Avoiding Plagiarism (Duke)

8/14/2019 Avoiding Plagiarism (Duke)

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Avoiding P lagiarismAvoiding Plagiarism

Designed byDesigned by

Duke Universitys Writing StudioDuke Universitys Writing Studio


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Using another personUsing another persons ideas or expressionss ideas or expressionsin your writing without acknowledgingin your writing without acknowledgingthe source constitutes plagiarism. Derivedthe source constitutes plagiarism. Derived

from the Latin plagiarius (from the Latin plagiarius (kidnapperkidnapper),),plagiarism refers to a form ofplagiarism refers to a form ofintellectual theft.intellectual theft.

Joseph Gibaldi,Joseph Gibaldi,

MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly PublishingMLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing..

22ndnd ed. New York: MLA, 1998: 151.ed. New York: MLA, 1998: 151.


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What is Plagiarism?What is Plagiarism?

Copying word for word from published sourcesCopying word for word from published sourceswithout adequate documentationwithout adequate documentation

Using language and/or ideas from sources withoutUsing language and/or ideas from sources withoutadequate documentationadequate documentation

Purchasing a prePurchasing a pre--written paperwritten paper

Letting or paying someone else to write a paper forLetting or paying someone else to write a paper for

youyou Paraphrasing a source without attributing creditParaphrasing a source without attributing credit

Submitting someone elses unpublished work asSubmitting someone elses unpublished work as

your ownyour own


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Why Do We Document Sources?Why Do We Document Sources?

According to Abigail Lipson and Sheila Reindl in The

Responsible PlagiaristUnderstanding Students WhoMisuse Sources, Proper documentation traces a

family tree of intellectual kinship, in which we place

our own ideas and text in context (9).Romeo and Juliet

byWilliam Shakespeare

(1594)

Romeo e Giulietta

Dir. byUgo Falena

(1912)

Romeo y Julieta

Dir. byMiguel M. Delgado

(1943)

Romeo and Juliet

Dir. byBaz Luhrmann

(1996)


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What causes plagiarism?What causes plagiarism?

According to Kacie Wallace, Dean of JudicialAccording to Kacie Wallace, Dean of JudicialAffairs at Duke, The rise of the Internet asAffairs at Duke, The rise of the Internet as

the primary source for student research hasthe primary source for student research has

changed the shape of plagiarism.For a lotchanged the shape of plagiarism.For a lotof students [plagiarism is] the result of poorof students [plagiarism is] the result of poor

time management and waiting until the nighttime management and waiting until the nightbefore to write a paper. And carelessness runsbefore to write a paper. And carelessness runs

into a lack of integrity.into a lack of integrity.


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Duke Community Standard:Duke Community Standard:

The PledgeThe Pledge

The statement below is provided by the AcademicIntegrity Council athttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/resources/community_standard/cs_more.html

1. I will not lie, cheat, or steal in my academic endeavors,nor will I accept the actions of those who do.

2. I will conduct myself responsibly and honorably in allmy activities as a Duke student.

N.B.: This vow is renewed each time you register forclasses on ACES and some professors have you sign

the pledge before submitting papers or taking exams
http://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/resources/community_standard/cs_more.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/resources/community_standard/cs_more.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/resources/community_standard/cs_more.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/resources/community_standard/cs_more.html


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What is the punishment atWhat is the punishment at

Duke for academic dishonesty?Duke for academic dishonesty?

Of the 26 cases referred to the UndergraduateOf the 26 cases referred to the Undergraduate

Judicial Board in the fall of 2002, punishmentJudicial Board in the fall of 2002, punishment

ranged from probation to a threeranged from probation to a three--semestersemestersuspension.suspension.

More information on Dukes policies, actions,More information on Dukes policies, actions,

and statistics can be found atand statistics can be found at

http://judicial.http://judicial.studentaffairsstudentaffairs.duke..duke.eduedu/policies/po/policies/po

licy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmllicy_list/academic_dishonesty.html
http://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.htmlhttp://judicial.studentaffairs.duke.edu/policies/policy_list/academic_dishonesty.html


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Some consequences of

plagiarism beyond Duke

In May 2004, the chairman of the OrangeIn May 2004, the chairman of the OrangeCounty (NC) School Board made national newsCounty (NC) School Board made national news

by plagiarizing parts of a high school graduationby plagiarizing parts of a high school graduation

speech. He resigned the chairmanship and laterspeech. He resigned the chairmanship and laterlost his bid for relost his bid for re--election.election.

In September 2004, the senior pastor of a wellIn September 2004, the senior pastor of a well--

known Charlotte, NC, church resigned afterknown Charlotte, NC, church resigned afteradmitting several of the sermons he hadadmitting several of the sermons he had

broadcast over Christian radio stations were notbroadcast over Christian radio stations were not

his own.his own.


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And more recentlyAnd more recently

In 2006, Harvard sophomoreIn 2006, Harvard sophomore KaavyaKaavyaViswanathanViswanathan made national news when itmade national news when it

was revealed that a novel she had writtenwas revealed that a novel she had written

contained several passages remarkablycontained several passages remarkably

similar to passages in two novels by authorsimilar to passages in two novels by author

MeganMegan McClaffertyMcClafferty..


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How to avoid plagiarism:How to avoid plagiarism:

Gathering research materialsGathering research materials

Allow time for gathering materials.Allow time for gathering materials.

Expect to make several trips to the library.Expect to make several trips to the library.

Take time to make careful choices amongTake time to make careful choices amongavailable research tools.available research tools.

Allow time for reading.Allow time for reading.

Write down a citation for every source.Write down a citation for every source.

Have a dorm mate, friend, tutor, orHave a dorm mate, friend, tutor, or

professor preview your paper beforeprofessor preview your paper beforeturning in the final draft.turning in the final draft.


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Taking notesTaking notes

Identify what you write down as directIdentify what you write down as directquotation (Q), paraphrase (P),quotation (Q), paraphrase (P),summary (S), or your own ideas (Me).summary (S), or your own ideas (Me).

Jot down the page number, author, andJot down the page number, author, andtitle.title.

Keep a working bibliography.Keep a working bibliography. Keep a research log.Keep a research log.


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Important Questions to Ask*Important Questions to Ask*

Can my readers tell which ideas belong toCan my readers tell which ideas belong towhom?whom?

Am I clear about how I have used othersAm I clear about how I have used others

ideas in service to my own contributions?ideas in service to my own contributions? Have I represented others work fairly in theHave I represented others work fairly in the

context of my own?context of my own? Where have I contributed something of myWhere have I contributed something of my

own to the discussion?own to the discussion?*Adapted from The Responsible Plagiarist*Adapted from The Responsible Plagiarist--Understanding Students Who Misuse Sources byUnderstanding Students Who Misuse Sources byAbigail Lipson and Sheila Reindi.Abigail Lipson and Sheila Reindi. About CampusAbout Campus. July. July--August 2003/Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 7August 2003/Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 7--14.14.


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Documenting sourcesDocumenting sources

You must citeYou must cite direct quotationsdirect quotations.. You must citeYou must cite ideasideas that are not your ownthat are not your own

You must citeYou must cite sayingssayings oror quotationsquotations that arethat arenot familiar.not familiar.

You should cite facts that areYou should cite facts that are notnot commoncommonknowledge.knowledge.

You must cite allYou must cite all printedprinted,, audiovisualaudiovisual,,

electronicelectronic, and, and interview sourcesinterview sources..


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Deciding if something isDeciding if something is

common knowledgecommon knowledge

Material is probably common knowledge ifone of these is true:

You find the same informationYou find the same information

undocumented in at least five other sources.undocumented in at least five other sources.

You think it is information that your readersYou think it is information that your readerswill already know.will already know.

You think a person couldYou think a person could easilyeasily find thefind theinformation withinformation with generalgeneral reference sources.reference sources.


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DefinitionsDefinitions

AA quotationquotation contains the exact words ofcontains the exact words ofthe source and is indicated by quotationthe source and is indicated by quotationmarks.marks.

AA summarysummary gives an overview of thegives an overview of theoriginal ideas and is shorter than theoriginal ideas and is shorter than the

original.original. AAparaphraseparaphrase restates all the originalrestates all the original

material in different words and is aboutmaterial in different words and is aboutas long as the original.as long as the original.


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Quotation exampleQuotation example

Quotation: In her bookQuotation: In her bookA Writers ReferenceA Writers Reference, Diana, Diana

Hacker notes, In research writing, sources are cited forHacker notes, In research writing, sources are cited fortwo reasons: to alert readers to the sources of yourtwo reasons: to alert readers to the sources of yourinformation and to give credit to the writers from whominformation and to give credit to the writers from whom

you have borrowed words and ideas (260).you have borrowed words and ideas (260). SourceSourceintroduced, original wording in quotation marks, correctintroduced, original wording in quotation marks, correctcitationcitation

Plagiarized: In research writing, sources are cited to alertPlagiarized: In research writing, sources are cited to alertreaders to the sources of your information and to givereaders to the sources of your information and to givecredit to the writers from whom you have borrowedcredit to the writers from whom you have borrowedwords and ideas.words and ideas. Same words as original, no quotationSame words as original, no quotation

marks, no citationmarks, no citationExamples adapted from Avoiding Plagiarism: Mastering the Art of Scholarship. Student Judicial Affairs,University of California, Davis. 13 Jan. 2003 http://sja.ucdavis.edu/avoid.htm
http://sja.ucdavis.edu/avoid.htmhttp://sja.ucdavis.edu/avoid.htm


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Summary exampleSummary example

Summary: In research writing, we cite toSummary: In research writing, we cite togive credit and let readers know what ourgive credit and let readers know what oursources are (Hacker 260).sources are (Hacker 260). Concise,Concise,

complete citationcomplete citation Plagiarized: In research writing, we cite toPlagiarized: In research writing, we cite to

give credit and let readers know what ourgive credit and let readers know what oursources are.sources are. Missing citationMissing citation


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Paraphrase example:Paraphrase example:

Paraphrase: Researchers cite their sources toParaphrase: Researchers cite their sources toensure their audiences know where they gotensure their audiences know where they gottheir information and to recognize and credit thetheir information and to recognize and credit theoriginal work (Hacker 260).original work (Hacker 260). Students ownStudents ownwords, complete citationwords, complete citation

Plagiarized: In research writing, we cite for aPlagiarized: In research writing, we cite for a

couple of reasons: to notify readers of ourcouple of reasons: to notify readers of ourinformation sources and give credit to thoseinformation sources and give credit to thosefrom whom we have borrowed (Hacker 260).from whom we have borrowed (Hacker 260).

Only slight changes in original wordingOnly slight changes in original wording


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Before you begin . . .Before you begin . . .

Find out whether you need a bibliography/Find out whether you need a bibliography/works cited list.works cited list.

Find out what citation style your professorFind out what citation style your professor

prefers (e.g. MLA, APA, Chicago, CBE,prefers (e.g. MLA, APA, Chicago, CBE,

TurabianTurabian), and whether you should use), and whether you should use

footnotes, endnotes, or parentheticalfootnotes, endnotes, or parentheticalcitations.citations.


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Advice for summarizing andAdvice for summarizing and

paraphrasingparaphrasing

First, write your paraphrase and summaryFirst, write your paraphrase and summarywithout looking at the original text, so youwithout looking at the original text, so you

rely only on your memory.rely only on your memory.

Check your version with the original forCheck your version with the original for

content, accuracy, and mistakenly borrowedcontent, accuracy, and mistakenly borrowed

phrases. Are phrases and sentence structuresphrases. Are phrases and sentence structures

your own?your own?


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Advice for quoting directlyAdvice for quoting directly

Keep the authors name near the quotationKeep the authors name near the quotationin your notes and in your paper.in your notes and in your paper.

Select direct quotations that make the mostSelect direct quotations that make the most

impact in your paper. Too many quotationsimpact in your paper. Too many quotations

may lessen your credibility and interferemay lessen your credibility and interfere

with your style.with your style.

Double check quotations and page numbers

for accuracy.


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A word of cautionA word of caution

When using quotations, summaries, orWhen using quotations, summaries, orparaphrases, be careful not to substitute othersparaphrases, be careful not to substitute others

ideasideas at the expense ofat the expense ofyour own. If all you doyour own. If all you do

is weave together various sources and materials,is weave together various sources and materials,

readers will recognize your project as areaders will recognize your project as a

pastiche. Your paper should be an original piecepastiche. Your paper should be an original pieceof work; be sure to include your own thoughts,of work; be sure to include your own thoughts,

ideas, and analysis.ideas, and analysis.


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Always remember to:Always remember to:

Check your work with your notes to makeCheck your work with your notes to make

suresure anythinganything taken from them istaken from them is

acknowledged in some way.acknowledged in some way.

Begin summaries with a statement givingBegin summaries with a statement giving

credit to the source.credit to the source.

Put any unique words or phrases that youPut any unique words or phrases that you

cannot change in quotation marks.cannot change in quotation marks.

Put quotation marks around direct quotes.Put quotation marks around direct quotes.


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Help at DukeHelp at Duke

http://http://uwpuwp..aasaas.duke..duke.eduedu//wstudiowstudio/resources//resources/

working_sources.htmlworking_sources.html
http://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.htmlhttp://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/resources/working_sources.html


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Interested in a more inInterested in a more in--depthdepth

experience?experience?

To sign up for a oneTo sign up for a one--onon--one appointment,one appointment,

go to Schedule An Appointment on thego to Schedule An Appointment on the

Writing Studios website:Writing Studios website:

http://uwp.aas.duke.edu/wstudio/

Documents

Avoiding Plagiarism (Duke)