Research Agency

(FOA) , 214 Swedish Flygförvaltningen , 75 Swedish foreign policy , 2 Swedish Institute of Public Opinion

Research (SIFO) , 156 Swedish line, nuclear energy

programme , 2, 91, 140, 184, 263 Swedish military elites , 10, 11 Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs ,

22, 23 Swedish National Defence Research

Agency (FOA) , 2, 35 amount of plutonium in making

atomic bomb , 60 Atomic Committee report , 53 Atomic Energy Commission,

foundation of , 43 Atoms for Peace programme , 72–3 classifi cation of information , 46–7 collaboration with AB Atomenergi

company , 53–6 cost calculation , 71

290 INDEX

Swedish National (cont.) cost estimation , 58, 64 departments in , 41 enriched natural uranium , 44 establishment of defence committee ,

48–9 extraction of kolm , 55 factory production of uranium , 63–4 FKA, MFI, and SUN organizations ,

40 Geological Survey of Sweden , 42 grant application, for the fi scal year

1946/47 , 45 internal memorandum , 62 investments in both civilian and

military research , 42, 45 key players in politics and the

military , 48 mining companies in , 42 Natural Science Research Council , 43 nuclear explosive devices,

production per year , 63 ÖB-47 report , 48, 50–2, 68–70 plutonium production , 44 proposal on , 44 proposed work programme , 61–2 reactor operation , 66 reactor prototype , 67 report on the atomic bomb , 44–5 research institutes and universities ,

42–3 Scandinavian defence union , 59 Smyth report, USA , 42 Social Democrats government , 50 supreme commander, role of , 41–2,

46–8, 50–1 Swedish Air Force , 52 Swedish-built attack aircraft , 75 tactical nuclear weapons , 74 tasks in nuclear energy research , 54 uranium 235 and plutonium-

producing reactor , 57

US and Soviet Union, arms race between , 69–70

Van de Graaff accelerator , 46 weapons carrier systems , 75–6 weapons-grade plutonium, basic

information of , 56 Swedish National Defence Research

Establishment (FOA) , 28 Swedish Natural Science Research

Council , 43 Swedish Nobel laureate in physics , 22 Swedish nuclear weapons plan and

development anti-nuclear factions , 268 ASEA private company , 2 capital-intensive heavy water

programme , 2 civilian and the military goals,

tension between ; AB Atomenergi objectives , 77 ; active energy policy , 78 ; Atomic Energy Delegation , 79 ; Atoms for Peace programme , 76 ; Delegation of Atomic Energy Matters , 79 ; Fuel Committee , 78, 79 ; Geneva Conferences , 76 ; government bill , 80 ; nuclear power projects , 76 ; Royal Waterfall Board argument , 77

declassifi cation of , 6 defence doctrine ; atomic energy

policy , 263 ; debate , 261 ; fl exible response, nuclear weapon , 265 ; nuclear hedging , 262 ; nuclear reversal model , 262 ; Swedish line , 263 ; US nonproliferation policy , 264

defence planning and nuclear weapons ; total defence concepts , 47

dependence on US technology ;

INDEX 291

conventional military hardware , 258 ; fl exible response doctrine , 258 ; framework , 257 ; US–NATO security system , 258–9 ; US policy toward , 255

domestic nuclear infrastructure , 269 domestic politics model , 266 enriched uranium , 2 expertisization in the nuclear fi eld ,

35–6 Federation of Social Democratic

Women , 9 FOA, initiation of nuclear weapons

(see Swedish National Defence Research Agency (FOA) )

foreign policy , 18 heavy research and development

(R&D) investment , 1 heavy water technology , 2 International Atomic Energy

Agency, international commitment , 267

International Relations (IR) theories , 6

latent capability and nuclear latency , 35

military initiative , 36 National Defence Research Agency

(FOA) , 2 new investigation plan ; Ågesta

facility , 89–90, 92 ; light water reactor technology , 90–1 ; Swedish line , 91 ; technical and economic preconditions , 90

non-atomic club , 3 norms model , 266–8 nuclear nonproliferation norms ,

260–1 in nuclear reversal , 13 nuclear rollback process , 14–15 Oskarshamn light water nuclear

power plant , 2

political decision ; annual report , 84 ; Council Committee report , 88 ; defence bill , 87 ; design proposals in principle , 83 ; device programme , 86 ; dual-purpose reactor , 85 ; fi ssionable material , 83–4 ; military’s public campaigning , 81 ; press information , 80–1 ; threat picture , 82

public opposition , 17–18, 260 scientists, leading politicians and

military leadership ; relationships between , 4

Social Democratic Party (SAP) , 2, 9, 10, 19

Supreme Commander, military elites , 10–11

Swedish Atomic Bombs (AMSA) , 18 Swedish line , 2 Swedish Military Attaché report , 39 Swedish National Defence Research

Agency , 35 Swedish scientifi c community ,

36–40 Treaty on the Nonproliferation of

Nuclear Weapons (NPT) , 1 Undén Plan , 3 United Nations UN resolution , 3 United States, important impact on ,

4–5 US nonproliferation policy , 16 US–Swedish relations , 11–12 weapons-grade plutonium , 2 X-ray spectroscopy, discoveries in ,

37–8 Swedish plutonium factory in the

1960s report , 230 Swedish private company ASEA , 2 Swiss Federal Council , 169 synchro cyclotron , 102

292 INDEX

T tactical nuclear weapons , 136,

138, 139 Ten-Nation Disarmament

Committee , 204 Third World , 197 thorium , 25, 26 threshold states , 251 Tidsspegeln , 39 Treaty on the Nonproliferation of

Nuclear Weapons , 1

U UN . See United Nations UNAEC . See United Nations Atomic

Energy Commission UNDC . See United Nations

Disarmament Commission Undén Plan , 3 UN Disarmament Conference in

Geneva , 34 UNGA . See United Nations General

Assembly UN General Assembly , 3 United Kingdom (UK) , 24 United Nations (UN) , 3, 147,

196, 202 United Nations Atomic Energy

Commission (UNAEC) , 203 United Nations Disarmament

Commission (UNDC) , 204 United Nations General Assembly

(UNGA) , 177, 211 United States and Sweden's plans on

nuclear weapons commercial and military

cooperation ; manufacturing of missiles , 114 ; price of enriched uranium , 113

cooperation based on an asymmetric interdependence , 93

enquiries about purchase of nuclear weapons ; Atomic Energy Act , 116 ; dual-purpose weapons , 117 ; Guidelines for Policy and Operations— Sweden , 121 ; National Security Council discussion of policy , 119 ; NAT O policy framework , 120 ; ÖB-54 report , 115 ; possible alternatives , 115 ; ready-made missiles , 124 ; Section 144(b) provision , 118

nonproliferation policy criteria , 94–5 swedish foreign and security policy ;

active foreign policy , 98 ; Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls , 97 ; neutrality conditions , 98 ; non-participation in peacetime military alliances , 95–6

US nuclear policy towards Sweden ; Atoms for Peace programme , 108–9 ; Candor Report , 108 ; civilian nuclear energy cooperation , 109–10 ; construction of R2 at Studsvik plant , 112 ; contacts with French , 104 ; Delegation for Atomic Energy Issues , 111–12 ; guidance documents, National Security Council , 105 ; isotope Boron-10 , 102 ; main objective , 100 ; Marshall Plan , 102–3 ; McMahon Act , 99 ; Multilateral Development Assistance Program , 107 ; Neutrality Policy Commission , 106–7 ; restrictive export policy , 101 ; synchro cyclotron, at Uppsala University , 102 ; trade policy language , 101 ; United States Atomic Energy Commission ,

INDEX 293

99 ; US Export Administration regulations , 106

United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) , 99–101, 110–11

United States nonproliferation policy , 94–5

University of California , 24, 102 University of Chicago , 24 University of Copenhagen , 37 UN Security Council , 177, 201–2 Uppsala University , 102, 214 Uranium 235 , 23 uranium oxide (UO 2 ) , 65 US Air Force , 28 US Candor Report of 1952 , 108 US Export Administration regulations

(Mutual Defense Assistance Act) , 106

US–NATO security system , 258

US nonproliferation policy , 264 US nuclear weapons , 24 US nuclear weapons policy , 11 US–Swedish foreign policy

relations , 95 US–Swedish military cooperation , 12 US Vietnam War policy , 197

V Van de Graaff accelerator , 46

W Waffenamt, German Army Weapons

Agency , 39 Wargöns AB, mining company , 42 Warsaw Pact , 213 Washington Post , 252, 254 weapons carrier systems , 75, 256 weapons-grade plutonium , 2, 56–8,

89, 154, 256, 266 Western Bloc , 96 Western defence alliance system , 59 world’s uranium reserves surveys , 27 World War II , 4, 23, 29, 32, 35, 47,

50, 95, 131

X X-ray crystallography , 65 X-ray spectroscopy , 37

Z ZOE French heavy water reactor , 104