AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITY MANAGEMENT

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

1

AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITY AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITY MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Last session’s recapLast session’s recap Definition – human factors in aviation & medicineDefinition – human factors in aviation & medicine Reasons behind introductionReasons behind introduction Poor decision makingPoor decision making Human performanceHuman performance Human errorHuman error Management of human errorManagement of human error Engineering control strategiesEngineering control strategies Administrative control strategiesAdministrative control strategies Regulatory practicesRegulatory practices

Francis Lasalo NgongaFrancis Lasalo Ngonga


2

Cont. of last session’s recapCont. of last session’s recap

Appropriate labour practicesAppropriate labour practices



3

LEGAL ASPECTS OF AVIATION SAFETYLEGAL ASPECTS OF AVIATION SAFETY

IntroductionIntroduction KCAA – AC no. CAA AC-GEN001A – Introduction to the KCAA – AC no. CAA AC-GEN001A – Introduction to the

civil aviation regulations (CARs)civil aviation regulations (CARs) CARs have been harmonized in the East African CARs have been harmonized in the East African

countries under the umbrella of CASSOAcountries under the umbrella of CASSOA Re-certifications and or fresh certifications are now Re-certifications and or fresh certifications are now

needed for the various services/categories following needed for the various services/categories following the harmonization exercisethe harmonization exercise

CARs are issued in sets with each set dealing with a CARs are issued in sets with each set dealing with a specific kind of aviation activity or specialtyspecific kind of aviation activity or specialty

Currently there are 12 such activities Currently there are 12 such activities



4

Cont. of introductionCont. of introduction

The 12 activities include:The 12 activities include:

1)1) Aerial workAerial work

2)2) a/c registration & markinga/c registration & marking

3)3) Airworthiness Airworthiness

4)4) Approved maintenance organization (AMO)Approved maintenance organization (AMO)

5)5) Air operator certification & administration (AOC)Air operator certification & administration (AOC)

6)6) Aviation training organization (ATO)Aviation training organization (ATO)

7)7) Commercial air transport operations by foreign air Commercial air transport operations by foreign air operator in and out of EACoperator in and out of EAC

8)8) Instruments and equipmentInstruments and equipment

9)9) Operation of a/cOperation of a/c

10)10)Personnel licensingPersonnel licensing



5


11)11) Parachute operationsParachute operations

12)12) Rules of air & air traffic controlRules of air & air traffic control

Each regulation is completeEach regulation is complete Some regulations have schedules to expound on Some regulations have schedules to expound on

certain areascertain areas Hierarchical conventional numbering format is Hierarchical conventional numbering format is

followedfollowed Regulations are cross referenced to each other Regulations are cross referenced to each other

where especially they relate to one anotherwhere especially they relate to one another Generally technical terms are defined in the Generally technical terms are defined in the

beginning of the regulationsbeginning of the regulations



6


Ordinary dictionary words & legal terms are not Ordinary dictionary words & legal terms are not normally definednormally defined



7

Cont. of IntroductionCont. of Introduction

Interpretation of certain terms:Interpretation of certain terms:

a)a) Shall – mandatory requirementShall – mandatory requirement

b)b) May – discretionMay – discretion

c)c) Includes – means includes but not limited toIncludes – means includes but not limited to

d)d) Approved – authority has issued a formal written Approved – authority has issued a formal written approvalapproval

e)e) Acceptable – authority has reviewed but has Acceptable – authority has reviewed but has neither objected nor approvedneither objected nor approved

f)f) Prescribed – authority has written a policy or Prescribed – authority has written a policy or methodology which is either mandatory or methodology which is either mandatory or discretionarydiscretionary

Offences and penalties are stipulated Offences and penalties are stipulated



8

Cont. of IntroductionCont. of Introduction

Guidance material – convey general and technical Guidance material – convey general and technical information information

Clarifies or amplifies certain regulations at timesClarifies or amplifies certain regulations at times



9

International air lawInternational air law States are encouraged to ratify international air law States are encouraged to ratify international air law

instrumentsinstruments Assists in registration of appropriate various Assists in registration of appropriate various

agreements dealing with commercial aviation for agreements dealing with commercial aviation for instance:instance:

a)a) Compensation for damage caused by a/c to Compensation for damage caused by a/c to third parties arising from acts of unlawful third parties arising from acts of unlawful interference or from general risksinterference or from general risks

b)b) Acts or offences of concern to the international Acts or offences of concern to the international aviation community and not covered by existing aviation community and not covered by existing air law instrumentsair law instruments



10

ICAOICAO

Specialized UN agency – global forum for civil Specialized UN agency – global forum for civil aviationaviation

Vision – safe, secure and sustainable development Vision – safe, secure and sustainable development of civil aviation through the corporation of member of civil aviation through the corporation of member statesstates

Created on 7 December 1944 – convention on Created on 7 December 1944 – convention on international civil aviation – signed in Chicagointernational civil aviation – signed in Chicago

Became effective on 4 April 1947Became effective on 4 April 1947 Incorporates 96 articles – assists in formulating Incorporates 96 articles – assists in formulating

ISARPSISARPS The convention has 18 annexesThe convention has 18 annexes Secretariat is headed by the SGSecretariat is headed by the SG



11

Cont. of ICAOCont. of ICAO

ICAO has 5 main divisions, namely the: ICAO has 5 main divisions, namely the:

1)1) Air navigation bureauAir navigation bureau

2)2) Air transport bureauAir transport bureau

3)3) Technical cooperation bureauTechnical cooperation bureau

4)4) Legal bureau and Legal bureau and

5)5) Bureau of administration and servicesBureau of administration and services ICAO works with other specialized agencies of UNICAO works with other specialized agencies of UN



12


The 18 annexes of ICAO convention are:The 18 annexes of ICAO convention are:

1)1) Personnel licensingPersonnel licensing

2)2) Rules of the airRules of the air

3)3) Meteorological services for international air Meteorological services for international air navigationnavigation

4)4) Aeronautical chartsAeronautical charts

5)5) Units of measure to be used in air and ground Units of measure to be used in air and ground operationsoperations

6)6) Operation of aircraftOperation of aircraft

7)7) Aircraft nationality and registration marksAircraft nationality and registration marks

8)8) Airworthiness of aircraftAirworthiness of aircraft

9)9) FacilitationFacilitation



13


10)10) Aeronautical communicationsAeronautical communications

11)11) Air traffic servicesAir traffic services

12)12) Search and rescueSearch and rescue

13)13) Aircraft accident and incident investigationsAircraft accident and incident investigations

14)14) AerodromesAerodromes

15)15) Aeronautical information servicesAeronautical information services

16)16) Environmental protectionEnvironmental protection

17)17) Security – safeguarding international civil Security – safeguarding international civil against acts of unlawful interferenceagainst acts of unlawful interference

18)18) The safe transportation of dangerous goods by The safe transportation of dangerous goods by airair



14

CASSOACASSOA Civil aviation safety & security oversight agency is Civil aviation safety & security oversight agency is

a self-auditing institution of the East African regiona self-auditing institution of the East African region Protocol signed on 18 April 2007 by Kenya, Protocol signed on 18 April 2007 by Kenya,

Tanzania & UgandaTanzania & Uganda Established by the heads of states on 18 June 2008 Established by the heads of states on 18 June 2008

in Kampala, Ugandain Kampala, Uganda Its duty is to ensure the development of safe & Its duty is to ensure the development of safe &

secure civil aviation system in the regionsecure civil aviation system in the region Current members are:Current members are:

1)1) Kenya Civil Aviation AuthorityKenya Civil Aviation Authority

2)2) Uganda Civil Aviation AuthorityUganda Civil Aviation Authority

3)3) Tanzania Civil Aviation AuthorityTanzania Civil Aviation Authority



15

Cont. of CASSOACont. of CASSOA

4)4) Rwanda Civil Aviation AuthorityRwanda Civil Aviation Authority

5)5) Burundi Civil Aviation AuthorityBurundi Civil Aviation Authority



16

SECURITY CHALLENGES IN AVIATIONSECURITY CHALLENGES IN AVIATION Aviation security - Abbreviated as AVSECAviation security - Abbreviated as AVSEC Can be defined as:Can be defined as:

a)a) Measures, procedures or rulesMeasures, procedures or rules

b)b) Human or personnel Human or personnel

c)c) Materials, equipment or resourcesMaterials, equipment or resources

All made to safeguard civil aviation against All made to safeguard civil aviation against unlawful interferencesunlawful interferences



17

Cont. of Security Challenges in AviationCont. of Security Challenges in Aviation

In the early days of flying AVSEC was not an issueIn the early days of flying AVSEC was not an issue 11stst recorded flight – 17 December 1903 by the Wright recorded flight – 17 December 1903 by the Wright

brothers at Kitty Hawk, North Carolinabrothers at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 11stst commercial airline was created in 1912 by commercial airline was created in 1912 by

Ferdinand Graf von ZeppelinFerdinand Graf von Zeppelin 11stst known recorded a/c hijack was on 24 November known recorded a/c hijack was on 24 November

1971 by Don Cooper, flight 305, North West Orient 1971 by Don Cooper, flight 305, North West Orient from Portland, Oregon, USAfrom Portland, Oregon, USA

AVSEC began to be taken seriouslyAVSEC began to be taken seriously FAA’s Aviation Security Research and Development FAA’s Aviation Security Research and Development

was created in 1974 to advance civil aviation was created in 1974 to advance civil aviation security issuessecurity issues



18


AVSEC is briefly classified into:AVSEC is briefly classified into:

a)a) Legal framework (program)Legal framework (program) Focuses on international conventions, Focuses on international conventions,

agreements & protocolsagreements & protocols Domestication of the aboveDomestication of the above Forms the legal basis of the international civil Forms the legal basis of the international civil

aviation security aviation security

b)b) Technical programTechnical program Team of security technocrats – they develop & Team of security technocrats – they develop &

review security docs review security docs Provide guidance and recommendations on how Provide guidance and recommendations on how

to comply with the ISARPS of annex 17to comply with the ISARPS of annex 17



19


AVSEC IN GENERALAVSEC IN GENERAL At ICAO falls under Air Transportation BureauAt ICAO falls under Air Transportation Bureau Develops ISARPS - International Standards And Develops ISARPS - International Standards And

Recommended PracticesRecommended Practices Assists member states to complyAssists member states to comply

ICAO ANNEX 17ICAO ANNEX 17 Deals with aviation security – designated by article Deals with aviation security – designated by article

3737 88thth edition booklet – dated July 2006 edition booklet – dated July 2006 Lists the ISARPS Lists the ISARPS Issued on 22 March 1974Issued on 22 March 1974 Guide – Must comply with standardsGuide – Must comply with standards - Try to comply with recommended - Try to comply with recommended

practicespractices



20


ICAO VISION ON SECURITYICAO VISION ON SECURITY Safe, secure and sustainable civil aviation Safe, secure and sustainable civil aviation

developmentdevelopment Several strategic objectives for 2005 – 2010Several strategic objectives for 2005 – 2010

No. 2 is on security which is to enhance No. 2 is on security which is to enhance global/civil aviation securityglobal/civil aviation security



21


Cost of securityCost of security It is enormous, not just in money resources in It is enormous, not just in money resources in

generalgeneral Cost primarily ought to be borne by the state, Cost primarily ought to be borne by the state,

however, all players are forced to chip in by however, all players are forced to chip in by circumstancescircumstances

State must protect the a/c and all in both on State must protect the a/c and all in both on ground & in the airground & in the air

For example in 2002 extra AVSEC costs were over For example in 2002 extra AVSEC costs were over 5 billion US dollars5 billion US dollars

Events of Sep 11, 2001 made civil aviation Events of Sep 11, 2001 made civil aviation become a stigmabecome a stigma

The realization that civil a/c could become The realization that civil a/c could become instruments of terrorinstruments of terror



22


Thank you very Thank you very

much for your much for your

attention and attention and

cooperationcooperation

Clarifications, questions and feedbackClarifications, questions and feedback

Documents

AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITY MANAGEMENT