AVIATION HISTORY

Lecture 10 : Airliners

AirlinersAn AIRLINER is a large fixed-wing aircraft

for transporting passengers and cargo.They are owned by AIRLINES company.

The major AIRLINERS MANUFATCURERS in the world are

Airbus and Boeing.

Cargo

Cargo airlines also known as freighters or freight aircraft designed for the carriage of goods.

Aircraft designed for cargo has several differences with passenger aircraft. A ‘fat’ looking fuselage, High wing designed: to allow the cargo

area to sit near the ground.

Cargo

Airbus

Airbus is one of the leading manufacturers of aircraft in the world and supplies about half of all the world’s jet airliners.

Their mission is to “provide the aircraft best suited to the markets needs and to support these aircraft with the highest quality of service”.

Although Airbus’ headquarters are in France, they also have subsidiaries in North America, China and Japan.

Airbus types of aircraft models include as: A300 > A320 > A321 > A330 >

A340 > A350 > A380

Airbus 330Airbus 340

Airbus 380

Boeing

Based in Chicago, US, and they are the one of the world’s leading aerospace companies, and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft.

They are the major service provider to NASA (they operate the Space Shuttle and International Space Station).

They are one of the largest US exporters (provide military and commercial airline support services to over 90 countries worldwide).

Boeing types of aircraft models include as:

DC3-6, B707 > B717 > B727 > B737 > B747 > B757 > B767 > B777 > MD11 > B787

DC3

Quick Facts

B747: Among the fastest airliners in service with a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85.(567 mph or 913 km/h).

The largest passenger airliner in the world, the A380

Airbus vs Boeing

What’s the differences ??? Wing Nose & Main Landing Gears Engine Tail Area

Airliner Manufacturer Country of Origin

USA •Boeing

•Lockheed Martin

Europe •Airbus Industries (France)

•ATR (France/Italy) •Fokker (Netherlands)

•Saab (Sweden)

Russia•Tupolev•Sukhoi

Brazil •Embraer

Canada•Bombardier

Narrow Body

Wide Body

Types of Airliners

Regional

Airbus A380

Boeing 757

Wide-body Airliners The largest airliners. Two passenger aisles (rows), also

known as a twin-aisle aircraft. Used for long distance. Allowing a total capacity of 200 to

600 passengers Example: Boeing 747-767 & 777, Airbus

A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A380(which can hold up to 800 passengers)

Wide-body: Twin Aisle

Narrow-body Airliners

Smaller airliners Single aisle aircraft. Generally used for

medium-distance flights. Allowing less than 250

passengers Example: Boeing 717, 737 & 757, Airbus

A320 family McDonnell Douglas DC-9 & MD-80/MD-90 series.

Boeing 737: Single Aisle

Regional Airliners

Regional airliners. Single aisle aircraft. Used for short -

distance flights Seat fewer than 100

passengers. Example: Bombardier

and CRJ series and ATR 42/72

CRJ

Cabin configurations and features

Seats: Seats are designed to withstand strong forces so as not to break or come loose from their floor tracks during turbulence or accidents. The backs of seats are often equipped with a fold-down tray for eating, writing, or as a place to set up a portable computer, or a music or video player.

Overhead bins: Overhead bins are used for stowing carry-on baggage and other items.

Cabin configurations and features

Passenger Service Unit (PSU): located above passenger seats. Contain a reading light, air vent, and a flight attendant call button. Also Contain the drop-down oxygen masks which are activated if there is sudden drop in cabin pressure.

Lavatories: onboard bathroom with a toilet and sink. Approximately one lavatory for every 50 passengers.

Galley: galley is the compartment of aircraft where food is cooked and prepared.

Seats

An airliner will usually have several classes of seating: first class, business class, and economy.

The seats in more expensive classes are wider, more comfortable, and have more amenities such as "lie flat" seats for more comfortable sleeping on long flights.

Generally, the more expensive the class, the better the beverage and meal service.

Interior of Business Class

Where is cargo compartment inside the aircraft?

Airbus A300 fuselage cross-section, showing the passenger compartment above and the baggage area below.

Cargo bins

Airliners must have space on board to store baggage

Also known as "cargo bins” or “cargo decks”.

These compartments can be accessed through doors on the outside of the aircraft.

Baggage holds on modern airliners are equipped with fire detection equipment , lighting system and also being pressurized.

Aircraft Structure & Materials

What's the material used to make Airplane exterior

(body)?

Materials to build an aircraft

In the early days of flight, before WW1, aircraft were constructed entirely of wood and canvas.

The beginning of WW1 brought a sudden demand for thousands of aircraft.

Small companies grew into major manufacturers capable of producing many different types of aircraft in large numbers.

The techniques for building aircraft evolved gradually during the years between the wars.

Materials to build an aircraft

Wood and canvas changed to aluminum as the principal structural material and aircraft’s designs also improved.

Monoplanes (single wing aircraft) were becoming more popular than biplanes (two wing aircraft).

More powerful and reliable aircraft engines were continually being developed.

Because of the increased reliability and improved comfort, aircraft became a more acceptable form of passenger transport.

Materials to build an aircraft

Uses on Fuselage

skin

Uses on Wing

Uses on Aircraft

Component

Why is aluminium used for aircraft fuselage

skin?

Aluminium

Airplanes need to be light and flexible to perform well in flight.

Although other materials, such as composite compounds and wood, have been used for aircraft skins, aluminum is the most common and popular material for airplane skins.

What is aluminium?? Aluminium is one type of metal

which are silvery-grey color, strong, light, and corrosion-resistant.

Why Aluminium?

Lightweight High Strength Easy to shape into curve Easy to design by machine Corrosion resistant Low cost

Aluminium as aircraft fuselage skin1. Light Weight Aluminum is a light metal, especially in the thin

sheets used for aircraft skin. By using aluminum as the skin, the overall weight of the aircraft is lower.

2. High Strength Its strength increases in lower temperatures, a quality

that is useful for aircraft that fly at high altitudes.

3. Easy to shape into a curve Aluminum is easily formed into curved shapes that

are more aerodynamically sound. Aluminum is an ideal metal for the curves of modern airplanes.

Aluminium as aircraft fuselage skin4. Easy to design by machine tools Because it is light, flexible, and easy to bend,

aluminum is easy to work. Its softness makes it easy to shape and form by machines.

5. Corrosion Resistant Aluminum is more resistant to corrosion than other

metals. It reacts more slowly to air, so it will not rust like steel or other metals.

6. Low Cost Because of the benefits of aluminum, it is the

cheapest material available.

What are the latest material to build an

aircraft???

Latest material to build an aircraft

The principal material used in modern air-craft manufacturing is aluminum.

But the use of composite materials is rapidly increasing.

Composite materials are structural materials made up of two or more contrasting components.

Composites enable manufacturers to build aircraft that are lighter and stronger than aluminum models.

Nowadays, nearly all of the exterior surfaces are composites (ex: carbon,

fiberglass)

Why Composites?

Superior performance when compared to steel or aluminum.

Reduces weight Reduces maintenance costs Reduces or eliminates corrosion

Why Composites?

Composites replacing the frame structures and skins with more strength and less weight.

Composites can be built up into special shapes and thicknesses which can’t be done by aluminum.

Composite weight and strength factors can be controlled and designed easily.

Range and Payload

Range and Payload

What is Range???

What is Payload???

What is maximum range and payload for Boeing 747 -400, Boeing 737 - 400, Boeing 767-200, Airbus 320-200,Airbus 380????

Range and PayloadRange: Range means how far can the aircraft fly with

a tank of fuel.

Payload: Payload is the carrying capacity (load) of an

aircraft in terms of their Passengers and Cargo.

It also means the load than can give the profits to the airlines company.

Aircraft Names Max. Range (Km)

Max. Payload(Km)

Boeing 737 - 400 4000km 62,800kg

Boeing 747 -400 13,500km 397,000kg

Boeing 767-200 5860km 136,000kg

Airbus 320-200 4800km 73,500kg

Airbus 380 14,800km 560,000kg

Maximum Range and Payload for Boeing & Airbus Aircraft

What types of fuel used by aircraft?

Aircraft Fuel For the first few decades of flight, aircraft engines

simply used the same kind of gasoline that powered automobiles.

But simple gasoline was not necessarily the best fuel for the large and powerful engines.

Thereby, most airplanes carried AvGas (Aviation Gasoline)

Jet fuel (AvTur: Aviation Turbine Fuel) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines.

The most common fuels are Jet A and Jet A-1’ Jet B is commonly used in civilian turbine engine-

powered and is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. 4242

Aircraft Refueling

Aircraft Fuel Tanks

For larger aircraft fuel tank is inside the aircraft structure that have been sealed to allow fuel storage.

For smaller aircraft like Cessna, they used

rigid removable tanks and may be removed for inspection, replacement, or repair.

Airlines An organization that provides

scheduled flights for passengers or cargo.

Two types: Full Service Carriers (FSCs) Low Cost Carriers (LCCs)

FSCs (Full

Service Carriers)

LCCs(Low

Cost Carriers)

Full Service Carrier (FSC)

A Full Service Carrier is an airline that offers high fares.

It offers a variety of air travel classes such as first (F), business (C) and economy (E) classes

It provides in-flight meals, entertainment and other complementary services.

It services also incorporate hub and spoke networks.

Low Cost Carrier (LCC)

A low cost airline is an airline that offers low fares.

Only offers a single class. No other services such as seating assignment,

in-flight meals and entertainment and airport lounges.

They offer high frequency services on short haul, domestic and international routes, quick turnaround time, low costs through internet bookings.

Malaysia Airlines Fleet Composition

Boeing 747-400

Boeing 777-200

Airbus 330-300

Airbus 330-200

Boeing 737-400

Fokker 50

13

17

11

3

37

3

Total 83

Malaysia Airlines (MAS) is embarking on fleet modernization. It has a firm order of 35 B737-800 (delivery of aircraft between 2010 and 2014). It has another time order

of 15 A330-300 (delivery between 2011 and 2014). It has optional orders for 20 B737-800 and 10 A330-300. MAS expects to receive six A380 in 2011-2012.