aviation toxicology.ppt

7/21/2019 aviation toxicology.ppt

1/57

AVIATION

TOXICOLOGY


2/57

HAZARDS

PHYSICAL HAZARD

Hazards that result from energy and matter

And the relationship beteen the to

Physi!al

"iologi!alChemi!al


3/57

HAZARDS

Physi!al

"iologi!alChemi!al

"iologi!al Hazard

Hazards that !ause an illness as a !onse#uen!e of

their infe!tious or to$i! properties


4/57

HAZARDS

Physi!al

"iologi!alChemi!al

Chemi!al Hazard

Hazards that are to$i! in one form or another

and the amount of dose and e$posure determine

the amount of rea!tion


5/57

%&R'I(AL L&AR(I()

*"+&C%I,&ACTION: Identify the toxic hazards in the

aviation environment

CONDITION: While serving as an aircrewmember

TANDA!D: In accordance with "IAW# $% &'()*&(+, and the $-ndamentals of Aeros.ace%edicine


6/57


7/57

History of *!!upational

'edi!ine in A.iation

Occ-.ational %edicine is an essential

com.onent of the Army Aviation

%edicine 0rogram

To .revent and solve .roblems

involving .otential toxic hazards inaviation environment


8/57

/i..ocrates ")(( 2*C*#3$irst to describe the relationshi.

between wor4 and illness*

3$irst disc-ssed .rinci.les oftoxicology d-ring research to

control the absor.tion of a

com.o-nd to .revent overdose*




9/57

All substances are poisons; there is nonewhich is not a poison. The right dose

differentiates a poison from a remedy




10/57

"ernardino Ramazzini/s boo0 1De Morbis

Artificum. Des!ribed numerous diseases !aused

by e$posure to to$ins in the or0 en.ironment2

Some of hi!h ha.e undergone .ery little re.ision

o.er the past 344 years2




11/57



Aviators wore long scarves to wi.e mist from their goggles andcover their mo-th 5 nose

$irst f-els -sed was a Castor oil mix for l-brication

$ront .ositioned engine ca-sed a contin-al mist of castor oil to

be s.rayed across the .ilot6s face

What did the ingested7inhaled castor oil do to the

aviator8


12/57

C-rrently more than + million .ersonnelwor4 in the Aeros.ace 9nvironment

9ach of these occ-.ations are ex.osedto toxicological hazards that are -ni-eto their occ-.ation*




13/57


14/57


15/57

%erms and Definitions

Occupational hazard: Anything ca.able

of .rod-cing an adverse health orsafety effect on an individ-al Toxicology: The scientific st-dy of

.oisons Exposure: The actual contactof the

harmf-l s-bstance with the biologicalorganism*


16/57

Ty.es of 9x.os-re:

Acute exposure: 9x.os-re to an agent over ashort .eriod of time that ca-ses adversehealth effects

hronic exposure: A long'term ex.os-re to anagent or a series of re.eated ex.os-res to anagent that may event-ally lead to adversehealth changes*

Terms and Definitions


17/57

Threshold limit !alues" T;


18/57


19/57

&nabling Learning *b-e!ti.e

%hreeACTION: %atch the Aviation toxicology

.rinci.le with its definitions*

CONDITION: 1iven a list of terms anddefinitions

TANDA!D: IAW $% &'()*&(+ AND$-ndemental of Aeros.ace %edicne


20/57

Time and Dose

!o-te of 9ntry!ate of !etention and 9xcretion

0hysiological 9ffects

0hysiochemical

9nvironmental

A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples


21/57


Time and dose .rinci.le: Toxin effectsde.end on the amo-nt and d-ration of

ex.os-re


22/57

!o-te of 9ntry 0rinci.le: Ways a toxin

can enter the body ' #nhalation

$ #ngestion

$ Absorption



23/57

Inhalation: In the flight environment most

im.ortant method of getting a toxin in the body



24/57

Ingestion: Involves ta4ing a toxin orally

-nintentionally


mo4ing, eating, or drin4ing in the wor4

areas witho-t ade-ate .reca-tions

are the main means of ex.os-rethro-gh ingestion*


25/57

Absor.tion: This involves movement of

a toxin thro-gh the s4in


0rolong contact with most

0etrole-m, oils, l-bricants

"0O;s# may allow for dermal

absor.tion*

0hysical handling of a toxic.rod-ct is not the only

method of absor.tion? $-el contaminated clothing


26/57

!ate of !etention and 9xcretion

' !etention: /ow longa toxin will remain inthe body* "toxins with high retention rates:lead, DDT, Asbestos, 2erylli-m#

' 9xcretion: /ow %uic&lythe body rids itselfof the toxin* This is -s-ally thro-gh which

organs8



27/57

0hysiological: Individ-al variables thatdetermine the res.onse to a toxin

' %etabolism: Age, conc-rrent medication

' 2ody $at: determine the effect fat sol-ble

toxins have on the body

' 1enetics: 9thnic gro-., sex



28/57

0hysiochemical: the biochemical

.rocess of detoxifying chemicals within

the body



29/57

9nvironmental: Toxicity may be

affected by? Atmospheric pressure? Temperature

? Humidity



30/57

Atmos.heric .ress-re: $AA st-dies

show that hazardo-s f-mes become

more toxic the higher yo- go in altit-de


'lane (ands #tself in )ayfield as 'ilot "lumbers

By Douglas R. Burnett


31/57


Tem.erat-re: Toxic agents are less.roblematic in the winter than s-mmer

d-e to the larger va.orization of volatile

chemicals in warmer tem.erat-re*


32/57


/-midity: Chemicals are more ra.idly

absorbed thro-gh wet " .ers.iration#

s4in than cool dry s4in


33/57


34/57

Enabling Learning Objectie !our

ACTION: %atch the aviation toxic s-bstancewith its hazard

CONDITION: 1iven a list of aviation toxics-bstances and a list of hazards

TANDA!D: IAW $% &'()*&(+ AND$-ndamentals of Aeros.ace %edicine


35/57

%o$i! Substan!e *.er.ie

Aviation $-els and $-el Comb-stion

.rod-cts

olvents and Degreasers ;-bricants

/ydra-lic $l-ids

$ire 9xting-ishers

Com.osites and 0lastics


36/57

Aiation !uels:

? Combination of m-lti.le "@(# .etrole-m

.rod-cts

? Tol-ene, xylene, benzene, na.hthaleneBs3 nown carcinogens

?Army et engines -ses 0'=

3 "erosene ' .rinci.al agent#3 $lash .oint of +(( $E

? 0rinci.al hazard is va.or inhalation

? ym.toms of 9x.os-re

A.iation %o$i! Substan!e


37/57

Aviation $-el ym.toms of Ac-te 9x.os-re

' Ne-rological sym.toms: ;ight'headedness, conf-sion, fatig-e, coma, sl-rred

s.eech, res.iratory fail-re, im.aired .sychomotor ' Cardiac and !es.iratory sym.toms:

Irreg-lar heart beats, co-ghing, cho4ing, wheezing

' 1astrointestinal sym.toms: Na-sea, vomiting, easily absorbed thro-gh mo-th

' 4in sym.toms: Chemical b-rns, irritation d-e to the drying effect



38/57


Aviation $-el Comb-stion ' arbon *onoxide: One of the most

common and toxic of s-bstances in the

aviation environment ' ;ow concentrations over timecan .rod-ce high blood

concentration


39/57

Carbon Monoxide

%ost common ca-se of fatal .oisonings in FA

0rod-ct of incom.lete comb-stion

CO is a colorless, odorless gas

CO (*>G for &( min-tes H 2lood Conc of )>G

With as little as +(G Carboxyhemoglobin can

decreased .eri.heral and night vision*

After removal from CO so-rce, only abo-t (*>G is

removed from blood every ) ho-rs*


Carbon Monoxide


40/57

" #$$ "

" %$ "

" &$ "

" '$ "

" ($ "

" )$ "

" *$ "

" +$ "

" ,$ "

" #$ "

" $ " No effect

No maor effect exce.t for hortness of

2reath on 9xtreme 0hysical Activity

9xtreme hortness of 2reath d-ring

%oderate 9xertion, %inor /eadache

0rono-nced /eadache, $atig-e,

Irritability,-mpaired udgment

/eadache, Disorientation, $ainting,

Colla.se

Fnconscio-sness, !es.iratory $ail-re,

Death in ;ong 9x.os-res

-mmediate Death

Carbon Monoxide(Sympom!"


41/57

/olents and Degreaser: Organic bases -sed todissolve other .etrole-m .rod-cts" Water, ;i.id#

' Tol-ene isocynate: an additive to .aints, foams,and adhesives

' Trichloroethylene "TC9#: Fsed

in aircraft maintenance

as solvent or degreasing agent

' %ethyl'ethyl'4etone "%9#:olvent s.ecified by the

maintenance man-al



42/57

Lubricants

' -bstances that red-ce friction

' ;ocated in 9ngine , A0F,

Transmission, and gear boxes

' When ex.osed to hot s-rfaces aninhalation hazard is .rod-ced,

sym.toms similare to CO ' 4in contact ca-ses

a dermatitis reaction



43/57

Hydraulic !luids

' 0etrolat-m, Castor oil, ilicon, or

0hos.hate 9ster based

' %aintained -nder high .ress-re and a small

lea4 can .rod-ce a finely aerosolized mist inthe coc4.it*

' $ine mist can im.air vision and act as an

irritant* Inhalation can irritate the l-ngs*

' ;arge lea4 can ca-se .ooling in thecoc4.it



44/57

!ire E0tinguishers

' A threat 1hen operated in anenclosed or unenclosed enironment

" -nhalation is the primary threat Three Types

? Halon

? 2arbon Dio0ide? A3ueous !ilm !orming !oam



45/57

Halon ' ;i-efied com.ressed gas which

chemically interr-.t comb-stion

' Non'toxic -nless discharged within anenclose s.ace

' Decom.oses into "hydrogen fl-oride,

chloride, bromide and .hosgene



46/57

2arbon Dio0ide

' afe, large -antities needed

' /eavier than air

' In low concentrations "J G# acts as ares.iratory stim-lant

' /igh concentration "'>G#, drowsiness,

headache, res.iratory, loss of concentration

' At +(G or above, colla.se,;OC, and death can occ-r



47/57

A3ueous !ilm !orming !oam ' !elatively nontoxic .rotein based

.rod-ct

' The concentrated foam is harsh andcan irritate the s4in



48/57

2omposite and 4lastics

' Com.osed of a n-mber of

com.onents which give strength,thermal resistance, light weight

' %ade -. of resins,fibers, solvents



49/57

!ibers

' Incl-de gra.hite, boron, 4evlar, and or fiberglass

' 0roblems occ-r d-ring crash, wor4ing, b-rning,sanding, or scra..ing

' 0rimary hazard is

inhalation of .articles

J &*> micrometer*

' Can develo.asbestosis li4e

reaction



50/57

Resins ' 2onding agents, hold the fibers in a matrix

' 9.oxy, .oly-rethane, .henol, and amino resinsma4e -. the bonding agents

' 0rimary hazard is inhalation d-e to thermalrelease of tol-ene diisocyantes, methylenedianiline"%DA# f-mes

' CN de.ression, -nconscio-sness, allergicreaction



51/57

4lastics ' 0oly-rethane -sed in coc4.it7cabin interiors

and fl-orocarbon .lastics -sed in wiring

ins-lation and corrosion resistant coating

' 0rimary hazard is

inhalation d-ring

decom.osition

which may releasecyanide, fl-orine gas

and .hosgene



52/57


53/57

&nabling Learning *b-e!ti.e

5i.eACTION: Identify .rotective meas-res

to .revent or red-ce toxic s-bstance

ex.os-re*

CONDITION: 1iven a list

TANDA!D: IAW $% &*()'&(+, A! >('& A! >('K


54/57

-ndiidual

' 0revent contamination of yo-r A2DF 7 NO%9Lflight s-its

' mo4e and eat only in a-thorized areas ' Wash hands decrease ris4 of ingesting

a toxin*

' Wear .ersonal .rotective e-i.ment "009#

' 0ay attention to yo-r .hysical sym.toms" headache, b-rning eyes, choc4ing, na-sea,and 7 or s4in irritation#

Prote!ti.e 'easures


55/57

2oc5pit

' 2e aware of the .otential for toxic ex.os-rein flight

' mo4e and f-mes are very serio-s

matter

' Ta4e immediate actionM ventilate, descend,

land, evac-ate the aircraft, and see4 medicaleval-ation

Prote!ti.e 'easures


56/57

Prote!ti.e 'easures

6eneral

' 2e aware of the .otential for toxic

ex.os-re in the aviation environment

' 2e aware of the hazardo-s material in

yo-r wor4 area

' Develo. and rehearse

evac-ation .lan


57/57

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aviation toxicology.ppt