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Available Alpine Resources for the Insectivorous Golden- crowned Kinglet Shelley Nagata -Winter Ecology, 2010 Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado, Boulder EBIO 4100, Sec 570

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Overview Research & background topics about the Golden-crowned Kinglet Investigate how Kinglet is able to survive through the cold weather Procedure and Methods that were executed in order to answer this question Results Drawing conclusions

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Research Kinglets summer diet Little information on winter diet Difficulties faced among winter Bernd Heinrich and Ross Bell

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Key Features of the Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa) Identification Tips Important behavioral aspects http://www.usgs.gov

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What are the Kinglets eating?? Discover the possible resources available in alpine ecosystems. Determine how well the resources are represented in the sampled area

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Methods Field Tools - Beat sheet - Sledge hammer -Aspirator Communities 1 & 2 -10,100 ft -9,600 ft Community constants -20 Trees at each site -Spruce Forests Collect count data Bernd Heinrich and Ross Bell

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Classifying - body shape -wings - legs

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Segmented appendages

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Results continued Diversity Index s Shannon-Wiener Index (H) = - (p i )(lnp i ) i=1 p i proportion of individuals of species (i) in community Chi-squared test X 2 = (Observed-Expected) 2 / Expected

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Community Diversities Community 1: 10,100 ft H= 0.21 More distributed environment Less Stable Community 2: 9,600 ft H = 0.24 Greater abundance compare the multiple dependent variables collected under different environments

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Chi-squared Interpretation Level 0.01 indicated a significant difference between the proportions of insects found in community 1 and community 2. Distribution of observations differs among the two communities Communities structured differently in regards to the different orders found in the communities

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Drawing Conclusions Freeze Avoidance -Cannot tolerate formation of ice in body tissues Free Tolerance -Tolerate formation of ice within tissues -Evolving Orders Winter foraging results in abundance Evolving affects on foraging specialization

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References Bell, R. & Heinrich, B. 2010. Winter Food of Small Insectivorous Bird, the Golden-Crowned Kinglet. Wilson Ornithological Society. The Wilson Bulletin 107(3): 558-561. http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/ i7480id.html http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/