AY1 Science in general AY25D · Add to AY2 5N letters R/Y following KE; eg 5NR V 5NS 5NW Y 5NX H 5NX KJ AY2 5P Details are taken from Classes 3/9 (not yet published). Notation is

Science in general

1

AY1

AY25D

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AY1The connections of science with technology as awhole are very close, both conceptually andbibliographically. In some contexts (eg theirhistory) the two subjects are so inextricably boundup at the general level that it is doubtfully helpfulto maintain two separate classes. So this class(AY1) should take only those works whichdeliberately distinguish science and technologytogether from science alone or technology alone.When in doubt, prefer AY2/AYY.Works which deal with technology alone go inclass U/V.Add to AY1 numbers and letters 2/9,A/Vfollowing AY so far as applicable; eg

29A29T Q

In society in general, at national orinternational level.

29UAgreement on and enforcement ofstandards by the scientific andtechnological communities.In cases of doubr, prefer TechnologyU29 U.For the operation of evaluation in arrivingat standards, see AY7 E.

29U 295 D29U 295 E29U 29T Q

Of institutions concerned with standards.29U B

Process of agreeing on standards.3AF

See also R & D in science AY8 6M

AY2Science in its broadest sense, including the ’formalsciences’ of logic and mathematics as well as empiricalsciences (natural and social) and those applications oftendescribed as ’sciences’ (eg medical sciences,engineering sciences, information sciences). It excludesonly the Humanities (philosophy, history, religion, arts,philology).For general works on Science of science (formalscience, abstract science, scientia narrowly), see AK.For works on a particular science, see the appropriateclass (eg B Physics, HM Medical science).

Add to AY2 numbers 2/9 in Auxiliary Schedule 1,with the modifications and additions indicated.

2H2U3A3G3MC3NK3NL

For constants as a subject, see AY7 6C.3NP3P4

In the community, in society; including works onscientists & technologists together. For organizationof personnel in technical operations, seeManagement of scientific work AY2 YQ.See also Biography of scientists AY2 92; Socialaspects of science AY2 9A.

4CCollective body of persons in the subject.

4CD

For technologists, see U24.Add to AY2 4 letters L/R following K inKL/KR; eg

4NW4PD

4TQ4UM4UN55C5D

Arrange A/Z; eg Unesco AY2 5DU.

Science & technology (in general)

Social aspects of science & technology.Economic organization & management of

science & technology. .

Standards & standardization. . .

International standards organizations. . . .National standards organizations. . . .Organization & management. . . .

Standardization. . . . .

Research & development in science &technology

.

Science in general

Common subdivisions.

Graphic materials. . . .Graphs. . . . .

Dictionaries & encyclopedias. . .Serials. . .Aids to study. . .Tables (general). . .

Tables of constants. . . .

Conversion tables. . . .Technical data. . . .

Persons in science, scientists. .

Profession. . .

Status of scientists. . . .

Women scientists. . . . .

Amateurs in science. . . . .Technicians in science, auxiliaries in science. . . . .Scientific consultants. . . . .

Organizations in science. .Conferences, meetings. . .International bodies, intergovernmental bodies. . .

Science & technologyResearch & development in science & technology.

AY1AY1 3AF

Forms of presentation. .Physical forms. . .

Types of persons in the subject. . .

By sex. . . .

By ethnic group. . . .By occupational characteristics. . . .

By name. . . .

Communication & information in science

2

AY25E

AY26C

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AY2 5E

Add to AY2 5F letters D/Z from Schedule 2.5J

For official bodies. For inter-governmentalbodies, see AY2 5D.

5JQ5L

Add to AY2 5L letters F/PS following KE so far asapplicable (with the slight amendments indicated).

5LG L5LI5LK

See also Constants & units (measurement)AY7 6C

5LK OFor metric system, see Metrology AY7 7E.

5LOAdd details from Language & linguistics XA sofar as applicable; notation is provisional.

5LO T5LO V5LP5LP Q5LP W5MB

For creativity, see AY2 9XB.5MC5ME5MG5MH5MJ

Treated as a subject. For the journalsthemselves, see AY2 3G.

5MK5MN5MP5MR

5MS5MT5MV

For electronic information systems, see AY2 5VB.5NR

Add to AY2 5N letters R/Y following KE; eg5NR V5NS

5NW Y5NX H5NX KJ

AY2 5P

Details are taken from Classes 3/9 (not yetpublished). Notation is provisional.

5PP5Q

5RSelecting, storing, indexing, retrieval.

5S

Add to AY2 5T letters E/X following 2 inAuxiliary Schedule 1.Add to AY2 5U numbers & letters 3/9,A/Xfollowing 3 in Auxiliary Schedule 1.

5VA5VB5VD5VE5VF5VG5VJ5VM5VP

5VSRestricted as to subject. General works only;services for a specific subject go with thesubject.

5WAdd to AY2 5W letters D/S followingAY2 5V; eg National science librariesAY2 5WE.

6AAlternative (not recommended) is to locate in Class JEducation.Add to AY2 6A numbers & letters 2/9, A/Z followingJ.

6AJ LO6C

By definition, all activity in a pure science isimplicitly research, or investigation with a largeresearch element. Theory is closely allied to practicaland experimental work and the two activities havebeen integrated at AY3/AY8 below.This general class for research is retained hereprimarily to allow qualification, if necessary, ofclasses preceding AY3 in filing order.For scientific methodology broadly, see Science as adiscipline AY2 9X; for the operations involved inpractical research, see AY36/AY7.

National bodies.

Government bodies. .

Learned societies.Communication & information in science

Diffusion of scientific information.Audience (scientific communication).Semiology in science, signs & symbols in science.

Codes, notations. .

Language of science, terminology, nomenclature. .

Scientific terms, technical terms. . .Abbreviations. . .

Media (scientific communication).Mass media (scientific communication). .Meetings (scientific communication). .

Science writing, scientific authorship.

Publishing scientific writings. .Translation (science writing). .Reporting scientific work. .

Scientific papers. . .Scientific journals. . .

Science books. . .Correspondence in science. . .

The Press (scientific communication). .Pictorial matter (scientific communication),

graphic material (scientificcommunication)

.

Illustration in science. .Cartoons in science. .

Telecommunications (scientific information).

Broadcasting (scientific communication). .

Radio (scientific communication). . .Television (scientific communication). . .

Popularization in scientific communication. .Publicity. .Public image of science. .

Information science in science, documentation inscience

.

Data processing. .Computers in science. . .

Information handling & processing. . .

Bibliography. . . .

Information services, information collections. .Computerized information services. . .

International information services. . . .National information services. . . .Regional information services. . . .Local information services. . . .Publicly-owned information services. . . .Academic information services. . . .Private information services, profit-making

information services. . . .

Special information services. . . .

Libraries. . .

Education of scientists, study & teaching of science

Laboratory demonstrations (science education).Research

Science in generalCommon subdivisions

Organizations in scienceInternational bodies.

By name. .


Communication & information in scienceOther elements in scientific communication.

Public image of science. .

AY2

AY2 5AY2 5D

AY2

AY2 5L

AY2 5NX KJ

By country. .

Other elements in scientific communication.

Operations on information records. .

Types of records. .

History of science

3

AY26QT

AY28CYS

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AY2 6QTSee also Physical models AY7 FYS

6RFor special types of collections (eg of minerals) seesubject concerned.Add to AK6 R letters C/Z from Schedule 2.

6SV6SW

Works restricted to the earth sciences go in D.6SX6SY6Y7

Including works which consider technology as wellbut only insofar as it is contributory to, or inseparablefrom science. For history of technology alone, seeU27.See also scientific revolutions AY2 9XQ

77History of writings & studies in history of science.Notation provisonal; this class is taken from LHistory (not yet published 1998).

78As a subject itself. Early scientific works (up to1800) are classed under the period in whichthey were contemporary. If limited to a specificsubject, they go under the history of thatsubject.

79

The universality of science is such that period ismuch more significant characteristic than place. Sothe preferred arrangemnt here is to cite periodbefore place.Citing period first raises serious problems in that theliterature can (and does) select any of an infinitenumber of different periods within which itconsiders the history of science.The solution below attempts an arrangement ofoptimum usefulness and clarity by following thecitation order: Broad period- -Place- -Specificperiod. The broad periods are enumerated; theplaces follow Auxiliary Schedule 2; the specificperiods may be taken from one of the three optionsin Auxiliary Schedule 4 (but 4A is therecommended one).In addition to the above basic provision, it may benoted that any broad period, or any place, or anybroad period qualified by place, may be furtherdivided using 7 to introduce specific periods or 8 tointroduce specific places. Examples (usingAuxiliary 4A Periods) are AY2 8C7 EPN Ancientscience 600/300 BC; AY2 8CR 7EP N AncientGreek science 500/000 BC: AY2 8J7 KKV 17thcentury science, 1640/1680; AY2 8J8 E7K KVScience in Britain 1640/1680.

An alternative (not recommended) is provided atAY2 7B, allowing period to be cited after place atAY2 7D.

AY2 7AFor works published before 1800 AD.

7BAlternative (not recommended) for libraries citingplace before period (see note above). If this optionis taken, proceed as follows:Add to AY2 7B letters from Auxiliary Schedule 4B(for Time); eg 18th century AY2 7BK.These periods may then be used to qualify theplaces in AY2 7C; eg French science in the 18thcentury AY2 7F7 BK.

7CFor general works on history of science in a givenplace. If confined to a particular period, cite periodfirst (from AY2 8 onwards).Add to AY2 7 letters C/Z from Schedule 2.

8AAdd to AY2 8A letters D/Y following AB inAuxiliary Schedule 4B; eg

8AR

For works on science in contemporarynon-literate societies in general, seeAY2 9KS LM. Individual non-literatesocieties go with the nation state in which theylive.

8AY8B

Do not divide by specific period.8B88C8C7

Add to AY2 8C7 letters DF/EU fromAuxiliary Schedule 4A; eg AY2 8C7 EPNis Ancient science in 600/300 BC.

Add to AY2 8C letters C/Y following C inSchedule 2 (for places in the ancient world);eg

8CD

8CD C8CL N8CL X8CL ZA8CM8CN8CQ8CQ Y8CR8CY S

Exhibitions, museums.

Curiosities in science, mysteries in science.Natural wonders of the world. .

Frauds, deceptions, hoaxes.Scientific recreations, popular science.

History & philosophy of scienceHistory of science.

Historiography of science. .

Sources and methodology. . . .

Ancilliary studies in history of science. .

Early works (on history of science).

Prehistory science, primitive science, earlyscience

. . .

Neolithic science. . . .Ancient & medieval science (together). . .

Ancient science (general). . .

Mesopotamia (Ancient world), FertileCrescent

. . . . .

Babylonian science. . . . . .Asia (ancient science). . . . .Americas (ancient science). . . . .

Mayan science. . . . . .Africa (ancient science). . . . .

Egypt (ancient science). . . . . .Europe (ancient science). . . . .

Classical antiquity (ancient science). . . . . .Greece (ancient science). . . . . . .Sicily (ancient science). . . . . . .


Research.

Science in generalHistory & philosophy of science

History of scienceBy period and place

AY2

AY2 6C

AY2AY2 6Y

AY2 7

Science museums by place. .

History of science as a discipline. . .

By period and place. .

By period.

By place.

By period.Periods from the earliest times. .

By place. . . .

Specific periods of ancient science. . . .

By place. . . .

History & philosophy of science

4

AY28D

AY29KW

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AY2 8DDo not divide by specific period; for this, see theindividual broad periods Medieval, Renaissance,17th century, etc.

8D88E

Do not divide by specific period; see the broadperiods Medieval and Renaissance.

8E88F8F7

Add to AY2 8F7 letter F in AuxiliarySchedule 4A.

8F88G

Add to AY2 8G letters G/HM in Schedule4A.

8G88H

Do not divide by specific period. Use theindividual centuries (17th onwards) for this,adding to each the relevant block of letters forstarting dates (to each of which may be addedthe letter for the duration of the period); egAY2 8LP FW History of science 1820/1850.

8H88J8K8L8N8P8V

Speculations on future history of science.For scientific forecasting, see AY2 9EF.

929394

Arrange A/Z.96C96D

When treated as a result of science. If in doubt, preferTechnology U.For invention, patents, etc., see Technology U26 QH.

96EThe finding of something existing in nature but nothitherto known.For scientific explanation, see AY2 9XL.

9AAlternative (not recommended) for libraries wishing tokeep together the history and philosophy of science andto subordinate to it the history and philosophy of theindividual sciences. If this option is taken, proceed asfollows:

Add to AY2 9 letters A/L following A (for thephilosophy of science);Add to AY2 letters A/K from the mainclassification (for the history & philosophy ofthe individual sciences);Add to AYL letters A/X following AY2 in thepreferred order below (for social aspects ofscience); eg Causation in science AY2 9GQ D;AYL EP Science policy.

AY2 9EIn much of this literature, science and technologyare inextricably bound up. So all classes below areassumed to include technology whenever this isconsidered along with science; eg AY2 9EPincludes works on science & technology policytogether.Add to AY2 9 letters E/J following K9.Add to AY2 9K numbers & letters 9Q,A/Yfollowing K at K9Q/KY.A selection of concepts is given here forconvenience.

9EF9EP

See also Economics of science AY2 9T

9EP 59EP 5J9G

See also Research & development in science& technology AY1 3AF

9KAScience as a subsystem of society as a whole.

9KB V9KC9KC E

Science as agent of change, etc.9KF D

See also Antiscience AY2 9KI G9KH K9KH KM

9KI G

9KL K9KL KFB

9KL KPMFor specific formal organizations inscience, see Organizations AY2 5.

9KS LM9KW

Medieval and modern science (together). . .

Medieval & Renaissance science (together). . . .

Medieval science (say 500/1350 AD). . . . .

Renaissance science (say 1350/1550). . . . .

Modern science (1550 to date). . . .

17th century. . . . .18th century. . . . .19th century. . . . .20th century. . . . .21st century. . . . .

Scientific trends, futurology in science. . . .

Biography of scientistsCollective biography.Individuals.

Scientific progressDiscovery & invention in science.

Discovery in science. .

Philosophy of science

Social aspects of science, science and society

Forecasting.Science policy.

Organizations. .Policy making bodies. . .

Government. . . .Planning and development in science. .

Social system of science, science system. .

Scientific culture. . .Social processes in science. . .

Science input to society. . . .

Attitudes to science. . .

Rewards in science. . .Scientific awards and medals. . . .

Hostility.Antiscience. .

Communities.Scientific community. .

Institutionalization of science. . .Informal structures. . . .

Invisible colleges. . . . .

Non-literate societies. .Custom, folklore & mythology.


History of sciencePeriods from the earliest times. . .

Sicily. . . . . . . .


Philosophy of science.

AY2AY2 6Y

AY2 7AY2 8A

AY2 8CY S

AY2AY2 6Y

AY2 9A

By place. . . .

By place. . . . .

Specific periods in medieval science. . . . . .

By place. . . . . .

Specific periods in renaissance science. . . . . .

By place. . . . . .

By place. . . . .

Science as a discipline

5

AY29L

AY2Y

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AY2 9LAdd to AY2 9 letters L/Y from the mainclassification; eg

9PReligious beliefs & loyalties in scientific work.For impact of science on religion, see Class P.

9PYSee also Philosophy of science AY2 A

9PY MJ9PY NH9R9RA OF9S

The law of special subjects is preferred in ClassS. Locate here only those works dealing withlegal aspects as they may impinge on scientificactivity.

9SB LJ9SB M9T9TC D9TC DQ9TC DR9TC DS9TP G9TP H

9TP K9TQ

In society in general, at national orinternational level; for the organization ofscientific work per se (of research,experiments, etc.), see AY2 YQFor Standards & standardization, seeAY1 29U.

9VGeneral works on role of technology in science.For specific applications of technology inscience (e.g. instrumentation) see application.For role of science in technology, seeTechnology (Class U).

9VN9X

General investigation of the aims, concepts andprinciples of reasoning in scientific enquiry and therelationships between its subdisciplines.For methodology in the narrower sense of the studyof the methods or procedures in science, seeAY3 2C. For theory as a particular component ofthis, see AY8 B.

9X59X69X8

AY2 9XA9XB9XC9XE9XG9XJ9XL9XM

As a subject of study. For theory as aninvestigative method in scientific research, seeAY3 D.

9XP9XQ9XSA

Add to AY2 letters A/L following A in AA/AK.BACKQGGGQDGRGSVHKL

See also scientific method AY3 3FM

General applications only. For applications ofmathematics to specific topics in science, see thetopic.For mathematical models as types of theory, seeAY8 B2M.Add to AY2 letters M/X following A in AM/AX; eg

M8LM8N

Arrange A/Z.M9LM9N

For inequalities, use 2M9 O.Arrange A/Z.

P2For systems, principles, laws, etc. referred to by thename and connoting concepts not easily defined bya more specific subject; eg BB2 P2H Hamiltoniansystem.

XXGXHB BXSY

Add to AY2 Y letters B/I in the main classification;eg relations to astronomy AY2 YDA

Religion in science. .

Morality in science, ethics in science. .

Values in science. . .Responisibilities of science. . .

Politics & science. .Internationalism in science. . .

Law & science. .

Intellectual property in science. . .Patent law & science. . . .

Economics. .Growth & development. . .

Science needs. . . .Science priorities. . . . .

Science resources. . . .Modern economic systems & science. . .

Less developed countries (science in), LDCscience

. . . .

Developing countries (science in). . . .Economic organization & management of

science. . .

Technology in science. .

Environmental technology in science. . .Science as a discipline, scientific method

Autonomy of science. .Scientific constraints, limits of science. .Scientific criteria. .

Non-rational elements in scientific enquiry.Imagination in science, creativity in science. .Intuition in science. .Aesthetics in science. .

Interdisciplinary relations between sciences.Objectives of science

Explanation in science.Scientific theories, hypotheses, scientific models

(general). .

Paradigms. . .Scientific revolutions. . . .

Scientific laws, laws of nature. .Philosophy of science

Evolutionism in science. .Metaphysics.

Causation in scientific explanation. .Epistemology.

Scientism. .

Logic in science

Mathematics in science, mathematical methods inscience

Functions, operators.Named functions. .

Equations.Named equations. .

Named mathematicians.

Statistics in scienceStatistical probability.

Expected values, errors. .Statistical analysis, data analysis (statistical).

Science in generalSocial aspects of science

Custom, folklore & mythology.

Science in generalScience as a discipline

Attributes of scientific enquiryScientific criteria.

AY2AY2 9E

AY2 9KW

AY2AY2 9X

AY2 9X8

Other aspects of society.

Attributes of scientific enquiry.

Viewpoints, doctrines.

Ethics.

Relations to other sciences

Operational research

6

AY2YMH

AY2YRKN

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AY2 YMHYMJYMP

See AY2 5MBYQ

One subject of some importance in science(operational research) is given below, togetherwith some major classes from the detailedschedule at TQ which gives operational researchits context.Add to AY2 Y letters Q/V following T.

YQJYQK

Its application to scientific work; as an objectof study itself, see AYD.

YQR

YQS

Improvement of efficiency of managementby techniques derived from numericalanalysis, q.v. (AX7 6D). Aims to increasethe results/effort ratio by increasing thefirst or decreasing the second withoutaltering the other.

YQT BYQT L

Add to AY2 YQT letters M/Xfollowing A in AM/AX.

YQT MYQU CYQU DYQU EYQU FYQU HYQU KYQU LYQU MYQU NYQU PYQU PWYQU Q

YQU QVYQU QXYQU SYQU T

See also Inventory problems AY2YQW S

AY2 YQU VYQV BYQV C

YQV FYQV J

See also Networks (systems theory)AYJ W

YQV K

See also Branch & bound analysisAY2 YQU F

YQV MYQV P

YQV QYQV R

Arrange A/Z; eg WASP.

YQV T

YQW DYQW FYQW GYQW JYQW L

YQW NYQW NUNYQW NUTYQW Q

YQW QTMYQW QXDYQW SYQW V

YQW VTXYQW XYQX BYQX BUCYQX BVBYQX BVDYREYRFYRF HYRK BYRK N

Preparing research proposals. .Planning & design of research. .Disseminating & publishing research reports. .

Organization & management of scientific work.

Management services. .Systemology, communication & control

(general), systems analysis(management)

. . .

Management techniques, scientificmanagement

. . .

Operational research, operations research,OR

. . . .

Problem-solving techniques. . . . .Mathematical & statistical techniques

in OR. . . . . .

Mathematical models in OR. . . . . . .Decision theory. . . . . .

Decision analysis. . . . . . .Decision trees. . . . . . . .

Branch & bound analysis. . . . . . . . .Risk analysis. . . . . . .

Optimization. . . . . .Mathematical programming. . . . . . .

Linear programming. . . . . . . .Simplex method. . . . . . . . .Transportation method. . . . . . . . .Assignment method. . . . . . . . .

Non-linear programming, higherorder programming

. . . . . . . .

Quadratic programming. . . . . . . . .Convex programming. . . . . . . . .

Static programming. . . . . . . .Dynamic programming, control

programming. . . . . . . .

Integer programming. . . . . .Simulation (operational research). . . .

Computer simulation (operationalresearch)

. . . . .

Heuristic programming. . . .Network analysis, network planning,

project planning. . . .

Critical path scheduling, critical pathanalysis

. . . . .

Critical path method, CPM. . . . . .Programme evaluation & review

technique, PERT, programmeevaluation procedure, PEP

. . . . . .

Line of balance networks. . . . . .Other scheduling methods. . . . . .

Action research. . . . .

Deterministic problems. . . .Probabilistic problems. . . .

Stochastic problems, randomness. . . . .Allocation of resources. . . . .Sequencing problems, scheduling

problems. . . . .

Routing problems. . . . .Linear programming. . . . . .Dynamic programming. . . . . .

Queuing problems, waiting timeproblems

. . . . .

Mathematics. . . . . .Queuing theory. . . . . . .

Delay problems. . . . . .Inventory problems. . . . .Replacement problems. . . . .

Statistics. . . . . .Renewal theory. . . . . . .

Search problems. . . . .Competitive problems. . . . .

Decision theory. . . . . .Simulation. . . . . .

Operational gaming. . . . . . .Organization & methods, O & M. .Work study. .

Method study. . .Management functions

Forecasting.

Science in generalScience as a discipline

Relations to other sciences.

Organization & management of scientific workManagement services

Operational research. .Problem-solving techniques. . .

Optimization. . . .Dynamic programming. . . . . .

AY2AY2 9X

AY2 Y

AY2 YQAY2 YQJ

AY2 YQSAY2 YQT B

AY2 YQU KAY2 YQU T

Operations & agentsPreliminary operations.

Other special procedures. . . .

Operational problems. . .

Procedures & methods

7

AY2YRKT

AY36

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AY2 YRK TYRK WYRYYSOYTSYUYVEYVJ

For general works only, on management ofequipment & materials. For specific equipment& materials as integral elements in practicalscientific work, see AY3 B.

YVPYVT

For Standards & standardization seeAY1 29U.

AY3 2It is often not feasible to distinguish between ’pure’and applied research or between research per se andgeneral scientific work. So for specific methods,techniques, types of equipment, etc. only oneschedule is provided, covering both researchnarrowly and scientific investigative procedures ingeneral. For the latter, see AY6; for technologicalresearch in general, see U3.Practical work, both in its operations and theequipment used, is essentially an agent of research (aform of investigation).Theory per se, regarded as the exposition of theprinciples of the subject concerned, is intimatelylinked with the phenomena and conceptsinvestigated; physics is a particularly clear exampleof this. For this reason, the preferred arrangement isto file theory after practice (observing the retroactiveprinciple) thereby collocating it with the conceptsmaking up the subject proper.In some sciences, it may be thought that thisrelationship is less significant; so an alternative isprovided at AY3 4 for libraries wishing to file theorybefore practice (reflecting the principle of increasingconcreteness in filing order).

2BFor classification, see AY8 BT; for Scientism, seesee AY2 GSV; for techniques narrowly, seeAY6 2.

2CThe study of research methods themselves,especially as to their logical bases. Formethodology in the wider sense, defining thenature of science as a discipline, see AY2 9X.Those concepts in this class which are special tothe social sciences are given in K6/K9.See also Philosophy of science AY2 AAdd to AY3 2 letters D/G following K6; eg

2D2E

AY3 2F2G

Usually assumed. For induction, see AY8 BL; forhypothesis testing, see AY8 CJ.

2L2N2Q2R2S2T4

Alternative (not recommended) to locating at AY8 B;If this option is taken proceed as follows:Add to AY3 4 letters B/C following AY8; egHypotheses AY3 4C.

4DAlternative (not recommended) to locating afterPractical scientific work, at AY8 D.For works under specific classes dealing with thetheories per se.

5Alternative (not recommended) to locating at AY8 2.Add to AY3 5 letters A/Y following AY8 2; eg

5D

6

The classes of procedures, techniques, equipment andinstrumentation given below are usually considered in thecontext of experimentation. So the latter is included here,as being nearly synonymous with practical scientificwork. Provision is made at AY8 2 for general works onexperimental research should these distinguish it frompractical science.This location provides for truly general works on theseclasses and for the qualification of all other types ofscientific enquiry so far as applicable; eg Fieldstudies - Equipment & materials AY7 YF3 B.Note that the building of classmarks for compoundsubjects will sometimes entail building forward (notretroactively, as is the general rule in BC2); egInstruments - Calibration - Testing AY4 4BW 7A(when the general class Testing AY7 A files after thegeneral class Instrument calibration AY4 4BW).Building forward by direct addition is not always feasible.If the classmark added to ends in a numeral (egInstruments AY4) direct addition may produce anambiguous classmark since numerals may be used for itsown enumerated subclasses. In such cases (which are rare)building forward is still possible, but an intercalator mustintroduce it; in these cases, proceed as follows (where thehyphen represents the classmark added to):Add to -36 numbers 3/9 following AY.

Futurology. .Delphi techniques. . .

Management resources.Office & administrative services. .Funding scientific research. .Personnel management. .

Production management.Equipment & materials (production

management). .

Production planning & control. .Quality control. . .

Research operations (general)

Procedures & methods (research).

Methodology. .

Qualitative methods (general). . .Quantitative methods (general). . .

Non-empirical methods. . .Empirical methods. . .

Analytical methods. . .Synthetic methods. . .Comparative investigations. . .

Time comparison research. . . .Longitudinal research. . . .Secular studies, long-term studies. . . .

Scientific theory, theoretical models. .

Theories particular to a subject. . .

Experimental research. .

Design of experiments. . .

Practical scientific work, practical investigatoryprocedures (general)

Science in generalOrganization & management of scientific work

Management functions.Forecasting. .

Science in generalResearch operations

Methodology. .Quantitative methods. . .

AY2AY2 YQ

AY2 YRK BAY2 YRK N

AY2AY3 2

AY3 2CAY3 2E

Equipment & materials

8

AY37

AY3G

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AY3 7

For Interference, see Instrumentation AY3 48K.Add to AY3 7 letters A/Y following HJ; eg

7DV7DW7ER

7ES7EU7EV

Arrange A/Z; eg masks AY3 7EV M.7EX

Notation reserved for amplifying particularcontexts.

7H7I

For aberrations in instruments, see AY4 38Q7J7K7KL7LH7LM7MG7N

Add to AY3 7N letters H/U following C.8E

For error analysis, see Testing & evaluationAY7 DA.

8JEg optical aberration; interference ininstrumentation AY4 38K.

See Instrumentation AY4 38K8S

See also Error analysis (evaluation) AY7 DA

AY3 BB37

Most of the literature relates specifically to equipmentor to materials and the terms below will be usedmainly to qualify these separately. This class(AY3B/AY3P) takes only those works coveringmaterials, equipment and instrumentation together.

BDBFBG

Welding, machining, lubricating, etc.BGP

Of one piece of apparatus to another.BHBK

Add to AY3 BK letters A/E following AY7; egMeasuring instruments - StandardsAY7 643 BKE.

BNBR

For calibration, etc., see Instruments AY4 4BW.C

For handling techniques special to a given science,see latter.

CDCF

For example, by glove boxes.CHCI

Arrange A/Z; eg clamps, mandrels, tripods.CJCKCLCMCPCQCR

Arrange A/Z.CSCTCUCVCWD

See Materials handling AY3 RC

FAdd to AY3 F letters A/W following B; eg Effect ofpressure AY3 FBJ.

G

Unwanted effects, hazards, accidents, safety & hygieneprecautions

Reporting systems (hazards), warning systems.Control measures (hazards).Protective measures, monitoring & protecting

(hazards).

Protective equipment. .Protective clothing. . .

Specific items. . . .

Special to a particular science. . .

Aberrations, anomalies. .

Pollution hazards in research. .Radiation hazards in research. .

Ionizing radiation hazards. . .Elecromagnetic radiation hazards. . .Particulate radiation hazards. . .

Dangerous substances, dangerous materials. .Specific substances. . .

Accidental errors, human error. . .

Hazards special to a given context. .

Falsification of results

Equipment & materials (together)Unwanted effects.

Design. .Installation & use. .Workshop techniques. .

Coupling. . .

Maintenance. .Testing & monitoring (equipment & materials). .

Control of operations (on equipment & materials). .Performance criteria control. .

Handling techniques (general). .

Synchronizing. . .Manipulating. . .

Holding, supporting. . .

Joining, joints. . .Closing. . .

Materials for closing. . . .Packing materials, caulking. . . . .

Equipment for closing. . . .Seals. . . . .Other. . . . .

Fastening. . .Containing. . .Sequencing. . .Positioning. . .Lifting. . .

Deterioration. .

Science in generalPractical scientific work


AY2AY3 6

AY2AY3 6

Types of hazards.

Unwanted effects special to instrumentation

Agents

Operations on equipment & materials.

By agent. . . .

Special to materials. . .

Processes in equipment & materials.Effects of physical phenomena on equipment. .

Equipment & materials

9

AY3JC

AY3XN

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AY3 JCJEJGJIJKJL

See Instrumentation AY4 4JLJSJT

See AY4 84J T

Add to AY3 K letters A/W following B; egKGHKGPKHKLL

Add to AY3 L letters following CM

NB

PV

Equipment or material which responds to externalstimuli in a specific, controlled way; eg lensesreacting to sunlight. Used particularly when propertiesdemonstrate use of artificial intelligence.

RFor materials technology in general, see Class U.Add to AY3 R numbers & letters 6/P following AY3;eg materials reliability AY3 RJE.

RCRD

Add to AY3 RD letters following UF (Materialstechnology) so far as applicable. Notation isprovisional until publication of Class U/VTechnology.

RDH

Add to AY3 R letters F/N following AY3(Equipment & materials); eg

RJE

RPVSee definition at AY3 PD.

Add to AY3 R letters Q/W following B (withmodifications; eg

RQVRQX

AY3 RSRV

Add to AY3 S letters H/W following C; egSIBSO

TFTG

TLTNTPTRTS

U

Add to AY3 U letters B/M and R/T following AY3;eg

U37

U3C K

U3J EU3RU3T SUU

Add to AY3 UU letters A/Y following AY3 N; egUUBUV

Add to AY3 UV letters RP/V following AY3 sofar as applicable; eg

UVT G

See function; note that this may sometimes entailbuilding forward, rather than retroactively; egequipment for handling AY3 C3U.

VFor intelligent instruments specifically, seeAY4 5V.

WX

Regarded as aggregates of the total resources ofequipment, materials, etc. in a given operation.

X2Y UX3B DXLXMXN

Characteristics (equipment & materials).Reliability.Accuracy.Sensitivity.Responsiveness.Gain.

Stability (equipment & materials).Time response.

Acoustic properties. .Thermal properties. .Electromagnetic properties. .Optical properties. .Chemical properties. .

Surfaces (equipment & materials).

Intelligent equipment & materials, smart equipment& materials

.

Materials in general (in practical science)

Materials handling. .

Bulk handling of materials. . . .

Reliability of materials. .

Intelligent materials, smart materials. .

Films. . .Coatings. . .

Fluids (materials). . .Solids (materials). . .

Metals (materials). . .Organic materials (materials). . .

Fibres. . .Glass. . .

Fuels & explosives (practical work). . .Adhesives (practical work). . .Light sensitive materials. . .Solvents (practical work). . .Insulators (practical work). . .

Equipment & plant, equipment (general), apparatus(general), devices (equipment)

Unwanted effects.

Closing (equipment handling). .

Reliability. .

Insulating materials. .

Surfaces. .

Glassware. .

Intelligent equipment, smart equipment. .

Laboratories, scientific stations.

Laboratory assistants, technicians. . .Design & layout. .Laboratory buildings. .Mobile laboratories. .Testing laboratories. .


Equipment & materialsProcesses in equipment & materials

Deterioration.


Equipment & materialsMaterials in general

By state of matter. .Coatings. . .

AY2AY3 6

AY3 B

AY3 G

AY2AY3 6

AY3 BAY3 R

AY3 RQX

Properties of equipment & materials

Physical properties.

Properties special to a material or device.Parts

Types of equipment & materials

Operations on materials.

Special to materials. . .

Processes, properties & parts of materials.

Types of materials.

By state of matter. .

By chemical constitution. .

Specific materials. .

By utility. .

Operations on.

Properties.

Materials of equipment.

Parts of equipment.

Types of equipment.By material. .

Types of equipment by function.

Types of equipment special to a subject.

Personnel. .

Instruments

10

AY3XP

AY484TSW

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AY3 XPXRXV

Vacuums, high altitudes, space, etc.Alternative (not recommended) to treating as specialforms of enquiry. See AY7 WB and the notes there.If this option is taken, proceed as follows:Add to AY3 X letters W/Y following AY7: egVacuums AY3 XX.

YFor example of use, see BT3 YL Wind tunnels.

AY4As distinct from equipment and plant generally,instruments form a class of devices which perform aparticular variety of operations in investigation:measuring, counting, monitoring, scanning,indicating, imaging.Add to AY4 letters B/M and R/T following AY3 U;eg

37

38K38L

Modification by the probe, etc. of theproperty under examination.See also error analysis (evaluation)AY7 DA

38M

38NAdd to AY4 8P letters A/Q following B;e.g.

38N J38N KJ38O38P

Avoidable engineering defects.38Q

3BF3BR3BR W3BS3BT3BU3BV

Arrange A/Z; eg sliding fitsAY4 4BV S.

3BW3BW 7T3BW 7U3BW S

AY4 3C

3G

3JC3JE3JL3JM3JN3R

Add to AY4 4 letters A/Y following AY3, with theadditions shown; eg

4B4H4P

5This class takes literature on components ofinstruments (which are used in a variety of types ofinstruments) and discusses the component as suchrather than the whole instrument in which thecomponent is used.Documents sometimes consider a component only asit functions within (and is used to define) a particulartype of instrument. Such documents are classed underAY5 Types of instruments, in the array ((Bypossession of a particular component)); eg AY5 HSFluidic instruments (meaning instruments withfluidic components).The retroactive rule for compounding mayoccasionally be broken since one component mayhave another component of its own, filing later thanitself; eg AY4 SL4 ST Input tranducers - Receivers.Add to AY4 5 letters UV/V following AY3; eg

5V6T78

The following is an extract from a larger schedulein U/V Technology, from which further details areobtainable. Notation is provisional.

82M837

83J S83J T

84784L84L 4N84T SW

Analytical laboratories.Control laboratories.

Special environments (practical work)

Instruments, instrumentation

Unwanted effects.

Interference. . .Self-interference, instrumental error. . . .

Environmental interference(instrumentation)

. . . .

Magnetic interference. . . . . .Ionizing radiation. . . . . .

Drift (instrumentation). . .Faults (instrumentation). . .

Aberrations (instruments). . .

Installation & use. .Performance criteria control (instruments). .

Allowances. . .Clearances. . .Tolerances. . .

Limits & fits (instrumentation). . . .Specific fits. . . . .

Calibrating. . .Testing. . . .

Standard test objects (calibration). . . . .Objective calibration. . . .

Handling.

Deterioration in instruments.

Characteristics (instruments).Reliability.Gain.Attenuation.Signal-to-noise ratio.

Surfaces.Housings.Power input sources (instrumentation).

Components in instrumentation

Intelligent instruments.Information processing instruments (components).

Computers (instrument components). .Control instruments, control systems.

Mathematical techniques. .Unwanted effects. .

Stability (control systems). . .Time response (control systems). . .

Computers. . .Transducers. . .

Indicators. . . .Windows. . .


Equipment & materialsEquipment & plant

LaboratoriesTesting laboratories.


InstrumentsOperations on instruments

Performance criteria control.Objective calibration. . .

AY2AY3 6

AY3 BAY3 U

AY3 XAY3 XN

AY3 BAY3 UAY4

AY4 3BRAY4 3BW S

Special to a context

Special to instrumentation. .

By form of interfering energy. . . . .

Operations on instruments.

Processes in instruments

Properties of instruments

Materials of instrumentationParts

Properties. .

Components. .


11

AY484V

AY4JL

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AY4 84V84W84X84Y C84Y E

Add to AY4 86 letters A/J following AY4: eg86B

8B8C8E

8F

Add to AY4 letters following U in U/V Technology.Notation for the examples below is provisional untilpublication of Class U/V Technology.

ACADAEAFAGAHAJALAMANAP

For circuits special to a given context, see context;eg for integrated circuits, see electronic devices

AVApplying an electric signal to drive a device (eg anamplifier).

AWAX

Completely shielded transmission lines.BBBBDCCPCSCVDDSDTDUDWEEG

AY4 EJF

F3QRange of brightness or density for reproduction.

FEFHFJFLFNFP

Uses light rather than electrons to transmit signalsin computers, etc.

FR

A detailed schedule for these components is givenunder Optics at BRL 4U/X.Add to AY4 F letters U/X following BRL; eg

FUFFVFWB

Refracting media which deviate and/or disperselight.

FWGFWM

Reflect light without significant dispersion.GGHGJGMGNGPGRHHLHMHNHPHQHS

Fluid flow simulates electron flow in conductors; theinteractions of streams of fluid is used to controlinstruments, etc.

HTHUHVHWHXJJL

Regulators (instrumentation). .Filters. .Actuators. .Compensators. .Energizing systems. .

Electronic. . .

Open loop control systems. . .Remote control. . . .

Closed loop control systems, feedback controlsystems

. . .

Servomechanisms. . . .

Electrical & electronic components.Electrical converters. .

Rectifiers. . .Transformers. .Capacitors. .Resistors. .Switchgear. .Relays. .Conductors. .Insulators. .Circuits (instruments). .

Excitation systems (instrument components). .

Transmitters (instrument components). . .Waveguides. . . .

Electronic instrument components. .Integrated circuits. . .Electron tubes. . .Semiconductors (instrument components). . .Superconductors. . .Stimulated emission devices. . .

Masers (as components). . . .Lasers (as components). . . .

Resonators. . .Telecommunication components (instruments).

Telemetering components (instruments). .Electromagnetic components.Magnetic components.

Magnetostrictive components. .

Nuclear magnetic resonance (instruments).Optical components

Scales (optical components). .

Laser excited optical components. .Photovoltaic components. .Photoconductive components. .Optoelectronic components. .

Photomultiplier tubes. . .Photonic devices. .

Opto-acoustic components. .

Filters (optical components). .Lenses. .Prisms. .

Gratings. .Mirrors. .

Thermal engineering components (instruments)Thermoelectric components.Thermomagnetic components.Heat exchangers (instruments).Thermal insulation (instruments).Heat energy sources (instrument components).Refrigeration components (instrumentation).

Mechanical engineering components (instruments)Linkage mechanisms (instruments).Mechanical transmission (instruments).

Couplings (instrument components). .Bearings. .

Damping devices (instrument components).Fluidic components, fluidics.

Piezoelectric components.Acoustoelectric components.Photoelastic components.Acoustic domponents.

Ultrasonic components. .Chemical components (instruments)

Electrolytic components.

Equipment & plantInstruments

Components in instrumentationControl instruments

Components.Windows. .


InstrumentsComponents in instrumentation

Magnetic componentsMagnetostrictive components.

AY3 UAY4

AY4 5AY4 8

AY4 84T SW

AY3 BAY3 U

AY4AY4 5

AY4 EAY4 EG

Types of control systems.By form of working energy. .

By input-output structure. .

Types of instrument components by energy system

Properties.

Types of optical components.By energy form.

By function.


12

AY4K

AY4TSC

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

Acting on other parts or features of the instrument.AY4 K

KNKPL

Converts one physical parameter (eg sound) intoanother (usually electrical or optical signals).

L4A V

LNLPLR

Add to AY4 M letters A/J following AY4;eg

MAMAG

MAHMAIMCWMCX

MDMDGMDJMEMFMFHMFJMFLMFQ

MGMGM AMGM DMHMHRMHSMHTMHUMHVMHWMHXMJMJL

AY4 N

NNNeedles, pointers, etc.

NRQQV

Arrange A/Z.R

RQRRRSSS4A VS4A W

SL

SL4 ST

SLRSLSSLTSLUSLVSSSS3 VSSVSSWST

Parts in contact with the phenomena measured.For remote indication, see AY7 4M.

T

T4A WTRTRTTRUTRVTRWTRW MTRXTRY

Visualization illuminates only; it doesn’tnecessarily form an image. For Imaging, seeAY7 I.

TSC

Switching devices (instrument components),conversion devices, converters

.

Analogue-digital converters, digitizers. .Digital-analogue converters. .Transducers. .

Excitation. . .

Non-self-exciting transducers. . . .Self exciting transducers. . . .Digital transducers. . . .

Electrical transducers. . . . .Capacitive transducers, capacitance

transducers. . . . . .

Resistive transducers. . . . . .Reductance transducers. . . . . .Electromagnetic transducers. . . . . .

Inductive transducers, inductancetransducers

. . . . . . .

Magnetic transducers. . . . .Magnetostrictive transducers. . . . . .Nuclear magnetic resonance transducers. . . . . .

Laser excited transducers. . . . .Optical transducers. . . . .

Photovoltaic tranducers. . . . . .Photoconductive transducers. . . . . .Optoelectronic transducers. . . . . .Opto-acoustic transducers, acousto-

optical transducers. . . . . .

Thermal transducers. . . . .Thermoelectric transducers. . . . . .Thermomagnetic transducers. . . . . .

Mechanical transducers. . . . .Electromechanical transducers. . . . . .Fluidic transducers. . . . . .Piezoelectric transducers. . . . . .Acousto-electric transducers. . . . . .Photoelastic transducers. . . . . .Acoustic transducers. . . . . .

Ultrasonic transducers. . . . . . .Chemical transducers. . . . .

Electrolytic transducers. . . . . .

Indicators (instrument components), pointers(instruments)

Mechanical indicators.

Radiation indicators.Optical indicators (instrument components).Other indication devices.

Recording devices (instrument components),recorders (instrument components)

Automatic recorders.Coded recording devices.Graphic recording (instrument components).

Input devicesExcitation systems.

Transmitters. .Transducers.

Input transducers. .

Receivers (transducers). . . .

Airborne transducers. . . . .Space vehicle borne transducers. . . . .Underwater transducers. . . . .

Underseas transducers. . . . . .Subterranean transducers. . . . .

Sensors, detectors, probes.Intelligent sensors. .Image sensors. .Tactile sensors. .

Receivers.

Output devicesTransmitters.

Signals transmission (technical operations). .Recorders.

Chart recorders. .X/Y plotters. .Oscillographs. .Digital recorders. .

Magnetic tape recorders. . .Event recorders. .

Viewing devices, visualization devices, displaydevices

.

Contrast. . .



Types of instrument components by energy systemElectrolytic components. .



Switching devicesElectrolytic transducers. . . . .

AY3 BAY3 U

AY4AY4 5

AY4 JL

AY3 BAY3 U

AY4AY4 5

AY4 KAY4 MJL

Types of components by internal function

Types of transducers. . .

By form of energy input. . . .

Parts. . .

Types of input transducers. . .By location of environment. . . .

Properties. .

Investigative techniques

13

AY4TSD

AY6LPF

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AY4 TSDTSSTSWTTCTTETTLTUV

Used, for example, at AY4 85W Controlfilters.

Add to AY5 4 letters J/V following AY3 so faras applicable; eg

AY5 4V

Add to AY5 numbers & letters 5/U followingAY4; eg

DHS

V

The general arrangement in BC2 is to locatean instrument under the function it serves,wherever that may be in the generalclassification; e.g. measuring instrumentsAY7 64; flowmeters BS7 64; Rateflowmeters BSD C76 4.

The central operation in much practical scientificinvestigation is a combination of observation andmeasurement. This is supplemented by numerouscontributory activities such as sensing, detection,indication, recording, etc. In many cases it may beunhelpful to try to draw fine distinctions between theseactivities, so omnibus headings are provided for whenthe literature is too broad in coverage to justify makingsuch distinctions.Compounding of operations and agents should be donewith caution. Often, one element in a potentialcompound is implicit in the other; e.g. measurementoften implies the initial operation of observation; testingand evaluation usually implies measurement. Telemetryreflects the dual operation of indication andmeasurement together.

AY6 2

For analysis, see AY7 2N.34C4D4E4G4L5

6Taking a microsecond or less.

7

74V8

On scales approximating the size of atoms andmolecules.

8I8M

9Add to AY6 numbers & letters 9,A/W followingB6. A selection of major concepts is given here toshow scope. More detail will be available when thetechnology schedules are published.

BGHGPHYIBJKKFTKQKQMKRKSKT

Add details from U Technology (whenpublished).

KUAdd details from U Technology (whenpublished).

KVKWKYLLFPLM

LPF

Dials. . . . . . . .Scales. . . . . . . .Windows (instrument controls). . . . . . . .Cathode ray tube displays. . . . . . . .Electroluminescent displays. . . . . . . .Liquid crystal displays. . . . . . . .

Intensifiers, amplifiers (intensifiers). . . . . . .

Intelligent instruments. . . . .

Laser-driven instruments. . . . . .Fluidic instruments, instruments with

fluidic components. . . . . .

Investigative techniques (general)

Data handling, data processing. .Computer science. . .

Programs. . . .Digital techniques. . . .

Analogue-digital conversion. . . . .Data recording & display. . .

Control operations (general). .

High-speed techniques. .

Microtechniques (general). .Instruments. . .

Micromachines. . . .Nanotechniques. . .

Semi-microtechniques (general). .Macrotechniques (general). .

Physical methods in investigation. .

Mechanical techniques. . .Sonic techniques, acoustic techniques. . .Thermal techniques. . .Electromagnetic & electronic techniques. . .

Electronic techniques. . . .Magnetic techniques. . . .Radiation techniques (electro-magnetic). . . .

Scatter techniques. . . . .Microwave & optical techniques (together). . . .

Stimulated emission techniques. . . . .Maser techniques. . . . . .Laser techniques. . . . . .

Electrical engineering techniques. . . .

Telecommunications techniques. . . .

Microwave techniques. . . . .Radio & television techniques. . . . .Radar techniques. . . . .

Optical techniques. . . .Polarization (optical techniques). . . . .Colour (optical techniques). . . . .

Coherent light techniques. . . . . .

AgentsComponents in instrumentation. . . .

Types of components by internal function. . . . .Viewing devices. . . . . . .

Properties. . . . . . . .Contrast. . . . . . . . .


Operations in scientific investigationAY4 5

AY4 TRY

AY4 TSC

AY2AY3 6

Types of instrument components by specialfunction

. . . . .

Types of instruments. . . .

By possession of a particular component. . . . .

Types of instruments special to a context. . . . .Types of instruments by investigative function. . . . .

Operations in scientific investigation

Operations serving all techniques & objectives.

Operations by scale.

Operations by energy form.

Forms of light. . . . .

Investigative techniques

14

AY6LU

AY75

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

***

AY6 LULWLWYLXM

MGBAdd to AY6 MGB letters J/M followingBM7 I.

Add to AY6 letters N/Q following B; egNGO

Using photons instead of electrons.NPNP4NP4 FVOOFK

For tracer techniques, see AY7 P.QUQX

For vacuums as a form of matter, see BRY.R

For sonic techniques and thermal techniques, seeAY6 G.Add to AY6 letters R/W following B; eg

RNR

TCWUCHUCWX

Add to AY6 X letters A/S following C (notationis provisional); eg

XBXCEXCE LXXY

Eg AY7 76Y C Conversion (of measurementsystems).

Many of the physical methods of investigation above (atAY6) serve several operations; eg X-ray techniques mayserve detection, indication, monitoring, imaging etc. Theclasses below take that literature which deals primarilywith the specific operations themselves, regardless oftechnique used.

AY7 22B2D2E2N

For example, analysis of sound.2P2Q3

Production of the phenomena investigated; e.g. lightsources in optical investigations.

3B3C3D3F3H3K

For example, Sound - Blowing BRG H73 LB.3L

For example, separation in particle productionBM7 3P.

44D4G

See also detecting & counting (together) AY7 54J4L

See also Visualizing & imaging AY7 H4M4N

Presenting results at a distance.4P4Q4T4U4V

Giving information on conditions at various positionsin space, examined cyclically.See also Monitoring AY7 C

4W5

Include here works on counting techniques alone.See BM7 5 for a detailed schedule relating to particles.See also Visualization & counting (together) AY7 GY.

Infra-red techniques. . . .Ultra-violet techniques. . . .

Radiological techniques. .X-ray techniques. . .

Particulate radiation techniques, particle physicstechniques

. .

Particle beam techniques (general). . .

Photonics. . . .

Electron techniques. . . .Instrument components. . . . .

Electron lenses. . . . . .Nuclear reaction techniques. . . .

Radioactivity techniques. . . . .

Ion techniques. . . .Vacuum techniques.

Bulk matter techniques.

Phase transition techniques, thermodynamicphases (techniques)

. .

Gas dynamics techniques. .Hydrostatic techniques. .Hydrodynamic techniques. .Chemical techniques. .

Chemical analysis (techniques). . .Electrochemical techniques in physics. . .

Electrolytic techniques in physics. . . .Biological techniques in physics. .

Control techniques.Hysteresis (control techniques). .Damping (control techniques). .

Isolation damping. . .Analysis (of phenomena investigated).

Qualitative analysis. .Quantitative analysis. .

Production techniques.

Sampling (production techniques). .Preparation of sample. . .

Generation techniques, reproduction techniques. .Computer generation (production techniques). . .Synthesis (of phenomena investigated). . .

Observing.Direct sensory perception of phenomena. .

Detecting & indicating (together).

Detecting, sensing. .Indicating. .

Remote indication. . .Telemetry. . . .

Echo probing. . . .Radar, radio echo sounding. . . . .

Recording.Graphic representation. .Scanning. .

Identifying. .Counting, counting & detecting (together), calculation

(counting).

Investigative techniquesPhysical methods in investigation

Electromagnetic & electronic techniques.Optical techniques. .

Forms of light. . .Coherent light techniques. . . .


Investigative techniquesOperations by energy form

Operations special to a context.

AY6 2AY6 9

AY6 HYAY6 L

AY6 LPF

AY2AY3 6

AY6 2

AY6 Y

By wavelength. . .

By particle. . .

Operations special to a context

By action on the phenomena investigated

By source, medium. .

Special to a context. .

Systems of measurement

15

AY76

AY79

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*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AY7 662M638 E

64For photogrammetry, see AY7 KV.

643 BKE69

For measurement of things by a multiplicity ofcriteria representing desiderata in some context,see Standards AY7 E.See also Performance criteria AY7 EP

69B69D6A

For SI units, see Systems of measurementAY7 7M.

6AD6AL6AR6C

For tables of constants, see AY2 3NL6C6 YC6C6 YC2

6D6F

6H6J

Interaction of instrument & measurand.6K6L6M6N6O6P

For telemetry, see AY7 4N.6Q6R6S

Enlargement without increasing power ofsignal. For microscopy, see AY7 J.

6TFor example, under pyrometry BRG X76.

AY7 7

76Y C76Y C27C

Originally consisted of four measures - mass,volume, distance, area. Now includes otherparameters also (e.g. temperature, luminosity).

7E7G

Centimetre, gram, second; now largely replace byMKS and SI.

7JMetre, kilogram, second

7KAmplification of, & now largely replacing, MKSsysteml includes amperes, etc.

7M

7P884

84V C84V E84V G

85V K85V L85V M85V P85V R85V S85V T85V V88E8B8D

See Class D Astronomy & Earth sciences.8J8L

For example, seismic scales in Class D.8Q

For example, BRL L78 R Visual photometry9

The preferred arrangement is to subordinate themeasurement of a specific thing to the latter. Thislocation is an alternative (not recommended) forlibraries wishing to keep all works on measurementtogether.If this option is taken, proceed as follows: add toAY7 9 letters A/Y following B; eg Densitymeasurement AY7 9CL.

Measurement, mensuration, metrologyMathematical methods in measurement.Errors in measurement.Instrumentation.

Measuring instruments, gauges, meters, probes. .

Standards. . .Principles of measurement.

Summation methods, integral measurement. .Micromeasurement. . .

Units of measurements, systems of units,standard units

. .

Dimensions of units. . .Absolute units. . .Relative units, practical units. . .

Constants. .

Conversion. . .Conversion tables. . . .

Direct measurement. .Differential methods (measurement), small

differences method (measurement). .

Maxima & minima (measurement). .Performance characteristics in measurement. .

Precision, accuracy. . .Signal-to-noise ratio. . .Dynamic response. . .Drift (measurement). . .Hysteresis (measurement techniques). . .

Presentation characteristics (measurements). .

Digitalization. . .Amplification. . .

Magnification. . . .

Systems of measurement, units of measurement

Conversion (measurements). .Tables. . .

Weights & measures.

Metric system.CGS system.

MKS system.

MKSA system.

Systeme Internationale d’Unitees, SI(measurement)

.

Imperial system (measurement).Time variables measurement.

Instrumentation. .

Hands (clocks & watches). . . .Winding mechanisms. . . .Movements (clocks & watches). . . .

Clocks & watches. . . .Electronic clocks. . . . .Atomic clocks. . . . .

Chronometers. . . .Timing devices. . . .

Start devices. . . . .Stop devices. . . . .

Stop clocks & watches. . . . . .Time standards. .Frequency measurement. .Calendars. .

Space variables measurement systems.Scales, etc. special to a context.

Other variables measured.


Investigative techniquesCounting


Investigative techniquesMeasurement

Techniques of measurementSpecial to a subject.

AY2AY3 6

AY6 2AY7 5

AY2AY3 6

AY6 2AY7 6

AY7 6T

Techniques of measurement.

Special to a subject. .

Operations.

Components. . .

Types of time instrumentation. . .

Systems of measurement special to a context.

Testing & evaluation

16

AY7A

AY7GY

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*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

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*

*

AY7 AMeasuring something against an agreed standard whichconforms to some set of desired criteria, which togetherdefine an ideal model.For technical testing, see Technology UE

A3UA3YABAEAEFAEHAEMB

Add letters from UE Technical testing (technology)(not yet published).

CTesting over time; periodic or continuousdetermination and/or verification of a variable.

D

DAFor errors as a source of hazards, see AY3 8E.

DCDD

See also Feedback control AYP J

DDE

DDGDDIDDKDDM

DEDFDGDHDKDO

EFor social agreements on and administration ofstandards generally, see AY1 29U.

EHSee also Systems of measurement AY7 7

ELFor quality assurance and quality control, seeTechnology UF.

The general arrangement is to subordinateevaluation to the phenomenon evaluated. Below, anumber of very generalized attributes of action, toodiffuse to warrant citing first, is given.

AY7 EPEQERESETEVF

See also Statistical models AXQ RFAEFGFH

FMAdd to AY7 FM letters B/Y following AM4 Q;Add to AY7 FN letters A/E following AM4 R; egAY7 FMT Abstract models.

FXFYCFYEFYGFYIFYKFYLFYNFYPFYSGGY

See BM7 H Track visualization (particles) for a specialapplication of this class.For counting (general), see AY7 5.

Testing & evaluation

Equipment, laboratories, facilities.Test chambers. .

Inspection, examination.Testing, trials.

Preliminary tests. .Working tests, operational tests, in-house tests. .Re-testing, post-modification tests. .Technical testing. .

Monitoring. .

Evaluation, assessment, appraisal, estimating(evaluation), valuation

.

Error analysis. .

Accuracy (errors). . .Correction of errors. . .

Mean error. . . .

Observer error. . . . .Instrument error. . . . .Transmission media error. . . . .Object of measurement error. . . . .

Expert assessment. . .Current assessment. . .Retrospective assessment. . .Prospective assessment. . .Undervaluation. . .Overvaluation. . .

Standards, desiderata (standards). . .

Quantitative standards, dimensional standards. . . .

Qualitative standards, performance standards. . . .

Performance evaluation, performance criteria. . .Efficiency evaluation. . . .Reliability evaluation. . . .

Problem evaluation. . .Risk evaluation. . . .

Project evaluation. . .Modelling (simulation), simulation

Testing.Solving (models).Predicting (models).

Mathematical & statistical models. .

Probabilistic models. . .Causal models. .Natural models. .Scale models. .Iconic models. .Structural models. .

Graph models. . .Static models. .Dynamic models, process models. .Physical models. .

Prediction, forecastingVisualization & counting (together)


Investigative techniquesMeasurement

Other variables measured. .


Investigative techniquesTesting & evaluation

Products of evaluation. .Qualitative standards. . . .

AY2AY3 6

AY6 2AY7 6

AY7 9

AY2AY3 6

AY6 2AY7 A

AY7 EL

Types of errors. . .

By source. . . .

Types of evaluations. .

Products of evaluation. .

Subjects of evaluation. .

Types of models.

Imaging

17

AY7H

AY7JFR7K

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*

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*

*

*

*

*

AY7 H

H4HV

Illuminates only; does not necessarily form image.

I

ICMathematical representation of the effects onimaging of lenses or other components.

ICPID

Add to AY7 ID letters A/Y followingAY7 IJ;Add to AY7 IE letters A/Y followingAY7 IK;Add to AY7 IF letters A/Y followingAY7 IL; eg

IDPIEIEEIFEIFNIFP

Add to AY7 G letters D/Y following AY7 IM;eg

IGIGEIGJIGK

IHU

IJ

Focusing of particle beams to form images.The detailed schedule for this is given underparticle physics BM. Details may be takenfrom there if needed.Add to AY7 I letters J/M following BM7 I;eg

IJ4 FVIJ4 FVVIJ4 FVWIJPIKIKGILEILP

AY7 IME

Add to AY7 I letters N/Q following B; egINPINV

For proton resonance imaging, see AY7 IO.IO

Using magnetic resonance of protons.IQU

IST

IX

J

J4F UFJ4F VJ4W B

J5

JED

JEFJEHJEJJEL

JENJES

Add to AY7 JF letters B/Y following BF; egJFNJFPJFQJFRJFR 7K

Visualizing & imaging (together)Instrument components.

Display devices (visualizing & imaging). .Visualizing (techniques).

Imaging.

Optical transfer function. . .

Phase transfer function. . . .Beam handling. . .

Beam defection. . . .Focusing. . . .Beam trapping. . . .

Resolution. . .Scanning (imaging). . .Optical projection. . .

Beam properties. . .Beam profile. . . .

Contrast. . .Divergence. . .

Infrared imaging, thermal imaging,thermography

. . .

Particle beam techniques (imaging), particleoptics (imaging), particle beamhandling (imaging)

. . .

Lenses (particle optics). . . . .Electrostatic lenses. . . . . .Magnetic lenses. . . . . .

Defection. . . .Focusing. . . .

Beam trapping. . . . .Resolution. . . .Projection. . . .

Beam profile. . .

Electron beams (imaging). . .Proton beams (imaging). . .

Nuclear resonance imaging, magneticresonance imaging, MRI

. . .

Ion optics. . .

Stereographic projection, stereograms.

Magnification techniques, amplification techniques(images)

Microscopy.Instrumentation. .

Components. . .Filters. . . .Lenses. . . .Prisms. . . .

Simple & compound microscopes. . . .

Dark field microscopy, dark groundmicroscopy

. . .

Field emission microscopy. . .Field ionization microscopy. . .Fluorescent microscopy. . .Phase contrast microscopy. . .

Vertical field microscopy. . .Stereoscopic microscopy. . .

Reflecting microscopy. . .Polarizing microscopy. . .Diffraction microscopy. . .Interference microscopy. . .

Holographic microscopy, holomicrography. . . .


Investigative techniquesVisualization & counting

Practical scientific workInvestigative techniques

Visualizing & imagingImaging

Types of imaging by radiation form or particleProjection. .

AY2AY3 6

AY6 2AY7 GY

AY3 6AY6 2

AY7 HAY7 I

AY7 ILP

Operations. .

Properties. .

Types of imaging by radiation form or particle. .

Instrument components. . . .

Properties. .

Types of particle optics. .

Types by other characteristics

Types. . .

Types of microscopy by illumination. .

By direction. .

By property. .

Microscopy

18

AY7JGH

AY7KRH

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*

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*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Add to AY7 J letters G/Q following B, with themodifications indicated:

AY7 JGHUsing acoustic waves at microwave frequencies.

JGNJL

Visible light usually assumed. Includes documentsdealing with i-r and u-v light as well.

JLUJLWJLW NJLX

See also Electron microscopy AY7 JQJLX GJLX LJLX QJM

JM5 VJNP

Use AY7 JP.This interrupts the division by NQ/Q, which isresumed at AY7 JS.

JP

JPMJPN

JPPJPR

Add to AY7 JQ letters C/U following BF, withmodifications; eg

JQCJQG

See also Field ion electron microscopyAY7 JXP

JQHJQNJQQJQQ T

JQQ VJQQ W

JRGSee also Field ion electron microscopyAY7 JSU P

JRNJRS

AY7 JRTJRT T

JRT V

JRWJRXJS

Division by BM/BQ is resumed here after itsinterruption at AY7 JP.Add to AY7 JS letters NPR/Q following B; eg

JSO

JSUJSU NJSU PJSU RJSU SK

Imaging technique without using camera or lenses.Records and reconstructs the wavefront emanatingfrom an object illuminated by a laser beam.

K55K5FK5F VK5X

K74 T

Add to AY7 KF letters B/Y following BF; egKFQ

KFR

KHKI

KK

KKSKKTKLKM

Add to AY7 K letters M/Q following B ifapplicable.

KRFKRH

Acoustic microscopy.

Ultrasonic absorption microscopy. .Optical microscopy.

Infrared microscopy. .Ultraviolet microscopy. .

Flying spot microscopy. . .X-ray microscopy.

X-ray projection microscopy. .X-ray absorption microscopy. .X-ray diffraction microscopy. .

Particle microscopy.Instrumentation. .

Ultramicroscopes. . .Electron microscopy. .

Electron microscopy. .

Specimen cooling electron microscopy. . . .Specimen heating electron microscopy. . . .

Mirror electron microscopy. . . .Replica electron microscopy. . . .

Transmission electron microscopy. . . .Emission electron microscopy. . . .

Field emission electron microscopy. . . . .Reflection electron microscopy. . . .Diffraction electron microscopy. . . .

Transmission diffraction electronmicroscopy

. . . . .

Selected diffraction electron microscopy. . . . .Shadow diffraction electron microscopy. . . . . .

Gas reaction electron microscopy. . . .

Thin film electron microscopy. . . .Shadow electron microscopy. . . .

Scanning electron microscopy. . . . .Scanning-transmission electron

microscopy. . . . . .

High voltage electron microscopy. . . . .

Electrostatic electron microscopy. . . . .Electromagnetic microscopy. . . . .

Nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

. . .

Ion microscopy. . .Field ion microscopy. . . .

Field ion electron microscopy. . . . .Field emmission ion microscopy. . . . .

Atom probe field ion electron microscopy. . . . . .Holography (techniques), wavefront reconstruction

imaging

Instrument components.Holographic optical elements. .

Holographic gratings, holographic plates. . .Holograms, hologram interferometers. .

Recording.Holographic recording. .

Diffraction. .Interferometry. .

Holographic interferometry. . .

Real image. .Virtual image. .

Computer generated holography. .

Acoustic holography. .Holographic multiplexing. . .

Microwave holography. .Particle field holography. .

In-line Fraunshofer holography. .High-speed holography. .


Magnification techniquesMicroscopy

By propertyHolographic microscopy. .

ImagingMagnification techniques

MicroscopyParticle microscopy. .

By special method. . . .Shadow electron microscopy. . . . .

AY7 HAY7 I

AY7 IXAY7 J

AY7 JFR 7K

AY7 IAY7 IX

AY7 JAY7 JM

AY7 JRS

By wavelength

By characteristics of specimen. . .

By component. . .

By radiation property. . .

By special method. . .

By focusing system. . . .

Other particle microscopies. .

Processes.

Product elements.

Types.

Types of holography by wavelength.

Types of holography by technique.

Spectroscopy

19

AY7KT

AY7MLP

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

AY7 KTKV

Use of photographic records for mapping,measurement of dimensions, etc (eg by aerialsurveying).

LUse of shortwave ionizing radiation to produceimages.

LLAdd to AY7 L letters L/Q following B; eg

LLXLLYLNVLNWLRLRSLRTLRXLSLSQLSSLV

Image of a selected plane in a material, etc. Thematerial is examined by rotating a detector and thesource of radiation in such a way as to blurr pointsoutside the plane and thereby highlight the latter.

LVJ

MTerminology varies; spectrometry is often equated withspectroscopy and works which do this should be classedhere, not at AY7 N.See also Scatter techniques AY7 KFT

M4M5W

MBDMBE

MBGMBHMBJMC

See also types of spectroscopy specified by these(at AY7 MF).Add to AY7 MC letters B/U following BF; eg

MCGMCLMCRMCT

AY7 MDCMDEMDFMDL

Add to AY7 MF letters B/Y following BF; egMFFMFGMFLMFN EMFO

See also particular resonating energies or particles;eg Nuclear magnetic resonance

MFO QMFRMFS

MGCMGDMGFMGHMGJ

See also resonating particles; eg nuclear magneticresonance AY7 MON.

For acoustic spectroscopy, see AY7 MGCAdd to AY7 M letters K/Q following B; eg

MKMMKO

MKSMKS RMKU

See also Electron spin resonance analysisAY7 MNP M

MKU LMKU MMKU P

MKU Q

MLIf confined to visible light wavebend, seeAY7 MLV.

MLFMLGMLOMLO PMLP

Photographic techniques. .Photogrammetry. . .

Radiography. .

X-ray radiography. . . .Gamma ray radiography. . . .Proton radiography. . . .Neutron radiography. . . .

Autoradiography. . .Shadowradiography. . . .Colour radiography. . . .

Flash radiography. . .Microradiography. . .Macroradiography. . .Stereoradiography. . .

Tomography. .

Computerized tomography. . .

Spectroscopy, spectrography, spectrum analysis

Instrumentation.Spectroscopes. .Spectrographs. .

Excitation (spectroscopy). .Activation analysis. . .

Continuous spectrum. .Line spectrum. .Band spectrum. .Radiation phenomena (spectroscopy). .

Emission. . .Absorption. . .Interference. . .Scattering. . .

Arc spectroscopy.Spark spectroscopy.Flame spectroscopy.Fluorescence spectroscopy.

Coherence spectroscopy.Emission spectroscopy.Absorption spectroscopy.Reflectance spectroscopy.Resonance spectroscopy.

Quadrupole resonance spectroscopy. .Interference spectroscopy.Collision spectroscopy.

Acoustic spectroscopy.Quantum beat spectroscopy.Fourier transform spectroscopy.Hadamand transformation spectroscopy.Magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Radiofrequency spectroscopy.High frequency spectroscopy. .

Microwave & optical together.Laser spectroscopy. .

Laser Rahman spectroscopy. . .Microwave spectroscopy.

Electron spin resonance analysis (microwaves). .Atomic beam electron resonance (spectroscopy). .Phosphorescence microwave double resonance,

PMDR. .

Phosphorescence microwave photoexcitationspectroscopy, PMPS

. . .

Optical spectroscopy.

Coherence spectroscopy. . .Emission spectroscopy. . .Optical double resonance. . .

Microwave optical double resonance. . . .Light beating spectroscopy. .



Holography. .High-speed holography. . . .


Visualizing & imagingSpectroscopy

Processes measuredScattering. .

AY3 6AY6 2

AY7 HAY7 I

AY7 KAY7 KRH

AY3 6AY6 2

AY7 HAY7 M

AY7 MCT

By radiation source. . .

Operations.

Processes measured.

By exciting agent

By radiation phenomenon

By special wave properties

By wave/particle used

By property. .

Spectroscopy

20

AY7MLQ

AY7NSLU

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AY7 MLQMLR

See also Raman spectrophotometryAY7 NSL NQ

MLS

MLUMLU GFMLVMLWMLW VMLX

For Appearance potential spectroscopy, see Ionspectroscopy AY7 MUL.

MLX 7MN PExamining X-ray spectra by electron beam.

MLYMLY MMMMNG

For photoemission spectroscopy (result ofbombardment by photons) see Electronspectroscopy AY7 MNP.

MNHMNJ

See also Photo-electron spectroscopyAY7 MNP T

MNP

MNP MMNP N

MNP O

MNP P

MNP QMNP SMNP T

MNTMNWMOMON LMOO

MOP

AY7 MPSee also Atom probe field ion microscopyAY7 JXS

MPMMQMQMMQNMQP BMQP DMQP FMQUMQU LMQU MMQU PMQU Q

NSee note under Spectroscopy B7M. Prefer latter ifspectrometry is equated with spectroscopy.

N4

Add to AY7 N letters L/Q following B; egNLXNLYNMNMX

NNP

NNWNONOQNORNOTNS

Measures intensity of wavelength in opticalspectra.

NS4

Add to AY7 NSF letters B/Y following BF; egNSF GNSF L

NSH

NSL

NSL NQNSL U

Monochromatic light spectroscopy.Raman spectroscopy. .

Photoacoustic spectroscopy, optoacousticspectroscopy

. .

Infrared spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy.Fourier transform infrared. .

Visible light spectroscopy.Ultraviolet spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy.

Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy. .X-ray spectroscopy

Electron probe microanalysis.

Gamma ray spectroscopyMossbauer spectroscopy.

Particulate spectra techniquesPhoton spectroscopy.

Two photon spectroscopy. .Photon correlation spectroscopy. .

Electron spectroscopy, electron emmissionspectroscopy

.

Electron spin resonance analysis. .Electron spin magnetic resonance

spectroscopy. . .

Electron spin double resonancespectroscopy

. . .

Electron paramagnetic resonancespectroscopy, electron spinresonance, ESR

. . .

Electron energy loss spectroscopy. .Auger electron spectroscopy. .Photo-electron spectroscopy, photoemsssion

spectroscopy. .

Baryon resonance spectroscopy.Neutron capture spectroscopy.Nuclear spectroscopy.

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy. .Nuclear magnetic spin resonance

spectroscopy, nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy, NMRspectroscopy

. .

Pulse nuclear magnetic resonance. . .

Atomic spectroscopy. .

Atomic absorption spectroscopy. . .Molecular spectroscopy. .

Rotation spectroscopy. . .Vibration spectroscopy. . .Band spectroscopy. . .Time resolved spectroscopy. . .Beam foil spectroscopy. . .

Ion spectroscopy, ion beam spectroscopy. .Appearance potential spectroscopy. . .Secondary ion spectroscopy. . .Ion microprobe analysis. . .Ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. . .

Spectrometry.

Instrumentation. .Spectrometers. . .

X-ray spectrometry. . .Gamma ray spectrometry. . .Particle spectrometry, mass spectrometry. . .

Cherenkov spectrometry, Cerenkovspectrometry

. . . .

Beta particle spectrometry, beta rayspectroscopy

. . . .

Neutron spectrometry. . . .Nuclear spectrometry. . .

Neutron capture spectroscopy. . . .Photoneutron spectrometry. . . . .

Alpha particle spectrometry. . . .Spectrophotometry.

Instrumentation. .Spectrophotometers. . .

Emission spectrophotometry. . .Absorption spectrophotometry,

absorptiometry. . .

Differential spectrophotometry. . .

Optical spectrophotometry. .Monochromatic. . .

Raman spectrophotometry. . . .Infrared spectrophotometry. . .


Visualizing & imagingSpectroscopy

Optical spectroscopyLight beating spectroscopy.

Investigative techniquesVisualizing & imaging

SpectroscopyBy wave/particle used

Nuclear spectroscopy. .Pulse nuclear magnetic resonance. . . .

AY3 6AY6 2

AY7 HAY7 M

AY7 MLAY7 MLP

AY6 2AY7 H

AY7 M

AY7 MOAY7 MOP

By various physical constants

By radiation/particle. .

By special wave properties. .

By radiation/particle. .

Practical scientific work

21

AY7NSLW

AY82V

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*

*

**

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

AY7 NSL WNSPNSP FLNXO

Measures atomic mass by separating beamof ions into components reflectingdifferent mass/charge ratios.

OPOQOTOUOV

OV4

PP75P75 4PEPGPJQS

Notation AY7 S/V is reserved for such operations;eg seismological techniques in Earth sciences;Conversion of optical frequencies BLF D7T;Acceleration of particles BM7 T

WDWGWJWL

These represent quasi-laboratory conditions affectingthe conducting of experiments, etc.For research into the environment, see Class D.An alternative (not recommended) is to locate thesewith laboratories at AY3 XV.

WNWP

For Aether, see BAC EH.X

Including pressures below one atmosphere.For vacuum as a state of matter, see BQX

X3VX3WX73X73 PX73 QX73 R

AY7 X73 SX73 S4XCXEXF

XHXJ

For research into space itself, see Class B.XN

For theoretical investigation, see AY8 B.XO

Usually implies biological context. For ’naturalhistory’, see note at AYB N

XRXU

Applies mainly to social sciences.YBYD

Usually within a particular scientific field;arrange by name A/Z.

YFAY8 2

Use this class only for general works which draw aclear distinction between experimental and practicalwork. See note at AY3 2. If in doubt, prefer AY3 6.For non-experimental investigation, see AY7 XN.An alternative (not recommended) is to locate thisclass at AY3 5 (where it will be collocated withgeneral theory at AY3 4 if the alternative for that isalso taken).

22XUse AY8 2E.

2D2E

Add to AY8 2E letters A/Y following AX; eg2ER2ES V

2QSAdd to AY8 2 letters QS/R following AY2 Y;eg

2QU K2QW Q2T2V

In principle, types of enquiry defined by purposeshould file after all other types. Because of its specialstatus as a form of enquiry (see notes at AY3 2)theory files after this array in order to collocate itdirectly with the phenomena investigated (seeAY8 A).

Ultraviolet spectrophotometry. . . . . . .Atoms. . . . . .

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. . . . . . .Mass spectrum analysis. . . .

Mass spectroscopy. . . . .

Mass spectrographs. . . . . .Time of flight mass spectroscopy. . . . . .Tunnelling spectroscopy. . . . . .Quadrupole mass spectroscopy. . . . . .

Mass spectrometry. . . . .Instrumentation. . . . . .

Mass spectrometers, velocityspectrometers

. . . . . . .

Tracer techniques. .Counting. . .

Counters. . . .Labelled compounds, tracers. . .

Radioactive tracers, radioisotope tracers. . . .Tritium tracers, tritiaated tracers. . . .

Individual research.Group research, team research, organized research.

Big science. .Special environments (practical science)

Control of environment in practical work. .Hypothetical environments.

Vacuums (as research environments).

Equipment. .Vacuum meters, vacuum gauges. . .Auxiliary vacuum apparatus. . .

Production. .Evacuating power (vacuums). . .

Residual gas. . . .Degasification, degassing (vacuums). . . . .

Pumping. . .Vacuum pumps. . . .

High pressure techniques.Subsurface (research environments).Submarine investigations, underwater

investigations.

High altitude (research environments).Research in space, zero-gravity research.

Non-experimental research (general)

Observational research.

Descriptive research.Surveys (research).

Scientific exploration, scientific expeditions.Specific expeditions. .

Field investigation, practical investigation.Experimental research (general), experimentation

(general)

Statistical methods.

Design of experiments.Statistical methods. .

Statistical design (of experiments). .Factor analysis (design of experiments). .

Operations research in experimentation. .

Optimization (experiments). . .Queuing problems (experiments). . .

Falsification (experiments).Replication of experiments.


Visualizing & imaging. .By various physical constants. . . .

Optical spectrophotometry. . . . . .Infrared spectrophotometry. . . . . . .


Special environmentsVacuums.

Evacuating power. . .Degasification. . . . .

AY3 6AY6 2

AY7 H

AY7 NSLAY7 NSL U

AY2AY3 6

AY7 WLAY7 X

AY7 X73 PAY7 X73 R

Techniques special to a subject. .Investigative procedures special to a subject

Types of investigation by persons as agents

Operations. Organization of experiments.

Types of research by broad objective

Practical scientific work

22

AY85

AY94O

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AY8 5

66M

Research and development (R & D) is unequivocallytechnological and general works on it go at U. But insocial policy relating to science it is often consideredalongside purely scientific research; for thisconjunction, see AY1 3AF.See also Planning & development in science AY2 9G

77J7L7M

For missions reflecting specific fields, see latter; egSpace missions in Class D.

8

9CIncludes civil research which has military applicationsalso.

9E9HB

For the role of theory in explanation, see Science as adisipline AY2 9XM. This class is for the operationsinvolved in theorizing.An alternative (not recommended) is to locate this classat AY3 4, preceding practical work.For scientific laws, see AY2 9XS.

B2MFor particular mathematical techniques used inscience, see AY2 M.

BFBGBHBKBLBMBQBTCCJ

See also Experimentation AY8 2CLCMCN

For Statistical analysis, see AY2 XS.CS

AY8 CTExpressing functional relations betweenvariables.

DFor works under specific classes dealing with thetheories per se; eg Particle physics - Grand unified theory BM8 KQ.An alternative (not recommended) is to locate thisclass preceding practical scientific work, atAY3 5.

Some of the concepts below, reflecting commonlyoccurring processes or properties (particularly theconditions affecting a phenomenon) duplicate provisionmade in the main schedules. Synthesis by the latter maynot produce the most helpful order for these concepts andmay entail long classmarks. In such cases, the conceptsare better treated as here, alongside those truly commonconcepts which do not appear in the main schedules.

AY9 2D2E2F

For concepts of stability and instability as systemicfeatures, see AYH U.

2GFor constants in measurement, see AY7 6C.

2H2J2L2M2N2P2S2T2V4

Includes relations of influence, effect, etc.4C4E4F4G4H4J4JC4K4L4M4N

Add to AY9 4N letters P/S following BSB J ifapplicable.

4O

Fundamental research, basic research, free research,pure research

.

Applied research.Research & development in science, R & D in

science.

Oriented research.Oriented free research. .Discipline oriented research. .Science missions (general), mission-oriented

research. .

Interdisciplinary research in science,multidisciplinary research

.

Civil research.

Exploratory research.Adaptative research.

Scientific theory, theoretical models, scientific laws(scientific method)

Mathematical models (general).

Formulation of theories, construction of theories.Formulation of problem. .Abstraction. .

Hypothetico-deductive system.Induction (scientific method). .

Generalization (scientific method). . .Deduction (scientific method). .Classification, categorization. .

Hypotheses.Testing hypotheses, validation (research),

replication (research). .

Working hypotheses, heuristic hypotheses. .Concept formation & meaning.

Meaning, interpretation, interpretative analysis,explanation in science

. .

Causal analysis. .

Levels of analysis. . . .

Theories particular to a subject. . .

Distribution.Incidence, occurrence. .

Invariability, constancy.

Constants. .

Variation, change.Rate of change, gradient. .Decrease. .Increase. .Cyclical change. .Anomalies. .Development. .

Formation, origin. . .Growth. . .

Conditions & parameters & environments of physicalevents

.

Critical point, critical state. .Volume conditions. .

Constant volume. . .Decreasing volume. . .Increasing volume. . .

Pressure conditions. .Critical pressure. . .Constant pressure, isobaric conditions. . .Decreasing pressure. . .Increasing pressure. . .Other pressure conditions. . .

Velocity conditions. .


Types of research by broad objective

Science in generalOperations & agents

Concept formation & meaning. . .Causal analysis. . . .

AY2AY3 6

AY2

AY8 CMAY8 CS

General processes/properties

Science in general

23

AY94P

AYF

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AY9 4P4PC4Q4R4S4V4Y5678B

As a qualifying property.Details for AY9 B/AY9 D are taken from thesubstantive classes for dimensions at B9B/B9D.Add to AY9 letters B/D following B9 if applicable; eg

B2XBG

For example: many, few, double, very, optimal.BIBKCCICMCQCUDDEDFDGDHDJDKDPDQDV

GAs qualifying properties; for the substantive subject ofsystems, see AYG.Add to AY9 letters G/S following AY; eg

GEGVJVKVKXLRM

In principle, the end-product of any discipline constitutesthe main facet of that subject. In science, the main productconsists of the great bodies of information and methods ofenquiry into natural phenomena which constitute thespecial sciences. These will be found in B/G (the naturalsciences) and to a lesser degree (since other forms ofknowledge also contribute to them) in H/V (socialsciences and technologies). Locate here only generalstudies of the products of science.

AYEThe totality of the different fields of enquiry in science.This class should not be qualified by classes AY2/AYAexcept for works treating the different sciences as anaggregate (and usually including a comparativeelement). When in doubt, prefer AY2/AYA.For interdisciplinary relations between sciences, seeAY2 9XG.

3E

GFor empirical science, see AY3 2G.

HL

Usually taken to exclude the social sciences.N

In nearly all the literature using this term, Biology isimplied, together with environmental factorsimportant to living things. For this use of the term,see Biology ET.Locate here works which are truly general, withmineralogy, earth sciences, astronomy, etc.considered as well as biology.

AYFThe fields of scientific enquiry are usually defined bythe established sciences (physics, chemistry, etc.),each encompassing a level of organization in naturalphenomena (eg energy and matter per se, molecularorganization (substances) and so on). But some verygeneral phenomena have no particular place in these,appearing in several or all of the individual sciences;eg properties like form, processes like periodicity,abstract entities like systems. One such phenomenon,that of systems, has achieved the status of anindependent field of study, applicable throughout thesciences, natural and social; this is given in detailbelow.If considered completely generally (as, for example,in a work on form in nature and in art) these conceptsare treated as general phenomena and located in Class2. If regarded scientifically, they belong here.Add to AYF letters A/Y following 3 in Class 3Phenomena (notation is provisional until publicationof Classes 2/9); eg Complementarities AYF C.

Thermal conditionsCritical temperature.Constant temperature, isothermal conditions.Adiabatic conditions.Decreasing temperature conditions.Increasing temperature conditions.

Electric & magnetic conditionsElectric field condtions.Magnetic field conditions.Radiation conditions.Other conditions.Dimension (general properties).

Dimensional analysis. .Degree, number. .

Indexes. .Similarity parameters. .Time (general properties). .

Life, duration. . .Mean life. . . .

Frequency. . .Periodic. . .

Space (general properties). .Direction. . .One-dimensional space (general properties). . .Distance. . .

Mean free path. . . .Width. . . .Radius. . . .

Two-dimensional space (general properties). . .Three-dimensinal space (general properties). . .Multidimensional space, hyperspace (general

properties). . .

Systems characteristics (properties)

Disturbances, perturbations.Conservation.Shape, configuration.Continuous.Discontinuous, discrete.Linear.Non-linear.

The Sciences.

Classification of sciences, systematics of thesciences, taxonomy of the sciences

. . .

Empirical sciences (general). .

Fundamental sciences, pure sciences, basic sciences. .Natural sciences. .

Nature, The natural world, natural history. .

General (extra disciplinary) phenomena. .

Science in generalConditions & parameters & environments of physical events

Velocity conditions

Science in generalGeneral processes/properties

Non-linear. . .

AY2AY9 4

AY9 4O

AY2

AY9 M

Subjects of scientific enquiry

Operations. .

State of system

24

AYFX

AYHVX

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

AYF X

AYGA set of interacting units with relationshipsbetween them (Miller). An organized or complexwhole.For a prominent applications of the systemsapproach, see systems engineering U.

2M2M3 L2M8 H2RC N8U

2WG 8P23D

9B

Theoretical studies only. For practicalstudies, see system concerned, especially inTechnology U/V.For systems analysis in the narrow sense ofa preliminary to operational research orcomputerization, see latter.

9D

CE

For error analysis, see AY7 DA(Evaluation & testing); for error detection,see UC (Systems engineering).

FGH

Set of elements and their properties whichare not part of the system but which mayaffect it.

JFor synergism, see AYI R.

KLMN

AYG PSet of properties relevant to the behaviour of a system atany given time.

QRSTV

For conservbation laws, see Physics B9G V.XY

AYHH

For conflict and competition, see Biological systemsE.

IJKL

Event caused by another event.LMMPMRN

Event is associated with another event.NTNWQ

Dependence of the state of a system on itsprevious history; usually seen in thelagging of a physical effect behind itscause.

RAutonomous changes, self-determined.For self-differentiation, see Biological systems, E

STTUTVTWTYUVVVVW

See also feedback control in CyberneticsAYQ J

VX

Systems & communication & control, complexphenomena (general)

Systems, systemology.

Mathematics & statistics. .Models & simulation. . .Optimization (systemology). . .Fractals (systemology). . .Analytical functions. . .

Hamiltonian systems (systemology). . . .General systems theory, GST. .

Analysis & design of systems, planning ofsystems

. . .

Prediction (systems approach). . .

Systems behaviour (general). . .Errors (systems behaviour), disturbance,

perturbation, degradation (systemsbehaviour)

. . . .

Compensation (systems behaviour). . . . .Transients, temporary disturbances. . . . .

Environment of system. . . .

Wholeness, holistic process. . . .

Teleology (systems). . . .Directiveness. . . . .Goals of system, objectives of system. . . . .Ideals of system. . . . .

State of system

Reliability.Consistency.Sensitivity.Constancy, invariance.

Conservation (general). .

Homogeneity.Heterogeneity.Variability, variance (general properties).

Events in system, change of state in system. .

Transformation, phase transitions (systemology). . .Periodic change. . .Cycles. . .Action & reaction (systems). . .

Susceptibility. . . .Persistence. . . .Resistance. . . .

Response (systems). . .

Time response. . . .Delay. . . . .

Hysteresis (systems behaviour). . . . . .

Acts (systems), autonomous events (systems). . .

Variations special to a subject. .Deterministic behaviour, determinate behaviour.Probabilistic behaviour.Static behaviour.

Homeostasis. .Dynamic behaviour.Stability (systems behaviour).

Homeostasis, self-regulation. .Compensation (systems behaviour). . .

Feedback. . . .

Asymptotic static stability. .

Science in generalThe Sciences

General (extra disciplinary) phenomena

General (extra disciplinary) phenomenaSystems & communication & control

SystemsSystems behaviour

TeleologyIdeals of system.

AY2AYE

AYF

AYFAYF X

AYGAYG C

AYG KAYG N

Operations on systems. .

Properties & processes of systems. .

Systems

25

AYHW

AYNG

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*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AYH WX

A state of disorder whose development in time ishighly sensitive to initial conditions, which maylead to sudden and unpredictable departuresfrom equilibrium. Implies some degree ofnon-linearity.See also Chaos theory (mathematics)AWE ME3 CC

YCYE

AYI CEH

See also Goals AYG M; Adaptive systemsAYN P

HKAdapts to external change by modifyingenvironment.

HMAdapts to external change by modifying self.

HPAdapts to internal change by modifyingenvironment.

HSAdapts to internal change by modifying self.

KL

Of systems components.N

Direct cause/effect relation between initialconditions and final state. Typical of physicalsystems.

PFinal state may result from different initialconditions and by different processes. Typical ofbiological systems. In open systems, this maintainsthe steady state.

QR

Additional benefits accrue on coalescence (’thewhole greater than its parts’).See also Wholeness AYG J

TSee also Man-machine interface, in Class 8Computer science; Symbiosis, in Class EBiology

AYJHJK

AYJ PSTVW

AYK BD

Conforming to certain simplifying assumption(usually to assist analysis)

FIdeal assumptions are qualified by particularconditions.

JK

Use only when taken as models for non-biologicalsystems. For biological systems per se, see E; forEquifinality, see AYI P.

LNOPQSVX

AYL DF

NP

RAYM

See also Multivariable systems AYK S; ChaosAYH X

SAYN

Add to AYN letters D/F following AY; eg Adaptivesystems AYN IH.

See also open & closed systems AYL N/PG

Systems over and beyond those of a lower logicalorder (e.g. the system of monetary values affectingdecisions in a gambling game).

Instability. . .Chaos, catastrophe. . . .

Attractors. . . . .Non-attracting sets. . . . .

Reversibility. . .Irreversibility. . .Adaptive behaviour. . .

Other-other (systems behaviour). . . .

Other-self (systems behaviour). . . .

Self-other (systems behaviour). . . .

Self-self. . . .

Growth in time (systems), systems development. . .Relative growth. . . .

Finality. . .

Equifinality. . .

Merging with other systems. . .Synergy, synergism (general systems). . . .

Coupling. . . .

Structure of systems, organization of systems.Arrangement. .

Order. . .Hierarchy (systems). . . .

Pattern. . . .Symmetry. . . . .

Parity. . . . . .Shape, configuration. . . .

Networks (systems).

Abstract systems. .Ideal, perfect. . .

Real, non-ideal, imperfect. . .

Concrete systems. .Biological models (general systems theory). . .

Analytic systems. .Stochastic systems. .

Markov processes (systemology). . .Stationary systems. .Non-stationary systems. .Multivariable systems. .Continuous systems. .Discontinuous systems, discrete systems. .

Ordered. .Disordered. .

Open systems, self-maintaining systems. .Closed systems. .

Linear systems. .Non-linear systems. .

Large-scale systems, complex systems. . .

Metasystems. .


SystemsProperties & processes of systems

Stability. . .Asymptotic static stability. . . .


SystemsSubsystems

Structure of systems.Hierarchy. . . .

AYFAYF X

AYG

AYH UAYH VX

AYFAYF X

AYG

AYJAYJ K

Subsystems

Types of systemsBy abstractness.

By statistical concepts.

By composition, structure.

By openness.

By linearity.

By behaviour.

By environment.

Communication & control

26

AYNJ

AYRS

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

AYN JKLMNMPMQMS

State changes over time.MT

For example, clockwork systems.NSO

Elements & environment are dynamic.P

From Ackoff’s categorization.PRPSPTPUPUWPVPVW

Characterized by a special function rather than bystructural or behavioural features.See also Natural systems (B/K), Technological systems(U/V) and other classes to which systems theory maybe applied.An alternative (not recommended) for libraries wishingto keep together works dealing with particular fieldsfrom a systems point of view is provided here. If thisoption is taken, proceed as follows:

AYOAlternative (not recommended) to subordinating tosubject.Add to AYM numbers and letters 3/9,A/Z from thewhole classification.

AYPFor control systems in technology, see U7.

N

PP3JQRSTTUTVTW

AYP TXUVWX

AYQDefinitions vary; in the West, it generally refers tothe scientific theory of communication and control.Elsewhere, it often refers to control and informationprocessing together (including computers).See also Control systems in technology U7

2M2M3 L2M8 YT2WK

8F

DRDSEOF

GNo direct control.

J

For automata, see Articial intelligence AYR.

Add to AYR letters G/P following AY, with theadditions indicated.

AYR KNKOKPKQKSKVKX

LLLRLSMMTNPOPS

Arrange A/Z: eg proportional, derivative,time-sharing.

Reactive systems. .Responsive systems. .Autonomous systems. .Deterministic systems. .Probabilistic systems. .Static systems, one-state systems. .Dynamic systems, multi-state systems,

non-equilibrium systems. .

Simple dynamic systems. . .

Stable systems. .Self-regulating systems, self-organizing systems,

homeostatic systems. . .

Adaptive systems. .

State-maintaining systems. . .Variety-increasing systems. . . .

Goal-setting systems, goal-seeking systems. . .Multi-goal-seeking systems. . . .

Purposive systems. . . . .Purposeful systems. . .

Ideal seeking systems. . . .

Applications of systems theory.

Communication & control (systems theory).

Information theory, communication theory(information theory)

. .

Transmission & reception (information theory). . .Shannon’s theory. . . .Transmission (information theory). . . .Reception (information theory). . . .

Signalling. . .Coding. . . .

Decoding. . . . .Decodability. . . . . .

Correction codes. . . . .

Group codes. . .Channel capacity (information theory).Redundancy.Interference (information theory).

Noise. .Cybernetics, control (systems theory)

Mathematics & statistics.Modelling (cybernetics). .Transfer function. .Optimization (cybernetics). .

Theory.Control theory. .

Consistency. .Sensitivity. .Stability. .

Open loop systems, environmental control. . .

Closed loop systems, feedback controlsystems, negative feedback controlsystems

. . .

Stochastic control system. . .Markov processes control systems. . . .

Stationary control systems. . .Non-stationary control systems. . .Multivariable control systems. . .Continuous control systems. . .Discontinuous control systems, discrete

control systems. . .

Integral control systems. . .Linear control systems. . .

Bilinear control systems. . . .Non-linear control systems. . .Optimal control systems. . .Adaptive control systems. . .Self-organizing control systems. . .Fuzzy control systems. . .

The SciencesGeneral (extra disciplinary) phenomena

Systems & communication & controlSystems

By environmentMetasystems.

Systems & communication & controlSystems

Communication & controlInformation theory

Signalling.Correction codes. . .

AYEAYFAYF X

AYG

AYN G

AYF XAYG

AYPAYP N

AYP SAYP TW

By state of system.

By function

Properties & processes.

Subsystems.Types of cybernetic systems.

By input-ouput relation. .

By general systems theory concepts. .

Other types of control systems, A/Z. .

The Sciences

27

AYS

AYY

*

*

AYSBranch of computer science which assumesthat computers can be programmed tobehave as though they are exercising humanintelligence. Embraces pattern recognition,knowledge-based systems, automata androbots.Alternative (not recommended) tosubordinating to computer science in Class8.

AYY

Artificial intelligence, machine intelligence. . . . . .

Physical sciences (general)

Science in generalThe Sciences

General (extra disciplinary) phenomenaCybernetics. . . . . .

Other types of control systems, A/Z. . . . . . . .

AY2AYE

AYFAYQ

AYR S