Avocados - horticulture.com.au · Suggested for rotation with methoxyfenozide (PRODIGY^) for control of Lepidoptera. IPM fit. Registered in fruit and vegetables for a range of lepidoptera

© Checkbox 3D Pty Ltd 2014

Avocados

Strategic Agrichemical Review Process

2014 HAL Project - MT10029

Checkbox 3D Pty Ltd

August 2014

Horticulture Australia project no:

MT10029 – Managing pesticide access in horticulture.

Contact: Noelene Davis

Checkbox 3D Pty Ltd

PO Box 187 Beecroft NSW 2119 Ph: 0424 625 267

Email: [email protected]

Purpose of the report:

This report was funded by Horticulture Australia and Avocados Australia Limited (AAL) to investigate the pest problem, agrichemical usage and pest management alternatives for the Avocado industry across

Australia. The information in this report will assist the industry with its agrichemical selection and usage into the future.

Funding sources:

MT10029 - This project has been funded by HAL using the industry levy and across industry funds with

matched funds from the Australian Government.

Date of report: 20 August 2014

Disclaimer: Any recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent current Horticulture

Australia Ltd policy. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication without first obtaining independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this publication.

Avocado SARP 2014 Page 1

Contents

1. MEDIA SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

2. THE AUSTRALIAN AVOCADO INDUSTRY ....................................................................................................................... 4

3. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................ 5

3.1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................................... 5 3.2. MINOR USE PERMITS AND REGISTRATION ................................................................................................................................ 6 3.3. METHODS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 3.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 6

3.4.1. Detail ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 3.4.2 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................................. 6

4. PESTS AND DISEASES OF AVOCADO ............................................................................................................................. 7

4.1 DISEASES OF AVOCADO ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.1 Priority diseases...................................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.2 Disease control options .......................................................................................................................................... 7

Phytophthora root rot ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Black root rot Calonectria ilicicola (Cylindrocladium parasiticum) ................................................................................................ 9 Brown root rot, caused by the fungus Phellinus noxius ................................................................................................................. 9 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) .............................................................................................................................. 9 Other diseases ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10

4.2 INSECTS OF AVOCADO ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2.1 Priority insects ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2.2 Insect control options ........................................................................................................................................... 13

Fruit spotting bug, banana spotting bug, citrus blossom bug ...................................................................................................... 13 Other bugs ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Caterpillars ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Mites ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Scale ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 Thrips ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Aphids .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Beetles ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Whiteflies ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Ants .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Fruit Fly ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 21

4.3 SLUGS AND SNAILS ............................................................................................................................................................. 22 4.4 VERTEBRATES ................................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.5. WEEDS OF AVOCADO ........................................................................................................................................................ 23

5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................... 24

Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................................................... 24 Table key: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24

6. APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................................................. 25

Appendix 1. Current and potential fungicides for disease control in Avocados .......................................................................... 25 Appendix 2. Current and potential insecticides for control of insects in Avocados ..................................................................... 26 Appendix 3. Examples of brand names associated with active ingredients................................................................................. 30 Appendix 4. Avocado MRLs ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 Appendix 5. Current permits for use in Avocado ......................................................................................................................... 34


1. Media Summary

A Strategic Agrichemical Review Process (SARP) through the process of a desktop audit and industry liaison assesses the importance of the diseases, insects and weeds (plant pests) that can affect a horticultural

industry; evaluates the availability and effectiveness of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides (pesticides) to control the plant pests; determines any gaps in the pest control strategy and identifies suitable new or

alternatives pesticides to address the gaps.

Alternative pesticides should ideally be selected for benefits of:

Integrated pest management (IPM) compatibility

Improved scope for resistance management

Manageable human and environmental health risks

Residue and trade acceptance domestically and for export

The SARP process for Avocados was started in 2012 and is being updated in 2014. The results of the process

provide the industry with pesticide options for the future that the industry can pursue for registration with the manufacturer, or minor-use permits with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Association

(APVMA).

Growers strive to utilise innovative biological controls and other non-chemical solutions. Nevertheless chemicals are needed for pest control. Whilst the number of product registrations and approvals appears reasonable,

there is insufficient chemistry available for alternation. It may also be that a chemical deemed appropriate by a small grower or an organic grower may not be suitable for a large scale grower, based on the cost per hectare,

or the method of application.

The older, broad spectrum chemistry is commonly needed by growers and has cost and availability benefits, although overuse can have noticeable consequences, such as mite flare ups.

The possibility of permits or registration of some new chemistry for avocados would be welcomed by growers. It is important for the industry to work closely with registrants to communicate their needs and help in the

development of use patterns for new products.

Priorities for action

The priorities were put forward by the Avocado industry during the 2014 SARP update process.

Fungicides

Issue Priority for

control

Potential activity Comments Priority for action

Phytophthora root rot

High

Phosphorus acid ACTION: Approach registrant(s) on use pattern: request addition of bark application and foliar spray; dilution and application rates on label need amendment. Otherwise pursue a permit for bark application.

High

Mandipropamid (REVUS^)

Registered in grapes, poppies, EU MRL. ACTION: work with registrant, consider permit or registration depending on outcome of current work.

High – medium term

Black root rot - Calonectria ilicicola (Cylindrocladium parasiticum), Ilyonectria spp. (Cylindrocarpon spp.)

High - No options yet High – medium-long term

Brown root rot, caused by the fungus Phellinus noxius

High - No options yet

High – medium-long term

Anthracnose (including pepper spot), stem end rot

High

Fludioxonil (SCHOLAR^)

Mangoes, post-harvest dip. IR-4 project 10520, MRL established. Syngenta may have data.

Low but check ease

Cyraclostrobin + metiram (AERO^)

Strategic use, application at flowering, won’t burn flowers ACTION: investigate permit or registration

High


Insecticides

Issue Priority for control


Banana spotting,

bug, Citrus blossom bug

High Trichlorfon ACTION: Extend FSB registration High

Beta-cyfluthrin ACTION: Extend FSB registration High

Fruit spotting bug, Banana spotting bug, Citrus blossom bug

Indoxacarb Registrations on lepidoptera, beetles in other crops. EU MRL at LOQ.

ACTION: pursue for multiple insects

High

Cyantraniliprole (EXTREL^)

HAL project considering various options. MT10049 is in 3rd of 5 years.

ACTION: discuss plans for registration with the holder. Pursue permit for at least one of the new chemistries if there are indications of efficacy and existing data and MRL situation indicates an application would be successful.

High

Fruit & Banana spotting bug

Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^)

Likely to be efficacious. ACTION: consider feasibility

Moderate

Garden weevil Medium Alpha-cypermethrin May cause flare of secondary pests (e.g. mites, thrips). Was used under permit – now expired. Efficacious, although must be applied at night, which isn’t convenient. Poor IPM rating. Temporary MRL

Vegetable registrations for weevils.

ACTION: Find out if permit can easily be renewed

High

Indoxacarb Suggested as alternate. Multiple uses (FSB). IR-4 project –loopers. EU MRL at LOQ.

ACTION: pursue permit for multiple pests.

High

Lepidoptera (including loopers, Leafroller- Avocado leafroller, flower eating caterpillars)

High Chlorantraniliprole (CORAGEN^)

Suggested for rotation with methoxyfenozide (PRODIGY^) for control of Lepidoptera. IPM fit. Registered in fruit and vegetables for a range of lepidoptera. MRL at LOQ (all other foods).

ACTION: investigate permit or registration

High

Flubendiamide (BELT^)

Suggested for rotation with methoxyfenozide (PRODIGY^) for control of Lepidoptera. Registered in fruit and vegetables for a range of lepidoptera. EU MRL. IPM fit.

ACTION: investigate permit or registration

High

Methoxyfenozide

(PRODIGY^)

Already registered. Suggestion to broaden use pattern.

IPM fit.

Low

Indoxacarb ACTION: pursue permit for multiple pests. High

Mites Low-moderate but increasing with loss of endosulfan

Replace old chemistry. Minimise flares. Rotation

Abamectin (permit) Permit application made Jan 2014, Qld & northern NSW.

ACTION: Investigate broadening of the permit to cover other states.

High

Bifenazate IPM fit, variable. Reported efficacy. Permits in range of crops, including papaya. EU MRL. IR-4 project.

ACTION: follow this up with Sumitomo even though, with the Abamectin permit application being made this isn’t the highest priority. Note that abamectin permit doesn’t cover southern states.

Medium

Etoxazole Sumitomo would support permit. IPM fit, variable. Reported efficacy. IR-4 project, EU MRL. Consider in combination with abamectin – abamectin knocks down emerged mites only; etoxazole then control egg-hatches by sterilisation.

ACTION: Consider permit, although with the Abamectin permit application being made this isn’t the highest priority. Note that abamectin permit doesn’t cover southern states.

Medium

Propargite IPM fit, variable. EU MRL. Registered for mite control in various fruit crops.

ACTION: Consider permit, although with the Abamectin permit application being made this isn’t the highest priority. Note that abamectin permit doesn’t cover southern states.

Medium


Issue Priority for control


Scale

Low-moderate but increasing with loss of endosulfan

Buprofezin Also control flattids which can be a problem on the tabelands in Qld. Registered in other tropical fruit for scale and mealybug. IPM fit- variable. EU MRL, IR-4 project, overseas registration. ACTION: Pursue one of buprofezin, fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^), sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) or spirotetramat (MOVENTO^).

High

Fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^)

Growers didn’t have much knowledge of suitability. However should be considered because of good IPM rating. ACTION: pursue one of buprofezin, fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^), sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) or spirotetramat (MOVENTO^).

High

Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^)

ACTION: Investigate feasibility. Pursue one of buprofezin, fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^), sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) or spirotetramat (MOVENTO^).

High

Spirotetramat

(MOVENTO^)

Also controls greenhouse thrips.

ACTION: Investigate feasibility. Pursue one of buprofezin, fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^), sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) or spirotetramat (MOVENTO^).

High

Thrips Low-moderate but increasing with loss of endosulfan

Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^)

Requested for the control of Greenhouse thrips, Plague thrips and Red banded thrips. Registered in avocado for other insects. Registered for thrips on vegetables. Thrips occur around flowering, SUCCESS NEO is safe to beneficials. ACTION: pursue approval.

High

Natural enemies ACTION: Investigate options for cross industry development of natural enemies of thrips

Medium

Monolepta beetle

Variable-swarms

Indoxacarb ACTION: investigate potential and consider adding to multi-pest permit application.

High

Fruit Fly High – varies by state

Fenthion (renewal of PER13808, exp Oct 2014)

ACTION: Application will be made by HAL to renew the permit. Required for Hass and Shepard varieties moved into SA from North and central Qld

High

2. The Australian Avocado industry

The Avocado Industry is growing and resourceful in Australia. In 2012-13 around 55,000 t of avocados worth

around $A260 million (farm gate) was produced from approximately 6000 ha. Production has increased considerably in recent years from new orchard establishment with about 30% of planted areas yet to come into

full production.

Production in Australia is widespread from the north-east to the south-west of the country. Avocados are grown

in: Atherton / Mareeba, Central Burnett, Bundaberg, Childers, Sunshine Coast, Mt Tambourine, West Moreton,

Toowoomba range, Lockyer Valley (Qld) Far and mid north coast of NSW

Sunraysia area (NSW/Victoria)

Riverland (South Australia) Carnarvon, Perth region, south west of Western Australia (WA).

The major production regions are the Atherton Tablelands, around Bundaberg, and south-west Western

Australia, with around 60-80% grown in Qld.

The main varieties produced are Hass (80%), Shepard (10%), Reed, Sharwil and Wurtz. The varieties have

different occurrence and length of growing season, with Hass the only variety available year round from

different regions, although the main harvest is from April to November in much of Australia and to February in

WA.


Australia has an advantage of environmental diversity which, along with different varietal seasonality, allows

consistent supply to domestic and international markets all year.

Australian avocado exports in 2011-12 were 2,629 t. Although exports have declined in recent years due to loss of market access to Thailand, export growth has grown steadily and is up from 1,249 t in 2007-08. Main export

destinations currently are Singapore, , Malaysia 233 t, UAE, and Hong Kong 222.

Imports from New Zealand generally alternate from year to year with 17,221t imported in 2011-12.

Information on the Australian Avocado industry is sourced from Avocados Australia and ABS Agricultural Commodities Australia, 2012-13.

3. Introduction 3.1. Background

Growers of some horticultural crops suffer from a lack of legal access to crop protection products (pesticides). The problem may be that whilst a relatively small crop area is valuable in an agricultural sense, it is not of sufficient

size for agchem manufacturers to justify the expense of registering a product use on that crop. Alternately, the disease, pest, or weed problem may be regional or spasmodic, making agchem companies unwilling to bear the

initial high cost of registering suitable pesticides.

Growers may at times be in a situation where they face severe losses from diseases, pests and weeds if they do

nothing to protect their crops, or face penalties if they use a product that is not registered or available via a permit. The Avocado industry is aware of the possible consequences of the use of unregistered or non-permitted

pesticides. These can include: produce with unauthorised pesticide residues; rejection at both local and export

market levels; placing Australian export trading arrangements in jeopardy, and; fines and penalties.

Environmental concerns, consumer demands, and public opinion are also significant influences in the marketplace related to pest management practices. Industry/IPM Practitioners must strive to implement best

management practices and tools to incorporate a pest management regime where strategies work in harmony with each other to achieve the desired effects while posing the least risks.

Pesticides have always been an important tool in the production of Avocados. They control the various diseases, insects and weeds that affect the crop and can cause severe economic loss in modern high intensity growing

operations. Pesticides are utilized to maximise crop yield, quality and customer appeal.

From a pesticide access perspective, the APVMA classifies Avocados as a major crop. The crop fits within the

APVMA crop group 006 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit (inedible peel).

As a consequence of the issues facing the Avocado industry regarding pesticide access, Horticulture Australia Ltd

and the Avocado industry undertook a review of pesticide requirements via a Strategic Agrichemical Review Process (SARP). The aim was to determine solutions (primarily pesticide) to current and future pest threats.

This SARP process identified diseases, insect pests and weeds of major concern to the Avocado industry. Against

these threats available registered or permitted pesticides, along with non-pesticide solutions, were evaluated for

overall suitability in terms of IPM, resistance, residues, withholding period, efficacy, trade, human safety and environmental issues. Where tools were unavailable or unsuitable the process aimed to identify potential future

solutions.

This report is not a comprehensive assessment of all pests and control methods impacting on Avocado production

in Australia but attempts to prioritise the major problems.


3.2. Minor use permits and registration

Avocados are classified as a major crop by the APVMA. Therefore access to minor use permits can be difficult, and will only be granted for limited uses within the crop. Possible justification for future permit applications

could be based on: New disease, insect or weed identified as a cropping issue

No pesticide approved for the problem

Insufficient options for resistance management

Current pesticides ineffective due to resistance

Trade risk - current pesticides unsuitable where crop commodities will be exported

IPM, environment or OH&S issues

Loss of pesticides due to removal from market or chemical review restrictions

Opportunity to extrapolate a use pattern when a new, effective pesticide is registered in another crop

Alternate pesticide has overseas registration or minor use permit

Market failure – insufficient return on investment for registrant.

With each of these options, sound, scientific argument is required to justify any new permit applications. Another option for the industry is for manufacturers to register new pesticides uses in the crop.

3.3. Methods

This Avocado SARP update was conducted in 2014, as a follow up to the initiation of the SARP in 2012.

Consultation has included leading growers, consultants, government agencies and agchem companies.

Participants were asked for input on:

- Priority pests and diseases

- Current use and suitability of available chemistry - Gaps in treatment options

- Suggestions on chemistry that could be pursued for registration or permit - Non-chemical strategies that are / could be employed in the absence of, or integrated with,

chemical control

- Assignment of priorities for action now – including research and permit applications. - Longer term strategies to explore for pest control.

Input was sought prior to and during an industry meeting on 19 June 2014 in Brisbane. The information

and proposals were then collated, reviewed then published in this SARP report.

3.4. Results and discussions

3.4.1. Detail

Results and discussions are presented in the body of this document.

3.4.2 Appendices Refer to additional information in the appendices: Appendix 1. Current and potential fungicides for disease control in Avocado

Appendix 2. Current and potential insecticides for control of insects in Avocado Appendix 3. Examples of product brand names associated with active ingredients

Appendix 4. Avocado MRLs

Appendix 5. Avocado permits.


4. Pests and diseases of Avocado

4.1 Diseases of Avocado 4.1.1 Priority diseases

High Priority for Control


Black root rot Calonectria ilicicola (Cylindrocladium parasiticum), Ilyonectria spp. (Cylindrocarpon spp.)


Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

Other diseases

Bacteria, Fungi & Hygiene - Post-harvest

Cercospora spot

Sooty blotch (various, including Stomiopeltis citri Bitanc)

Trunk and stem canker

Verticillium wilt

Wood rots

4.1.2 Disease control options


All areas - high priority. Key issue affecting tree health and therefore yield potential. Current management

works but can be time consuming and costly. Alternate management that is simpler or cheaper or more lasting

would be of value.

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fosetyl as Al salt A 33 1 Systemic, protectant, curative

Efficacious but not used because it is significantly more expensive than phosphorous acid which essentially contains the same active ingredient. Safe to bees

Metalaxyl-M A 4 7 Systemic, Protective, Curative

Effective as a planting treatment in new plantings. Commonly

used during tree establishment. Only occasionally used in larger trees. Should only be used once or twice in a block, not effective as a regular use product due to rapid biodegradation. Granular formulation is very soluble and readily absorbed by avocado roots. One application to soil surface gives 12 weeks control.


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Phosphorous acid (including PER13624 expires Aug 2014). Application in train to move to label

A 33 NR Contact

High Frequent use. Essential treatment option. Trunk injections and foliar spray use patterns. Generally require annual treatment. Very effective if correct rates achieved in the root system, correct application timing and technique is critical. Root analysis of levels is highly recommended. Main preventative application in mid to late autumn depending on region, curative applications also used as required in spring/summer depending on region. PER13624 allows for high foliar spray rates applied in autumn as an effective preventative treatment. WHP appropriate. Reduced sensitivity (but not resistance) over time. Project AV11011 is investigating improved efficacy of phosphorous acid spray applications. Applications - 2x/season. ACTION: approach registrant(s) on use pattern: request

addition of bark application and foliar spray; dilution and application rates on label need amendment. The labels must correct the error of dilution to get a 60% product to a 20% product, they list 1 in 3 but it should be 1 in 2. Also the foliar spray concentration needs to be listed on the label as a 0.5% concentration instead of the approx. 0.12% concentration currently described. Label or permit for bark application is a high priority.

Mandipropamid (REVUS^)

P 40

High – medium term

Some work being done in AV13021. If in vitro and glasshouse work show promise, then industry may co-fund work in field. Registered in grapes, EU MRL for avocados. ACTION: work with registrant; consider permit or registration depending on outcome of current work.

TABLE KEY: Note that blank fields in the table indicate no information has been provided. Availability: A = Available via either registration or permit approval P = Potential i.e. a possible candidate to pursue for registration or permit P-A = Potential, already approved in the crop for another use Use – rating: Grower’ rating of the likelihood of use, ranging from: = Some use, to = Commonly used; R = Anecdotal reports of unapproved use being tested by growers; X= Not used. NOTE that use ratings were only investigated for the high priority uses. IPM rating: Grower rating of IPM suitability from: = limited, to = Good V= variable, depending on beneficial. Efficacy: Growers’ rating of efficacy from: = Some efficacy, to = Good efficacy R = Anecdotal reports of efficacy in unapproved situation V= Variable reports of efficacy WHP = Withholding period NR = Not required.


Black root rot Calonectria ilicicola (Cylindrocladium parasiticum)

High priority for control

Priority for action Use comment


ACTION: no options in the short term but consider options that may come out of the current research project.


High priority for control. Not reported in WA

Priority for action Use comment


ACTION: no options in the short term but consider options that may come out of the current research project.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

Largely viewed as a high priority for orchard management, although in WA there is a degree of scepticism about the severity of the disease and the need for management. Further information on the conditions leading

to problems and the the level of management required would be useful

Anthracnose symptoms can develop on fruit, flowers, leaves or twigs. The major problem is infected fruit that develops rots after harvest. Pre-harvest the lesions are usually small, brown to black and less than 5 mm in

diameter. After harvest they become blacker, larger and sunken, and extend into the pulp.

Pepper spot occurs pre-harvest and is also caused by C. gloeosporioides. Pepper spot is exacerbated by

phytophthora and sunburn? It causes a purple stain on fruit and resultant downgrade to Class 2 / rejection. It is a high priority in many areas but less so in WA.

Anthracnose infection development is exacerbated by wet, warm conditions.

Good cultural practices pre-harvest help manage the disease, including removal of dead limbs, pruning and harvest during dry conditions, minimizing fruit injury and good hygiene.

Stem end rot can be caused by several species of bacteria and fungi that may include Lasiodiplodia theobromae, C. gloeosporioides, Alternaria and Phomopsis spp. Infection usually occurs during harvest and

develops into disease after packing of the fruit. Good hygiene and cultural management practices minimise the

disease.


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copper A M1 1 Contact, protectant

Commonly used 4-6x/season, many regions. Less frequently used in WA. Very effective as a protectant for anthracnose, although it does not manage pepper spot well. Needs application early to protect fruit (pre-fruit set). Needs re-application with heavy rain. Can cause some blossom burn. Red copper most effective. Compatible with beneficial insects used for insect control. No trade issues. Copper treatment can be useful in preventing development of pepper spot.

azoxystrobin A 11 7 Systemic - Commonly used 1-2x/season – tri states & NSW; 2-3x/season – Qld. No resistance observed. Needs application early to protect fruit (early fruit set) and 1-2 prior to harvest. Compatible with beneficial insects used for

insect control. No trade issues. WHP appropriate

prochloraz A 3 NR V

- Frequent use.

Controls infection initiated at the stem end by fungal spores if applied promptly after harvest. WHP appropriate Commonly used in WA in inline spray. There are safety concern with this product, some sheds would prefer not to use due to staff health concerns and residues. May be use restrictions with lack of MRLs in some European export destinations

thiram (BARMAC THIRAM)

A M3 Protectant - Soft on beneficials. Not used

Fludioxonil P 12 Systemic Low -check with Syngenta before

dismissing

Suggested as a potential alternative. Currently registered for mangoes as a post-harvest dip. IR-4 project, MRL established. Syngenta may have data.

No action at this point – growers have more interest in AERO.

pyraclostrobin + metiram (AERO^)

P 11+M2

Protectant, curative

High Strategic, fits resistance management and can be used safely at flowering. Particularly wanted for pepper spot control.

Other diseases


WA - high priority if using water dump/flow systems in packing lines.

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bromochloro dimethylhydantoin

A NR Sanitiser. Not used

chlorine as Ca hypochlorite

A x NS V

Prevents spread of stem end rots. Effective as a water sanitiser if checked regularly to prevent spread of fungi and bacteria and provided there are no skin injuries. Limited efficacy in reduction of existing infections. There can be difficulty in maintaining the level of free chlorine. Use and safety directions need to be carefully observed.

iodine A M x NR Contact Some use. Sanitiser


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Sooty blotch (various, including Stomiopeltis citri Bitanc)

Low priority.

Blackening of the fruit has a cosmetic impact on the fruit but does not cause rotting or break down of plant

tissues.

Well controlled by fungicide spray program used for anthracnose. copper P M1 1 Contact,

protectant

Occasional, incidental use

Trunk and stem canker

Low priority.

Well controlled by current fungicide program. copper P M1 1 Contact,

protectant

Occasional, incidental use

phosphorous acid

P 33 NR Contact R Incidental control with current label. Registered for foliar use for

phytophthora root rot.

Cercospora spot

Nth Qld only.

WA - not an issue.

Possible issue if azoxystrobin overused.

Well controlled by fungicide spray program used for anthracnose. copper P M1 1 Contact,

protectant Used in North Qld only.

Not for this use. Copper sprays applied against anthracnose help to provide incidental control

Difenconazole P 3

Protectant, curative

Alternative to azoxystrobin MRL established for interplanting with bananas Permit for papaya/black & brown spot, various vegetables/Cercospora.

Overseas data. MRL established (for interplanting with bananas/sigatoka). Growers did not see a need to pursue this use.

Verticillium wilt

Generally a low priority in WA, but can be an issue in older potato plantings. It can kill young trees or parts of

larger trees. No control, other than removal and burning of diseased trees/limbs – more effective control would be helpful

No options available or nominated

Wood rots

Occurs as a result of fungus entering wounds, often pruning cuts, particularly if major cuts done during wet

weather.

Low issue in WA. Needs to be considered as can reduce the health of tree and reduce tree life span. Currently

managed by avoiding major pruning during wet weather. More effective control desirable

No options available or nominated


4.2 Insects of Avocado 4.2.1 Priority insects

High Priority for Control

Fruit spotting bug, banana spotting bug, citrus blossom bug

Fruit fly

Medium Priority for Control

Garden Weevil

Leafrollers


Mites

Monolepta beetle

Scale

Thrips

Other insects

Aphids

Ants

Leafhoppers

Leafminers

Rutherglen bug

Whiteflies


4.2.2 Insect control options


FSB, BSB: High priority in most areas. Not currently significant in WA. Alternate products needed.

BSB and citrus blossom bug should have the same insecticides available for control as FSB.

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FSB betacyfluthrin (BULLDOCK^)

A 3A x 7 Broad spectrum, contact

- Frequently used. Important chemical since removal of endosulfan. However, harsher than endosulfan. . Broad spectrum, reliance on it leads to increased mite, thrips and scale pressure. Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

BSB, CBB

P High BSB should have the same insecticides available for control as FSB - beta-cyfluthrin and trichlorfon should be added. ACTION: pursue permit

FSB trichlorfon A 1B x 7 Contact - Human health and bird toxicity concerns

BSB, CBB

P High BSB should have the same insecticides available for control as FSB - beta-cyfluthrin and trichlorfon should be added. ACTION: pursue permit

FSB, BSB

methidathion No product in market (Apr 14

A 1B x 7 Contact, ingestion

- Growers don't like using it due to human toxicity and broad spectrum properties which lead to build up of other pests such as scale and spider mite. QDAFF (Newton) - some toxicity to humans, limited efficacy, not IPM combatible, a need for more products. NSW DPI (Huwer) - BSB should have the same insecticides available for control as FSB - beta-

cyfluthrin and trichlorfon should be added.

FSB, BSB

sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^)

P Contact, ingestion

Moderate Likely to be efficacious. ACTION: consider feasibility

FSB, BSB, CBB

Cyantraniliprole (EXTREL^)

P 28

Systemic High HAL project considering various options. MT10049 is in 3rd of 5 years. ACTION: discuss plans for registration with the holder. Pursue permit for at least one of the new chemistries if there are indications of efficacy and existing data and MRL situation indicates an application would be successful.

Indoxacarb P 22A

Ingestion,

contact High Registrations on lepidoptera, beetles in other

crops. EU MRL at LOQ. Low impact on beneficials. ACTION: pursue for multiple insects.

Acephate (ORTHENE)

P 1B Systemic Moderate Doesn’t cause mite flare. Not a high priority to pursue unless other proposals are unsuccessful.

Fipronil P 28 X NR Contact,

ingestion, neurotoxin

- Unsure if it would it have efficacy.

High toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

Chlorpyrifos P-A 1B x 7 Systemic, contact

- Registered for monolepta beetle. Would also be useful for scale. Doesn’t cause mite flare. Not a high priority to pursue.

Methomyl P-A 1A x 3 - Permit already for looper. Not a high priority to pursue


Other bugs

Leafhoppers - Not reported as an issue

Leafminers - Not reported as an issue

Mealybugs - Not a pest of avocado

Rutherglen bug - Not reported as an issue

Garden Weevil - WA - medium priority. Can be a priority in younger trees and can cause significant damage. Not

an issue in other states. Alternative required for resistance management. No approved products

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Leafhoppers Pyrethrins, pyrethrins + pip.but.

A 3A NR Systemic, contact

- Broad spectrum but not persistent

Leafminers Pyrethrins A 3A NR Systemic, contact


Mealybugs ethyl formate A - - NR Contact fumigant

- Not used

Mealybugs Fatty acids - Potassium salt

A -

NR Contact - Not used

Mealybugs potassium oleate + citronella oil (CLENSEL^)

A NR -

Rutherglen bug

Garlic + chilli + pyrethrins + pip.but.( BEAT-A-BUG^)

A 3A 1 Contact, deterrent

-

Weevil - Garden

alpha-cypermethrin

P 3A X 7 Contact High May cause flare of secondary pests (e.g. mites, thrips). Was used under permit – now expired. Poor

IPM rating. Temporary MRL. Vegetable registrations for weevils. Growers want this product. ACTION: Find out if permit can easily be renewed. Some residue data has been generated.

Weevil - Garden

Fipronil P 28 X NR Contact, ingestion, neurotoxin

- Suggested as alternate. Would also have use against thrips, but currently limited uses on fruit crops so would require significant resourcing. High toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

Weevil - Garden

Indoxacarb P 22A

Ingestion, contact

High Suggested as alternate. IR-4 project –loopers EU MRL at LOQ. Low impact on beneficials. ACTION: pursue permit for multiple pests.

Caterpillars

Caterpillars – general: Alternate chemistry options wanted

Leafrollers:

Ivy: Low priority. Seasonal, usually only in small portion of orchard. LBAM: WA - low priority. Occasionally control is warranted, but often the pest is below a threshold needing

treatment. Control can be difficult with contact products due to the protective ‘nest’ leafrollers make. A systemic product would be useful.


Loopers: Low rating as problem. Not seen in some regions.


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Caterpillars – general

Caterpillar - Hairy

chlorpyrifos A 1B x 7 Systemic, contact

- Broad spectrum. Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. Alternatives wanted.

Caterpillar - Sorghum head


A 5

1 Ingestion, contact

-

Caterpillars Bacillus Thuringiensis

A 11 NR Contact -

Caterpillars Garlic + chilli + pyrethrins + pip.but.( BEAT-A-BUG^)


-

Caterpillars Pyrethrins, pyrethrins + pip.but.



Caterpillars -Flowereating


A 5


-

Leafrollers

Leafroller - Ivy


- Used occasionally. Effective if timed correctly, no good if applied too late. Broad spectrum. Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. Depending on pest status of LBAM, there are other softer insecticide options and mating disruption, though latter may be too expensive.

Leafroller - Lightbrown apple moth

-

Bacillus Thuringiensis

A 11 NR Contact - Occasionally used. Effective if timed well.

carbaryl P 1A X 3 Systemic, contact

- Not registered for this use. Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

Garlic + chilli + pyrethrins + pip.but. (BEAT-A-BUG^)


-

Leafroller- Avocado


- Used occasionally. Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

Leafroller- Avocado

Methoxyfenozide (PRODIGY^)

A 1B

14 Ingestion,

growth regulator

- Low toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

Leafroller- Avocado, Ivy

dichlorvos 1B X Protectant - Not registered for this use. Broad spectrum. Toxic to beneficials including bees, and to birds. Human health concerns. Alternate products are Mimic, then Prodigy

and Success Neo were registered for use against leafroller.

Leafroller- Omnivorous

ethyl formate A - - NR Contact fumigant

-

Leafrollers Pyrethrins A 3A NR Systemic, contact


Leafrollers Indoxacarb P 22A

Ingestion, contact

High Registrations on lepidoptera, beetles in other crops. EU MRL at LOQ. Low impact on beneficials ACTION: pursue for multiple insects


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Leafrollers (including Avocado, Ivy, Light brown Apple Moth)


A 5


- Increasing use as it is a soft option

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera Chlorantraniliprole (CORAGEN^)

P 28

Systemic, contact

High Suggested for rotation with methoxyfenozide (PRODIGY^) for control of Lepidoptera. IPM fit. Registered in fruit and vegetables for a range of lepidoptera. MRL at LOQ (all other foods). ACTION: pursue chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide for permit.

Lepidoptera Flubendiamide (BELT^)

P 28 Systemic, contact

- Suggested for rotation with methoxyfenozide (PRODIGY^) for control of Lepidoptera.

Lepidoptera Indoxacarb P 22A

Ingestion,

contact High Registrations on lepidoptera, beetles in other

crops. EU MRL at LOQ. Low impact on beneficials ACTION: pursue for multiple insects

Lepidoptera Methoxyfenozide (PRODIGY^)

P 1B

14 Ingestion, growth regulator

- Suggest broaden use pattern. Low toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

Yellow peach moth


A 5


-

Loopers.

Looper - Ectropis


A 11 NR Contact -

Looper – Soybean, twig

methomyl PER14597, expires Mar 2019, NSW, Qld only)

A 1A x 3 - Schedule 7 poison – limits suitability. Occasionally used.

Loopers Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^)

A 5


-

Mites

Pacific spider mite: Not a pest of avocado

Six-spotted: WA - low priority. Occasionally an issue, particularly as a result of use of broad spectrum insecticide. Normally kept in check by natural enemies. Qld – no longer a pest of avocado.

Tea Red spider: WA - low priority. Flare-ups occur with sprays for thrips and scale.

Alternates have been requested as currently registered products are old chemistry or unavailable. Alternates for rotation are desirable to avoid resistance.

Two sprays normally required

ACTION: keep watching brief. Probably no action for now. Priority for the chemicals is lower with Abermectin permit application submitted. However, it doesn’t cover southern states

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Mites potassium oleate + citronella oil (CLENSEL^)

A NR -


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Pacific Spider ethyl formate

A - - NR Contact fumigant

-

Six-Spotted fenbutatin oxide

A 12B

14 Systemic, contact

V - Used seasonally, only in spot treatments.

Low toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids

Tea red spider mite

Used occasionally. Low toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids

Two-spotted (Red spider)

Fatty acids - Potassium salt

A -

NR Contact - Useful for IPM as not persistent

Two-spotted (Red spider)

Sulphur A - V NR Contact - Low-moderate toxicity to predatory mites,

ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids

Tea red spider mite

Abamectin (permit)

P 6 V

Systemic,

translaminar neurotoxic

High Permit application made Jan 2014, Qld & northern NSW. Would be valuable in all states for resistance management. Low-high impact: bees (high impact), predatory mites (moderate impact), parasitoids (moderate To high impact), general predators (Low impact). ACTION: Investigate broadening of the permit to cover other states.

Tea red spider mite

Bifenazate P UN V

Contact

R Medium Reported efficacy. Permits in range of crops, including papaya. EU MRL. IR-4 project. IPM fit, variable. Low toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds & lacewings. Slightly toxic to parasitoids. ACTION: follow this up with Sumitomo even though, with the Abamectin permit application being made this isn’t the highest priority. Note that abamectin permit doesn’t cover southern states

Tea red spider mite

Etoxazole P 10B

Contact

R Medium Sumitomo would support permit Cheaper than bifenazate. Translaminar, longer control, friendlier to beneficials. Sumitomo would support permit. IPM fit, variable. Reported efficacy. IR-4 project, EU MRL. Consider in combination with abamectin – abamectin knocks down emerged mites only; etoxazole then control egg-hatches by sterilisation. Impacts predatory mites for up to 6 weeks, minimal impact on beneficial insects such as lacewings, lady beetles, and Aphytis melinus. ACTION: Consider permit, although with the Abamectin permit application being made this isn’t the highest priority. Note that abamectin permit doesn’t cover southern states

Mites Propargite P 3A V NR Protectant,

systemic

Medium Low-high toxicity to predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. ACTION: Consider permit, although with the Abamectin permit application being made this isn’t the highest priority. Note that abamectin permit doesn’t cover southern states.

Scale

Problem has increased with loss of endosulfan from the market. Use of harsher chemistry to control spotting bugs has led to flare of scale.

WA - low to moderate priority, varying with region- greater problem in southern orchards. Latania, Black and

Chinese Wax scale most common in WA.

Alternate options required although natural predators usually keep in check.

While oils are generally affective, occasionally tougher action is needed or at times oils are not viable. Some options available, but better IPM friendly option should be investigated


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Scale paraffinic oil A - V

1 Contact - Most effective if sprayed when crawlers emerge.

Low-moderate toxicity to predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds & lacewings; low-moderate toxicity to parasitoids.

Scale petroleum oil A - V

1 Contact

V - Most effective if sprayed when crawlers emerge. Most used treatment in WA. Low-moderate toxicity to predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds & lacewings; low-moderate toxicity to parasitoids.

Scale potassium oleate + citronella oil (CLENSEL^)

A NR -

Scale sulphur A - V NR Contact Low-moderate toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds,

lacewings & parasitoids

Scale - Lantania

methidathion A 1B x 7 Contact, ingestion

- Growers don't like using it due to human toxicity and broad spectrum properties which lead to build up of other pests such as scale and spider mite.

Scale fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^)

P 7B

7 Insect

growth regulator

High Growers didn’t have much knowledge of suitability. However should be considered because of good IPM rating. Low toxicity to predatory mites; low-high toxicity ladybirds & lacewings; low toxicity to parasitoids. ACTION: pursue one of buprofezin, fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^), sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) or spirotetramat (MOVENTO^).

Scale spirotetramat (MOVENTO^)

P 23

Contact, systemic

High Low toxicity on beneficials. Also controls greenhouse thrips. ACTION: Investigate feasibility. Pursue one of buprofezin, fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^), sulfoxafloSr (TRANSFORM^) or spirotetramat (MOVENTO^).

Scale sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^)

P High Safe to many beneficials. Adverse effects on bees and parasitic wasps. ACTION: Investigate feasibility. Pursue one of buprofezin, fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^), sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) or spirotetramat (MOVENTO^).

Scale – Fiorinia, Latania

chlorpyrifos P 1B x 7 Systemic, contact

- Used occasionally. Broad spectrum. Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

Scale - Latania

buprofezin P 16

V Insect

growth regulator. Contact and vapour activity, residual

High Also control flattids which can be a problem on the tabelands in Qld. Registered in other tropical fruit for scale and mealybug. IPM fit- variable. EU MRL, IR-4 project, overseas registration. Low-moderate toxicity to predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. ACTION: pursue one of buprofezin, fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^), sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) or spirotetramat (MOVENTO^).

Thrips

Greenhouse: WA - medium to high priority – varies from year to year and varies with location (greater problem in

southern WA)

Need replacement for endosulfan.

Need narrow registrations for thrips broadened to increase all or a range of thrips species.

Pending studies on natural enemies, consider which insectcides may be required for short term future crop

protection.

Plague: Qld – not a pest. WA - very low priority. Occasionally causes some early fruit scarring, often confused with

wind rub.


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Thrips Fatty acids - Potassium salt

A -


Thrips potassium oleate + citronella oil (CLENSEL^)

A NR -

Thrips Pyrethrins, pyrethrins + pip.but.



Thrips - Greenhouse

pyrethrins A 3A NR Systemic, contact


Thrips - Plague

Garlic + chilli + pyrethrins + pip.but.(

BEAT-A-BUG^)


-

Thrips - Redbanded


Growers don't like using it due to human toxicity and broad spectrum properties which lead to build up of other pests such as scale and spider mite. QDAFF (Newton) - some toxicity to humans, limited efficacy, not IPM compatible, a need for more products.

Thrips - Redbanded


A 5


-

Thrips – Plague, greenhouse

P Medium Requested for the control of Greenhouse thrips and plague thrips. Thrips occur around flowering, SUCCESS NEO is safe to beneficials. ACTION: pursue approval, although may be lesser priority as already registered for redbanded thrips.

Thrips - Western Flower


-

Thrips Maldison P 1B x 3 Systemic, contact

Low Incidental use as a spot treatment based on cross referencing to other uses – would be good to have this formalised

Thrips Natural enemies.

P Medium Desirable to have availability across industries ACTION: Investigate options for cross industry development of natural enemies of thrips

Aphids

Aphids: WA - very low priority. No comment on other states

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Post-harvest fumigation

Fatty acids - Potassium salt A -

NR Contact Useful for IPM as not persistent



potassium oleate + citronella oil (CLENSEL^)

A NR

Pyrethrins, pyrethrins + pip.but.


Broad spectrum but not persistent


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Beetles

Monolepta is a problem because it swarms and there are no residual options.

Native (spring) beetles can from time to time cause issues in WA, but mostly a low priority Beetles Pyrethrins A 3A NR Systemic,

contact


Redshouldered leaf beetle (monolepta beetle)

carbaryl A 1A X 3 Systemic, contact

- Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.


- Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. Used occasionally. Broad spectrum.


- Growers don't like using it due to human toxicity and broad spectrum properties which lead to build up of other pests such as scale and spider mite

trichlorfon A 1B x 7 Contact - Human tox concerns

Indoxacarb P 22A

Ingestion,

contact High Low impact on beneficials

ACTION: investigate potential and consider adding to multi-pest permit application

Whiteflies

Not a problem in WA Whiteflies Fatty acids -

Potassium salt A -


Whiteflies potassium oleate + citronella oil (CLENSEL^)

A NR -

Whitefly - Greenhouse



-

Whitefly - Greenhouse

Pyrethrins, pyrethrins + pip.but.



Ants

Ants: usually associated with other pests. Low priority

Subterranean termites: not a pest of avocado Ants Pyrethrins,

pyrethrins + pip.but.



Subterranean termites

bifenthrin A 3A X NR Systemic, contact

- Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.


Fruit Fly

Mediterranean: WA - High priority due to trade requirements, not actually due to the damage potential. In WA

avocados picked hard green to comply with interstate quarantine for Med fly. So no need for insecticide. No post-harvest options currently available.

Queensland: Low priority. Only an issue as part of a mixed orchard set up with other fruit fly susceptible crops.

Alternates needed, with loss of fenthion

Lesser Queensland: Not a pest of avocado

Northern Territory: Not a pest of avocado

Development of acceptable fruit fly control options is being considered in a separate project.

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Fruit Fly maldison A 1B x 3 Systemic, contact

- Effective in bait control program

Fruit Fly spinosad A 5A

NR Ingestion, contact

- Baiting option. Soft on bees

Fruit Fly clothianidin (SAMURAI^ or SHIELDI^)

P 4A Systemic - In-crop. Fenthion replacement. Alternation. Permit for persimmon, pome and stone / fruit fly. No action – leave to separate FF project.

Fruit Fly - Queensland

fenthion (PER13808, exp Oct 2014)

A 1B x NR Contact High ACTION: Application will be made by HAL to renew the permit. Required for Hass and Shepard varieties moved into SA from North and central Qld.

Fruit Fly - Queensland

hydroxy phenylbutanone acetate

A - NR Lure -

Fruit Fly –QFF, Lesser

QFF, MFF, NTFF

dimethoate A 1B x NR Broad spectrum

contact and systemic

- Not used as now rely on non-host status protocols of ICA-30 for interstate trade.

Also not sufficient efficacy on Mediterranean fruit fly.

Fruit Fly –QFF, MFF

Trichlorfon (PER12450, exp May 2016)

A 1B x 7 Contact - Concerns on toxicity humans and birds. Not used

Fruit Fly -Queensland


- Broad spectrum, concerns over human toxicity. Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. ICA 30 protocol observed.


4.3 Slugs and snails

Snails & slugs:

Qld – not a pest

WA - low priority to moderate, depending on conditions.

Rarely affects fruit or tree, but can affect sprinkler emitters. Sufficient options available.

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copper A M1 1 Contact, protectant

- Spray on lower third of tree. Effective with correct timing. Concerns over impact on soil health.

Snails & slugs

metaldehyde A - 7 Contact - Applications often affected by irrigation or rain. Good against the small conical snail Most commonly used molluscicide.

Snails & slugs

methiocarb A - Useful against common snail

Snails & slugs

silicate salts + Cu

A - NR Contact -

4.4 Vertebrates

Birds: low priority.

Possum: location specific, generally minimal.

Rats: Location specific. Can be a problem – not only for fruit damage but as an OH&S issue for staff

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Birds aluminium ammonium sulfate

A NR NS - Repellent

Rabbits

Possums - - Trapping is the only option as they are protected

Rats - Trapping is the main option, alternatives would be useful


4.5. Weeds of Avocado

Weeds are a moderate problem but no weeds were reported as a high priority for new registrations or permits.

Herbicide options

Crop Active

ingredient Weed Chemical

group WHP Comment

Spot spraying

2,4-D Broadleaf Group I NR

Fruit - tropical

carfentrazone-ethyl

Broadleaf Group G NR

Fruit trees – non-bearing

clethodim

Grass, selective Group A NR

Avocado diquat + paraquat

General knockdown pre-plant and desiccation,

Grass and broadleaf

Group L NR Not prefered due to safety concerns, but some specific weeds require.

Avocado fluazifop Grasses Group A NR Occasional use when grasses get out of hand in younger orchards, but mostly considered too expensive.

Avocado glufosinate Broad spectrum knockdown, grass and broadleaf

Group N NR Probably the most commonly used herbicide in WA

Avocado glyphosate Broad spectrum knockdown, grass and broadleaf

Group M NR Caution is required as over use can lead to some root damage and reduced tree growth. OK only if used for low volume spot spraying and with large droplets to minimise drift. Trunks of young trees need to be covered.

Avocado haloxyfop Post-Emergent Grass Selective

Group A NR

Fruit Isoxaben Selective, Pre-Emergence Broadleaf

Group K NR

Avocado oryzalin Pre-emergent, pre-plant residual, grass and broadleaf

Group D NR Pre emergents not encouraged for avocado.

Avocado oxyfluorfen Residual, grass and broadleaf.Used as spike with glyphosate

Group G NR Pre emergents not encouraged for avocado.

Avocado pendimethalin Residual, grass and broadleaf

Group D NR Pre emergents not encouraged for avocado.


5. References

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) Agricultural Commodities Australia, 2012-13.

Avocados Australia website www.industry.avocado.org.au, accessed July 2014.

Codex MRL database

Dal Santo, P.: AgAware Consulting. Strategic Agrichemical Review Process, avocado summary table, 2009.

Infopest website www.infopest.com.au

IR-4 Project. Website- http://ir4.rutgers.edu/index.html

The Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority website- www.apvma.gov.au

Acronyms APVMA …….. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority HAL ………… Horticulture Australia Ltd IPM ………… Integrated pest management IR-4 ………… Interregional Research Program 4 (USA) MRL ………… Maximum residue limit (mg/kg or ppm) SARP ………. Strategic Agrichemical Review Process

WHP ………… Withholding period Australian states and territories: NSW (New South Wales), NT (Northern Territory), Qld (Queensland), SA (South Australia), Tas (Tasmania), Vic (Victoria), WA (Western Australia)

Acknowledgement

APVMA: All staff especially Alan Norden

Government agencies: Each state DPI as excellent sources of information Industry development officers and associates

Thanks go to the many industry people who contributed information and collaborated on the review of this report.

Table key: Note that blank fields in the tables indicate no information has been provided. Availability: A = Available via either registration or permit approval P = Potential i.e. a possible candidate to pursue for registration or permit P-A = Potential, already approved in the crop for another use Use – rating: Grower’ rating of the likelihood of use, ranging from: = Some use, to = Commonly used; R = Anecdotal reports of unapproved use being tested by growers; X= Not used. NOTE that use ratings were only investigated for the high priority uses. IPM rating: Grower rating of IPM suitability from: = limited, to = Good V= variable, depending on beneficial. Efficacy: Growers’ rating of efficacy from: = Some efficacy, to = Good efficacy R = Anecdotal reports of efficacy in unapproved situation V= Variable reports of efficacy WHP = Withholding period NR = Not required.

^Trademark

http://www.industry.avocado.org.au/

http://ir4.rutgers.edu/index.html

http://www.apvma.gov.au/


6. Appendices

Appendix 1. Current and potential fungicides for disease control in Avocados

Active ingredient Name Availability

IPM rating WHP, days Chemcal group

Activity

azoxystrobin Anthracnose, stem end rot A 7 11 Systemic

bromochloro dimethylhydantoin


A NR

chlorine as Ca hypochlorite


A x NR

copper Anthracnose A 1 M1 Contact, protectant

Cercospora spot P

Sooty blotch P

Trunk and stem canker P

difenconazole Cercospora spot P

3 Protectant, curative

fludioxonil Anthracnose, stem end rot P 12 Systemic

fosetyl as Al salt A 1 33 Systemic, protectant, curative

iodine Bacteria, Fungi & Hygiene - Post-harvest

A x NA M Contact

mandipropamid (REVUS^)

Phytophthora root rot P

40

metalaxyl-M Phytophthora root rot A 7 4 Systemic, Protective, Curative

phosphorous acid (including PER13624 expires Aug 2014). Addition to label in progress.

Phytophthora root rot A NA 33 Contact

phosphorous acid Trunk and stem canker P

prochloraz Anthracnose, stem end rot A NA 3

pyraclostrobin + metiram (AERO^)

Anthracnose, stem end rot P 11+M2 Protectant, curative

thiram (BARMAC THIRAM)

Anthracnose, stem end rot A M3 Protectant

Note that blank fields in the table indicate no information has been provided. Availability: A = Available via either registration or permit approval; P = Potential i.e. a possible candidate to pursue for registration or permit; P-A = Potential, already approved in the crop for another use; IPM rating: Grower rating of IPM suitability from = limited to = Good; V= variable, depending on beneficial.

NR= Not required. WHP = Withholding period


Appendix 2. Current and potential insecticides for control of insects in Avocados


IPM rating

IPM comment WHP, days

Chemcal group

Activity

abamectin (permit)

Mite - Tea red spider mite P V

Low-high impact: bees (high impact), predatory mites (moderate impact), parasitoids (moderate To high impact), general predators (Low impact).

6 Systemic, translaminar, neurotoxic

acephate (ORTHENE)


P Doesn’t cause mite flare.

1B Systemic

alpha-cypermethrin

Weevil - Garden P x Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

7 3A Contact

aluminium ammonium sulfate

Birds, Rabbits A NR NR


Caterpillars A NR 11 Contact



A NR 11 Contact


Looper - Ectropis A NR 11 Contact

betacyfluthrin (BULLDOCK^)

Banana-spotting bug, citrus blossom bug

P x Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids

7 3A Broad spectrum, contact

Fruitspotting bugs A

bifenazate Mite - Tea red spider mite P V

IPM fit, variable. Low toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds & lacewings. Slightly toxic to parasitoids.

UN Contact

bifenthrin Subterranean termites A X Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

NA 3A Systemic, contact

buprofezin Scale - Latania P V Low-moderate toxicity to

predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

16 IGR. Contact & vapour activity, residual

carbaryl Redshouldered leaf beetle (monolepta beetle)

A x Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

3 1A Systemic, contact


P

chlorantraniliprole (CORAGEN^)

Lepidoptera P

28 Systemic, contact

chlorpyrifos Caterpillar - Hairy A x Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

7 1B Systemic, contact

Fruit Fly -Queensland A


P-A

Leafroller - Ivy A


A

Leafroller- Avocado A


A

Scale - Latania A

Scale – Fiorinia

P

clothianidin (SAMURAI^ or SHIELD^)

Fruit Fly P 4A Systemic

copper Snails & slugs A 1 M1 Contact, protectant



IPM rating


Chemcal group

Activity

cyantraniliprole (EXTREL^)


P

28 Systemic

dichlorvos Leafroller- Avocado, Ivy leafroller

X 1B Protectant

dimethoate Fruit Fly –QFF, Lesser QFF, MFF, NTFF

A x NR 1B Broad spectrum contact and systemic

ethyl formate Aphids A - NR - Contact fumigant

Leafroller- Omnivorous

Mealybugs

Mite - Pacific Spider

Thrips - Western Flower

etoxazole Mite - Tea red spider mite P

Impacts predatory mites for up to 6 weeks, minimal impact on beneficial insects such as lacewings, lady beetles, and Aphytis melinus

10B Contact

fatty acids - Potassium salt

Aphids A

Useful for IPM as not persistent

NR - Contact

Mealybugs

Mite - Two-spotted (Red spider)

Thrips

Whiteflies

fenbutatin oxide Mite - Six-Spotted A

Low toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids

14 12B Systemic, contact

Mite - Tea red spider mite

fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^)

Scale P

Low toxicity to predatory mites; low-high toxicity ladybirds & lacewings; low toxicity to parasitoids.

7 7B Insect growth regulator

fenthion (LEBAYCID^

PER13808, exp Oct 2014)

Fruit Fly - Queensland A x Disruptive to beneficials NA 1B Contact

fipronil Fruit spotting bug, banana spotting bug, citrus blossom bug

P x High toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

NA 28 Contact, ingestion, neurotoxin

Weevil - Garden

flubendiamide (BELT^)

Lepidoptera P 28 Systemic, contact

garlic+chilli+ pyrethrins+pip.but. (BEAT-A-BUG^)

Aphids A 1 3A Contact, deterrent

Caterpillars A

Leafrollers - Lightbrown apple moth

A

Pear and cherry slug A

Rutherglen bug A

Thrips - Plague A

Whitefly – Greenhouse A

hydroxy phenylbutanone acetate

Fruit Fly - Queensland A NR - Lure

indoxacarb Fruit spotting bug, banana spotting bug, citrus blossom bug

P

Low impact on beneficials

22A Ingestion, contact

Leafrollers P

Lepidoptera P


P

Weevil - Garden P



IPM rating


Chemcal group

Activity

maldison Fruit Fly A x 3 1B Systemic, contact

Thrips P

metaldehyde Snails & slugs A 7 - Contact

Methidathion No product in market (Apr 2014)

Banana-spotting bug A

x broad spectrum properties which lead to build up of other pests such as scale and spider mite

7 1B Contact, ingestion

Fruitspotting bugs A


A

Scale - Lantania A

Thrips - Redbanded A

methiocarb Snails & slugs A

methomyl PER14597, expires Mar 2019, NSW, Qld only)

Looper – Soybean, twig A x 3 1A

Methomyl Fruit spotting bug, banana spotting bug, citrus blossom bug

P-A

methoxyfenozide

(PRODIGY^)

Leafroller- Avocado

leafroller

A

Low toxicity to predatory

mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

14 1B Ingestion,

growth regulator

Lepidoptera P

paraffinic oil Scale A V

Low-moderate toxicity to predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds & lacewings; low-moderate toxicity to parasitoids.

1 - Contact

petroleum oil A

potassium oleate + citronella oil (CLENSEL^)

Aphids A NR

Mealybugs A

Mites A

Scale A

Thrips A

Whiteflies A

propargite Mites P V Low-high toxicity to predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

NR 3A Protectant, systemic

pyrethrins Beetles A Broad spectrum but not persistent

NR 3A Systemic, contact

Leafminers A

Leafrollers A

Thrips - Greenhouse A

pyrethrins, pyrethrins + pip.but.

Ants A Broad spectrum but not persistent

NR 3A Systemic, contact

Aphids A

Caterpillars A

Leafhoppers A

Thrips A

Whitefly - Greenhouse A

silicate salts + Cu Snails & slugs A NR - Contact

spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^)

Caterpillar - Sorghum head

A

1 5 Ingestion, contact

Caterpillars -Flowereating A

Leafrollers (including Avocado, Ivy, Light brown Apple Moth)

A

Loopers (including Ectropis)

A

Thrips - Plague P

Thrips - Redbanded A

Yellow peach moth A



IPM rating


Chemcal group

Activity

spinosad Fruit Fly A

Soft on bees NR 5A Ingestion, contact

spirotetramat (MOVENTO^)

Scale. (Also controls greenhouse thrips).

P

Low toxicity on beneficials.

23 Contact, systemic

sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^)

Fruit spotting, banana spotting bugs

P 4C

Scale P

sulphur Mite - Two-spotted (Red spider)

A V Low-moderate toxicity to

predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids

NR - Contact

Scale A

trichlorfon Fruit spotting bugs A x 7 1B Contact

Banana spotting bug, citrus blossom bug

P


A

trichlorfon (PER12450, exp May 2016)

Fruit Fly –QFF, MFF A

Note that blank fields in the table indicate no information has been provided. Availability: A = Available via either registration or permit approval; P = Potential i.e. a possible candidate to pursue for registration or permit; P-A = Potential, already approved in the crop for another use; IPM rating: Grower rating of IPM suitability from = limited to = Good; V= variable, depending on beneficial.

NR= Not required. WHP = Withholding period


Appendix 3. Examples of brand names associated with active ingredients

Active ingredient Examples of product brand names

2,4-D

Abamectin Abamectin, ABASECT,CATCHER, ABAKEN, VANTAL, APPARENT, WHISTLER, BIOMECTIN, SORCERER, WIZARD, VERTIMEC

Acetamiprid Acetamiprid, PRIMAL, CROWN, INTRUDER, SUPREME

Acephate Acephate, ORTHENE, LANCER, SUBMARINE, ERASER

Alpha-cypermethrin Alpha-cypermethrin, ASTOUND DUO, MASCOT, FASTAC, ZENITH, DOMINEX

Aluminium ammonium sulfate D-TER, KEEP OFF, GET OFF, SCAT

Azinphos-methyl GUSATHION, BENTHION

Azoxystrobin AMISTAR, AZAKA, ASTRONOME, MIRADOR, numerous other generic azoxystrobin

Bacillus Thuringiensis DIPEL, DELFIN, AGREE, BIOCRYSTAL, FULL-BAC

Beta-cyfluthrin BULLDOCK, MAXUMPRO, SOLFAC PRO, TEMPO

Bifenazate DURAMITE, FLORAMITE, ACRAMITE

Bifenthrin Bifenthrin

Bromochloro dimethylhydantoin YM-FAB NYLATE

Buprofezin Buprofezin, APPLAUD, PRAISE, CLAP, SCALE & BUG

Carbaryl Carbaryl

Carfentrazone-ethyl HAMMER, PUNCH, NAIL, SHARK, TASK, numerous other generic carfentrazone-ethyl

Chlorantraniliprole CORAGEN, ALTACOR

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil, BARRACK, BRAVO, CHEERS, FUNG-O-NIL, WHACK, UNITE, ECHO

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos, CYREN, STRIKE-OUT, FORTUNE, LORSBAN

Clethodim SELECT, PLATINUM, BLADE, numerous other generic clethodim

Clofentezine APOLLO

Clothianidin SAMURAI, SHIELD

Cyantraniliprole EXTREL

Copper Copper, KOCIDE, CHAMP, BLU-COP, VITRA, CUPROFIX, TRIBASIC, BLUE SHIELD

Diazinon Diazinon, DIAZOL

Dichlorvos BINKILL, DELTA FORCE, INSECTIGAS

Difenoconazole Difenoconazole, SCORE, BOGARD, ACE, BULLS-EYE, DEFEND, DIGGER, DIVINO

Dimethoate Dimethoate, DANADIM, ROVER

Diquat + paraquat SPRAY SEED, PARADYM, SCORCHER, SPRAY-PLANT, SPEEDY, ALARM, EOS, REVOLVER, numerous generic

Ethyl formate VAPORFAZE, EMATE

Etoxazole PARAMITE, SWOOP

Fatty acids - Potassium salt NATRASOAP, ECOPROTECTOR, HITMAN, BUGGARD

Fenbutatin oxide TORQUE, VENDEX

Fenoxycarb INSEGAR

Fenthion LEBAYCID

Fipronil Fipronil, REGENT, IMPEDE, REGAL, VISTA, ONSLAUGHT, ATTRATHOR,

Fluazifop Fluazifop, FUSILADE, RESILIENCE, ROOTOUT

Flubendiamide BELT

Fludioxonil MAXIM, SCHOLAR

Fosetyl as Al salt Fosetyl, ALLIETTE, FOSTAL, AUTOGRAPH, NOBILITY, KATANGA

Garlic + chilli + pyrethrins + pip.but. BEAT-A-BUG

Glufosinate Glufosinate

Glyphosate Numerous generic glyphosates, ROUNDUP

Haloxyfop VERDICT, CONVICT, JUDGEMENT, EXERT, HERMES, RECON, numerous generic halxyfop

Hydroxy phenyl butanone acetate Cue-Lure

Imidacloprid Imidacloprid, CONFIDOR, COURAZE, KOMONDOR, SAVAGE, NUPRID

Indoxacarb AVATAR, STEWARD, AIRLON,

Iodine various

Maldison Maldison, FYFANON, HY-MAL

Mancozeb Mancozeb, MASQUERADE, KENCOZEB, MANCOFLO, MANCOZZ, MANZATE, PENNCOZEB, MANFIL, UNIZEB

Mandipropamid REVUS

Metalaxyl Metalaxyl, MEDLEY, MANTLE, ZEE-MIL, RAMPART

Metalaxyl-M Metalaxyl-M, RIDOMIL GOLD, APRON XL, SUBDUE MAXX,

Metaldehyde DEFENDER, SLUGGER, SCUTTLE, numerous generic metaldehyde

Methidathion RIDACIDE, SUPRATHION

Methomyl Methomyl, LANNATE, NUDRIN, ELECTRA, SENECA, SINMAS, MARLIN, MAYHEM

Methoxyfenozide PRODIGY

Methyl bromide Various generics

Milbemectin MILBENKNOCK, ULTIFLORA


Active ingredient Examples of product brand names

Oryzalin Oryzalin, SURFLAN, CAMEO, SHARP SHOOTER, PROLAN

Oxyfluorfen BARON, CONVERT, GOAL, CAVALIER, POINT, STRIKER, numerous generic oxyfluorfen

Paraffinic oil Numerous product names

Pendimethalin Pendimethalin, STOMP, numerous product names

Petroleum oil Numerous product names

Phosphorous acid AGRI-FOS, numerous product names

Potassium bicarbonate ECO-CARB

potassium oleate + citronella oil CLENSEL

Prochloraz Prochloraz, SPORTAK, OCTAVE, PROTAK, MIRAGE, RAVE

Propargite Propargite, OMITE, COMITE, BULLET, TREBLE, DYNA-MITE, MITIGATE, BETAMITE, UNMITE

Pyraclostrobin CABRIO

Pyraclostrobin + metiram AERO

Pyrethrins PYGANIC

Pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide Numerous product names

Pyriproxyfen ADMIRAL, SUMILARV, PICTUS, AVANTE

Silicate salts + Cu SOCUSIL

Spinetoram SUCCESS NEO

Spirotetramat MOVENTO

Spinosad SUCCESS NATURALYTE

sulfoxaflor TRANSFORM

Sulphur Numerous product names

Tebuconazole Tebuconazole, FOLICUR, LAUNCH, STINGRAY, ORIUS, REBUKE, BLAST, LAGUNA, ULTRATEB, TURBULENCE, TEBAZAL, MICRONISED, TEBUHEX, TEBCON, TRIPOD, BUZZ ULTRA

Tebufenozide MIMIC

Thiabendazole TECTO, STORITE, VORLON

Trichlorfon DIPTEREX, LEPIDEX

Trifloxystrobin FLINT

Thiram BARMAC Thiram


Appendix 4. Avocado MRLs

Where available for Avocado export destinations, MRLs relevant to the chemical compounds discussed in this

SARP are included in the following table. See also links on the APVMA website: http://www.apvma.gov.au/links.php

NOTES:

Some countries have a default MRLs when no MRL exists: - EU 0.01 mg/kg.

- Japan 0.01 mg/kg.

- New Zealand recognises CODEX MRLs. Otherwise the default is 0.1 mg/kg. - Fiji, PNG, Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong recognise CODEX MRLs.

- If an MRL is not established in the GCC MRL standard (not updated since 1994), UAE may accept CODEX MRLs, but this is not an official deferral. A default MRL of 0.1 mg/kg applies.

Codex Description Chemical APVMA MRL

FSANZ MRL

Codex MRL

FI 0326 Avocado 2,2-DPA *0.1 *0.1 NS 0000 Fruits Aldrin and Dieldrin E0.05 E0.05 FI 0326 Avocado Amitrole *0.01 *0.01 NS 0000 Fruits Azinphos-methyl

1

FI 0326 Avocado Azoxystrobin 1 1 FI 0326 Avocado Bifenthrin T0.1 T0.1 FI 0326 Avocado Carbaryl 10 10 FI 0326 Avocado Carbendazim

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Carfentrazone-ethyl *0.05 *0.05

FI 0326 Avocado Chlorpyrifos 0.5 0.5 NS 0000 Fruits Copper 10

FI 0326 Avocado Cyfluthrin 0.1 0.1 FI 0326 Avocado Cypermethrin T0.2 T0.2 NS 0000 Fruits Diazinon 0.5 0.5 FI 0326 Avocado Difenoconazole 0.5 0.5 FI 0326 Avocado Dimethoate 3 3 NS 0000 Fruits Diquat *0.05 *0.05 NS 0000 Fruits Dithianon 2 2

FI 0326 Avocado

Dithiocarbamates (mancozeb, metham, metiram, propineb, thiram, zineb and ziram) 7

NS 0000 Fruits Diuron 0.5 0.5 FI 0326 Avocado Epoxiconazole 0.5 0.5

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Fenbutatin oxide 5 5

NS 0000 Fruits Fenitrothion 1 0.1

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Fenthion 5 5

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Fipronil T*0.01 T*0.01

FI 0326 Avocado Fluazifop-butyl *0.02 *0.02 FI 0326 Avocado Fluazifop-p-butyl *0.02 *0.02 FI 0326 Avocado Fosetyl 5 5

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Glufosinate ammonium

0.05

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel

Glufosinate and Glufosinate ammonium 0.2 0.2

FI 0326 Avocado Glyphosate *0.05 *0.05

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Haloxyfop *0.05 *0.05

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical Imidacloprid

T1


Codex Description Chemical APVMA MRL

FSANZ MRL

Codex MRL

fruits - inedible peel

FI 0326 Avocado Inorganic bromide 75 75 75

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Isoxaben *0.01 *0.01

NS 0000 Fruits Maldison 2 2 FI 0326 Avocado Metalaxyl 0.5 0.5 0.2

NS 0000 Fruits Metaldehyde 1 1 FI 0326 Avocado Methidathion 0.5 0.5 NS 0000 Fruits Methiocarb T0.1 T0.1 FI 0326 Avocado Methomyl *0.1 *0.1 FI 0326 Avocado Methoxyfenozide 0.5 0.5 NS 0000 Fruits Methyl bromide T*0.05 T*0.05 NS 0000 Fruits Omethoate 2 2 NS 0000 Fruits Oryzalin 0.1 0.1

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Oxyfluorfen *0.01 *0.01

FI 0326 Avocado Paclobutrazol 0.1 T0.1

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Paraquat

0.01

NS 0000 Fruits Paraquat *0.05 *0.05

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Pendimethalin *0.05 *0.05

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Phosphine T*0.01

FI 0326 Avocado Phosphorous acid (phosphonic acid) T500 T500

NS 0000 Fruits Piperonyl butoxide 8 8 NS 0000 Fruits Pirimicarb 0.5 0.5

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Prochloraz

7

FI 0326 Avocado Prochloraz 5 5 FI 0326 Avocado Propiconazole *0.02 *0.02 NS 0000 Fruits Pyrethrins 1 1 NS 0000 Fruits Simazine *0.1 *0.1

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Spinetoram 0.3 0.3

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Spinosad 0.3 0.3

FI 0326 Avocado Tebuconazole 0.2 0.2 FI 0326 Avocado Tebufenozide 0.5 0.5 1

NS 0000 Fruits Tetradifon 5 5 FI 0326 Avocado Thiabendazole

15

NS 0000 Fruits Thiometon 1 1

FI 0030 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel Trichlorfon T3 T3

NS 0000 Fruits Trifluralin *0.05 *0.05

* Indicates that an MRL is at the limit of Quantitation

T=Temporary


Appendix 5. Current permits for use in Avocado

Permit No. Description Issued date Expiry date

PER13158 Dimethoate / Specified Citrus, Tropical Fruit commodities & Hot chilli peppers (post-harvest) / Various Fruit Fly species 6-Oct-11

5-Oct-14 (Now back on label

following dimethoate review)

PER14597 Methomyl (Lannate L) / Avocado / Ectropis looper. 1-Apr-14 31-Mar-2019

PER13808 Lebaycid Insecticide (Fenthion) / Avocado & Mango (post-harvest) / Queensland Fruit Fly 7-Dec-12

30-Oct-14 (remewal submitted)

PER13624 Phosphorous acid / Avocados / Phytophthora Root Rot 30-Oct-12

31-Aug-14 (Application in progress to move this use pattern to

the label)

PER12450 Trichlorfon / Specified Fruit crops / Fruit fly 6-Oct-11 31-May-15

Documents

Avocados - horticulture.com.au · Suggested for rotation with methoxyfenozide (PRODIGY^) for control of Lepidoptera. IPM fit. Registered in fruit and vegetables for a range of lepidoptera