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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Particulars Page

Table 2.1

Epidemiological studies where dengue virus was

identified in India.

22

Table 2.2 Serum cytokine levels in the pathogenesis of dengue.

38

Table 2.3 WHO Newer Classification System of Disease Severity

(2009).

47

Table 2.4 Conditions that can mimic febrile phase of dengue

infection.

55

Table 2.5 Conditions that can mimic critical phase of dengue

infection.

56

Table 2.6

Advantages and limitations of different dengue diagnostic

tests.

60

Table 3.1 Details of NS1serotype specific RT-PCR assay primer

sets used for rapid detection and differentiation of dengue

virus serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 targeting NS1 region of the

viral genome.

106

Table 3.2 Protocol for CDC 1-4 real time RT-PCR assay reaction.

107

Table 3.3

Details of NS1 Serotype Specific RT-LAMP assay primer

sets used for rapid detection and differentiation of dengue

virus serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 targeting NS1 region of the

viral genome.

113

Table 4.1

Pilot study results of NS1 serotype specific RT-PCR,

CDC1-4 real time PCR and NS1 serotype specific RT-

LAMP assay for detection of DENV infection.

125

Table 4.2

Year wise distribution of suspected dengue cases

referred to Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences and Sir

Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hyderabad,

for treatment from the regions in and around Hyderabad,

between July 2011 to December 2013.

128

Table 4.3

Year wise distribution of suspected dengue fever cases

and dengue fever positive cases referred to Nizam’s

Institute of Medical Sciences and Sir Ronald Ross

Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hyderabad, for treatment

from the regions in and around Hyderabad, between July

2011 to December 2013.

129

212


Table 4.4

Year wise distribution of DENV seropositive cases

among in patients and out patients referred to Nizam’s

Institute of Medical Sciences and Sir Ronald Ross

Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hyderabad, for treatment

from the regions in and around Hyderabad, between July

2011 to December 2013.

130

Table 4.5

Serological test results by NS1 Ag, IgG and IgM

antibodies or combinations of antigen and antibodies in

the year 2011, 2012 and 2013.

131

Table 4.6

Comparative analysis of serological and molecular assays

for diagnosis of acute DENV infection.

135

Table 4.7

Inter run assay of in house developed NS1 serotype

specific RT-PCR assay for reproducibility by testing 5

samples by 2 investigators.

138

Table 4.8

Inter run assay of in house developed NS1 serotype

specific RT-PCR assay for reproducibility by testing 5

samples by 2 investigators.

144

Table 4.9

Inter run assay of NS1 RT-PCR for reproducibility by

testing 20 samples on 3 days.

145

Table 4.10

Intra run assay for repeatability from RNA of a DENV

positive patient for each serotype- 10 times, by the NS1

serotype specific RT-PCR assay, on the same day.

145

Table 4.11

Sensitivity of NS1serotype-specific dengue virus RT-

LAMP assay compared to NS1Ag, IgG + IgM antibody,

NS1 RT-PCR and CDC real time RT-PCR.

152

Table 4.12

Diagnostic performance of RT-LAMP assay against NS1

Ag and RT-PCR assay in dengue patients in tertiary care

hospital in Hyderabad.

152

Table 4.13

Sensitivity of the NS1 serotype specific RT-LAMP assay

related to number of days after onset of fever (N =148).

153

Table 4.14

Amplification time and annealing temperatures for 4

DENV-1, 4 DENV-2, 4 DENV-3 and 4 DENV-4 positive

samples in Genie II instrument.

156

Table 4.15

Reproducibility of DENV RT-LAMP assay by testing 1

sample of each serotype in 5 separate LAMP runs and

recording the time to positivity and Tm for each serotype.

162

213


Table 4.16

Comparison of results obtained by the serological and

molecular assays among 175 hospitalized patients.

165

Table 4.17

Comparison of clinical findings in hospitalized patients

with Dengue fever (DF), Dengue hemorrhagic fever

(DHF), and Dengue shock syndrome (DSS).

166

Table 4.18

Comparison of unusual manifestations of dengue among

175 hospitalized patients.

168

Table 4.19

Comparison of unusual manifestations of dengue among

patients with DENV-2 and DENV-3 serotype.

169

Table 5.1

Standards followed in developing Dengue NS1 serotype

specific RT-LAMP assay.

178

214

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Particulars Page

Figure 1.1

2009 WHO criteria for classification of dengue according to

levels of severity.

4

Figure 1.2 Diagnostic markers of dengue based on stage of illness. 6

Figure 2.1 Global distribution of dengue. 16

Figure 2.2 Dengue cases in India from 2007 to 2013. 23

Figure 2.3 States and their areas in India affected by dengue in the year

2013.

24

Figure 2.4 Distribution of number of dengue cases in states of India in 2013. 25

Figure 2.5 Case fatality rates of dengue among the states of India in 2012. 26

Figure 2.6 Dengue virus structure. 29

Figure 2.7 Dengue virus genome structure. 29

Figure 2.8 Dengue virus replication process. 35

Figure 2.9 The Aedes aegypti mosquito which transmits dengue infection. 39

Figure 2.10a Transmission cycle of dengue. 40

Figure 2.10b Transmission cycle of dengue. 41

Figure 2.11 Clinical course of dengue infection. 44

Figure 2.12

Clinical symptoms of dengue fever. 49

Figure 2.13 Direct and indirect laboratory diagnostic tests for dengue.

58

Figure 2.14 Major diagnostic markers for dengue infection.

59

Figure 2.15 Step I of LAMP Principle. 70

Figure 2.16 Step II of LAMP Principle. 70

Figure 2.17 Step III of LAMP Principle. 70

Figure 2.18 Step IV of LAMP Principle. 71

Figure 2.19 Step V of LAMP Principle. 71

Figure 2.20 Step VI of LAMP Principle. 71

Figure 2.21 Step VII of LAMP Principle.

72

Figure 2.22 Step VIII of LAMP Principle.

72

215

Figure No. Particulars Page Figure 2.23 Alternately inverted repeats of the target sequence on the same

strand formed after Lamp Cycling.

73

Figure 2.24

Amplified products using Loop Primers. 73

Figure 2.25 Configuration of primers for loop-mediated isothermal

amplification (LAMP).

76

Figure 2.26 Principle of a MAC-ELISA test. 84

Figure 2.27 Principle of Haemagglutination-inhibition assay. 88

Figure 3.1

Testing Algorithm for standardization of serological and

molecular assays in pilot Study.

93

Figure 3.2

Dengue Duo Rapid Test for detection of NS1 Ag and IgG and

IgM antibody.

95

Figure 3.3 Schematic presentation of RNA Isolation. 101

Figure 3.4 Selection of target for NS1 Serotype specific RT-PCR and RT-

LAMP assay.

104

Figure 3.5a

RT-LAMP primer details designed from Primer Explorer Version

4 from Eiken genome site.

110

Figure 3.5b

Loop Forward & Loop backward primers containing sequences

complementary to the single stranded loop region.

111

Figure 4.1

Agarose gel analysis of the DNA product from one step RT-PCR

after amplification with consensus primers Dl and D2. Lane 1 -

100 bp ladder, PC – Positive control, S2- DENV positive samples,

S3 & S4- DENV negative samples, NC- Negative control.

124

Figure 4.2

Amplification plots for real time LAMP of DENV serotypes

performed on the Genie II flourometer, which is monitored by

real-time measurement of fluorescence in the Y-axis versus

amplification time in X-axis. Shown from left to right are the

curves of positive control (PC), DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and

DENV-4.

126

Figure 4.3

Real time amplification of DENV-1,-2,-3 and 4 by CDC 1-4 real

time RT-PCR assay. Shown from left to right are the curves of,

DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. Rn in the Y-axis is

the specific normalized fluorescence of the reporter fluorophore,

which rises in each cycle (X-axis).

127

Figure 4.4

Year wise distribution of percentage of seropositive dengue cases

referred to Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences and Sir Ronald

129

216

Figure No. Particulars Page Ross Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hyderabad, for treatment

from the regions in and around Hyderabad, between July 2011 to

December 2013.

Figure 4.5

Year wise distribution of seropositive cases with primary and

secondary infection of dengue.

131

Figure 4. 6

Age wise distribution of positive dengue cases referred to

Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences and Sir Ronald Ross

Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hyderabad, for treatment from the

regions in and around Hyderabad, between July 2011 to

December 2013.

132

Figure 4.7

Monthly distribution of the positive dengue cases in 2011, 2012,

and 2013.

133

Figure 4.8

District wise distribution of dengue positive cases in states of

Andhra Pradesh & Telangana in 2011, 2012 and 2013.

134

Figure 4.9

Agarose gel analysis of the DNA product from one step RT-PCR

after amplification with consensus primers Dl and D2. Lane 1 -

100 bp ladder, PC – Positive control, S2- DENV positive samples,

S3 & S4-DENV negative samples, NC-Negative control (Main

study).

136

Figure 4.10

2 % Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrating the correctly sized

amplicons generated by the four tube dengue NS1 serotype

specific RT-PCR. A: DENV1 (308 bp), B: DENV 2 (313 bp), C:

DENV 3 (270 bp), D: DENV4 (291 bp).

137

Figure 4.11

Sensitivity of NS1 serotype specific RT-PCR assay for the

detection of the DENV NS1 gene as observed by agarose gel

analysis with a detection limit of 1000 copy numbers for DENV

1(A) and DENV 2(B) and 100 copy number for DENV 3(C) and

DENV 4(D). Lane 1, 100-bp DNA ladder (Sigma); lanes 2 to 7,

different concentrations of virus ranging from 1 × 108 to 1 × 10

1

copy numbers in a serial 10-fold dilution pattern.

139

Figure 4.12

Sensitivities of the DENV NS1 serotype specific RT-PCR related

to number of days after onset of fever (Onset of fever is defined

as day 0 if blood samples were collected within the first 24 h

following the onset of fever).

140

Figure 4.13

Distribution of DENV serotypes among patients referred to

Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences and Sir Ronald Ross

Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hyderabad, for treatment from the

regions in and around Hyderabad in the year 2011, 2012 and

2013.

140

217


Figure 4.14

Phylogenetic tree of studied sequences with geographical strains

of DENV serotype 2 generated by neighbor-joining method. The

tree is based on NS1 regions (nt 86-398 bp) of the selected strains.

142

Figure 4.15



tree is based on NS1 regions (nt 128-397 bp) of the selected

strains. Each geographical strain is abbreviated by its accession

number followed by country and year of isolation.

143

Figure 4.16a

Sequence alignment among different genotypes of DENV-1

serotype.

147

Figure 4.16b

Sequence divergence among different genotypes of DENV-1

serotype.

147

Figure 4.16c


serotype.

148

Figure 4.16d


serotype.

148

Figure 4.16e


serotype.

149

Figure 4.16f


serotype.

149

Figure 4.16g


serotype.

150

Figure 4.16h


serotype.

150

Figure 4.17

Agarose gel electrophoresis of DENV serotype-specific RT-PCR

assay products on a 3% agarose gel employing F3 and B3 primers

of respective serotypes D1- DENV-1 RT-PCR assay product , 191

bp; D2- DENV-2 RT-PCR assay product,199bp; D3- DENV-3

RT-PCR assay product, 186bp; D4- DENV-4 RT-PCR assay

product185bp.

151

Figure 4.18a

Sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assay as monitored by real-time

measurement of fluorescence. Shown from left to right are the

curves of decreasing concentrations of virus from 1×105 to 1×10

1

copy numbers of the template in a serial 10-fold dilution. The

detection limit for the assay was 100 copy numbers for DENV-1

and DENV-2.

154

218


Figure 4.18b

Sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assay as monitored by real-time

measurement of fluorescence. Shown from left to right are the

curves of decreasing concentrations of virus from 1×105 to 1×10

1

copy numbers of the template in a serial 10-fold dilution. The

detection limit for the assay was 10 copy numbers for DENV-3

and DENV-4.

154

Figure 4.18c

Sensitivity of RT-PCR for the detection of the DENV NS1 gene

as observed by agarose gel analysis with a detection limit of 1000

copy numbers for DENV-1 and DENV-2.

155

Figure 4.18d

Sensitivity of RT-PCR for the detection of the DENV NS1 gene

as observed by agarose gel analysis with a detection limit of 100

copy numbers for DENV-3 and DENV-4.

155

Figure 4.19a

Amplification Curve for real time LAMP of DENV-2 and DENV-

3 performed in Genie® II flourometer.

157

Figure 4.19b

Amplification Curve for real time LAMP of DENV-1 and DENV-

4 performed in Genie® II flourometer.

157

Figure 4.19c

Anneal Curve of the finished amplified product of DENV-2 and

DENV-3 in Genie® II flourometer. Single peak from each Tm

value is unique to DENV-2 and DENV-3 sequence amplified,

thus confirming amplification of correct product.

158

Figure 4.19d

Anneal Curve of the finished amplified product of DENV-1 and

DENV-4 in Genie® II flourometer. Single peak from each Tm

value is unique to DENV-1 and DENV-4 sequence amplified,

thus confirming amplification of correct product.

158

Figure 4.20

Agarose gel electrophoresis of dengue virus serotype-specific RT-

LAMP assay products on a 3% agarose gel. Lane 1- 100-bp DNA

ladder (Sigma Genosys, Japan); lane 2, DENV-1 RT-LAMP assay

amplification; lane 3, DENV-2 RT-LAMP assay amplification;

lane 4, DENV-3 RT-LAMP assay amplification; lane 5, DENV-4

RT-LAMP assay product, lane 6, negative control without target

RNA.

159

Figure 4.21

Visual detection of amplified LAMP products using SYBR green

I. The color changes from orange (negative reaction) to green

(positive reaction). D1- DENV-1, D2- DENV-2, D3- DENV-3,

D4- DENV-4, NC-Negative control.

159

Figure 4.22a



tree is based on NS1 regions (nt 86-398 bp for DENV-2) of the

selected strains.

160

219


Figure 4.22b



tree is based on NS1 regions (nt 86-398 bp for DENV-2 and nt

128-397 bp for DENV-3) of the selected strains.

161

Figure 4.23a

Real-time amplification of dengue virus by NS1 serotype-specific

RT-LAMP assay for DENV-1 and DENV-4 depicting the kinetics

of each serotype with regard to time of positivity. O.D - optical

density in Loopamp turbidimeter.

163

Figure 4.23b

Real-time amplification of dengue virus by NS1 serotype-specific

RT-LAMP assay for DENV-2 and DENV-3 depicting the kinetics

of each serotype with regard to time of positivity. O.D - optical

density in Loopamp turbidimeter.

164

Figure 4.24

Different bleeding manifestations in hospitalized patients with

Dengue fever (DF), Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and

Dengue shock syndrome (DSS).

167

Figure 4.25a X-RAY showing pleural effusion due to dengue viral infection.

168

Figure 4.25b MRI of brain showing encephalitis due to dengue viral infection. 168

220

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1. M.Neeraja, V. Lakshmi, Vanjari Lavanya, E.N. Priyanka, M.M. Parida,

P.K. Dash,

Sashi Sharma, P.V.L. Rao, Gopal Reddy.

(2014). Rapid Detection and Differentiation

of Dengue virus Serotypes by NS1 specific Reverse Transcription Loop- Mediated

Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Assay in patients presenting to a tertiary care

hospital in Hyderabad. Journal of Virological Methods (Published online Nov 1st

2014, ahead of print Jan, 2015; 211, 22-31). DOI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.10.005.

2. M. Neeraja, Vemu Lakshmi, V.D Teja, V. Lavanya, E.N. Priyanka, K. Subhada,

M.M. Parida, P.K. Dash, Sashi Sharma, P.V.L. Rao, and Gopal Reddy (2014).

Unusual and rare manifestations of Dengue during Dengue outbreak in a tertiary care

hospital in South India. Archives of Virology 159: 1567–1573. DOI 10.1007/s00705-

014-2010-x.

3. Mamidi Neeraja, Vemu Lakshmi, V.D Teja, V. Lavanya, E.N. Priyanka, K.

Subhada, M.M. Parida, P.K. Dash, Sashi Sharma, P.V.L. Rao, and Gopal Reddy

(2013). Investigation of acute Dengue infection in Southern India employing Dengue

NS1 specific serological and molecular assays. International Journal of Recent

Scientific Research. 4(12): 2001-2008.

4. Mamidi Neeraja, Vemu Lakshmi, P.K. Dash, M.M. Parida, P.V.L. Rao.

(2013).

The Clinical, Serological and Molecular Diagnosis of Emerging Dengue Infection at a

Tertiary Care Institute in Southern, India. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic

Research. 7(3): 457-461.

5. P. K. Dash, S. Sharma, A. Srivasatava, S.R. Santosh, M. M. Parida, M. Neeraja, M.

V. S. Subba laxmi, V. Lakshmi , P. V. L. Rao (2011). Emergence of dengue virus

type 4 (genotype I) in India. Epidemiology and Infection. 139(6): 857-61.

6. Paban Kumar Dash, Manmohan Parida, S.R. Santhosh, Parag Saxena, Ambuj

Srivastava, Mamidi Neeraja, V. Lakshmi, P.V. Lakshmana Rao (2008).

Development and evaluation of a 1-step duplex reverse transcription polymerase

chain reaction for differential diagnosis of chikungunya and dengue infection.

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 62: 52–57.

7. Neeraja M, Lakshmi V, Teja VD, Umabala.P, Subbalakshmi MV. (2006).

Serodiagnosis of Dengue virus infection in patients presenting to a tertiary care

hospital. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 24(4): 280-282.

221

PAPERS PRESENTED AT SYMPOSIA/CONFERENCE

1. Vemu Lakshmi, M. Neeraja, V. Lavanya, E.N. Priyanka, M.M.Parida,

P.K.Dash,

Sashi Sharma, P.V.L.Rao, Gopal Reddy. “ Rapid Detection and Serotyping of Dengue

by Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay in patients

presenting to a tertiary care hospital” in ICAAC 2014, 54th

Interscience conference

on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy held from 5th

to 9th

September, 2014

at Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Washington D.C, U.S.A.

2. Sukanya Sudhaharan, Lavanya Vanjari, Mamidi Neeraja, Naga Priyanka Ede, Vemu

Lakshmi. “Evaluation of LAMP Assay for the detection of mecA and nuc genes in the

clinical isolates of Staphylococcus species. in XXXVIII National conference of

Indian association of Medical Microbiologists – MICROCON 2014, held at Birla

Auditorium, Jaipur, Rajasthan from 16th

to 19th, October, 2014.

3. M. Neeraja,

Vemu.Lakshmi, V.D.Teja,

V.Lavanya, E.N.Priyanka, K.Subhada,

M.M.Parida, P.K.Dash, Sashi Sharma, P.V.L.Rao ,

Gopal Reddy. “ Rapid Detection

and Serotyping of Dengue by Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal

Amplification Assay in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital” in XVII Indian

Association Of Medical Microbiologists , Annual Conference (APCON) 2014 held

at KIMS Narketpally from 4th

& 5th

January, 2014.

4. M. Neeraja,



M.M.Parida,

P.K.Dash, Sashi Sharma, P.V.L.Rao,

Gopal Reddy. “ Investigation of

acute Dengue infection in Southern India employing NS1 specific serological and

Molecular assays” in XXXVII National conference of Indian association of

Medical Microbiologists – MICROCON2013, held at HICC, Hyderabad from 21st

-

24th

November, 2013.

5. M. Neeraja,



M.M.Parida,

P.K.Dash, Sashi Sharma, P.V.L.Rao,

Gopal Reddy. “ Evaluation of

Serotype specific Non-Structural-1 RT-PCR assay for rapid clinical diagnosis of

Dengue” in Brain Storming Conference on Dengue Scenario in India: Disease

burden, surveillance and control held at Centre for research in medical entomology

(Indian council of Medical research) Madurai from 25th

to 26th

July, 2013.

6. M. Neeraja,



M.M.Parida, P.K.Dash, Sashi Sharma, P.V.L.Rao,

Gopal Reddy. “Changing trends in

serotypes and atypical manifestations of Dengue in a tertiary care hospital in

Hyderabad, A.P.” at XXXVI National conference of Indian association of Medical

222

Microbiologists – MICROCON2012, held at Lady Harding Medical College, New

Delhi from 22nd

to 25th

November, 2012.

WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

1. Attended workshop on “A Tour Of Molecular Techniques” in XXXVII National

conference of Indian association of Medical Microbiologists – MICROCON 2013,

held at HICC, Hyderabad from 21st

- 24th

November, 2013.

2. Attended workshop on “Molecular Techniques in Clinical Microbiology held at

Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow from 7-8th

March, 2009.

3. Attended workshop on “Use of Brit TB–PCR Kit ”, held at Department of

Microbiology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad Conducted by

Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology at Centre for Cellular and Molecular

Biology, Hyderabad and Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, On 13th

August,

2008.

4. Attended 5 Days training program on "Molecular Diagnosis of Arboviruses” with

special emphasis on Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification and other PCR

technologies” in the Department of Virology, Defence Research & Development

Establishment, Ministry of Defence, Gwalior, from 02-05-2006 to 06-05-2006.

AWARDS

1. Won Dr. C.S. BHASKARAN, Junior Best paper Award for scientific paper on

“Molecular diagnosis of Chikungunya”, at X Indian Association of Medical

Microbiologists (AP) Chapter, held at Nizam’s Institute Of Medical Sciences,

Hyderabad, from 10th

to 11th

February, 2007.

2. Won 2nd Prize in BEST PAPER PRIZE FOR FREE PAPER SESSION for

scientific paper on “Rapid Detection and Serotyping of Dengue by Reverse

Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay in patients

presenting to a tertiary care hospital” at XVII Indian Association of Medical

Microbiologists, Annual Conference (APCON) 2014, held at KIMS, Narketpally from

04-01-2014 to 05-01-2014.

223

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Avirutnan P,Fuchs A, Hauhart E. Richard, Somnuke P, Youn S ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/41566/13/13_references.pdf(2004) Rhabdomyolysis associated with dengue virus