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Automotive Parts
Charging & Starting Systems
Charging Systems
• Output voltage kept to about 2 volts higher than battery voltage
• Controlled by varying current into rotor field winding (voltage regulator or PCM)
• No permanent magnets inside of the alternator… • Battery Testing with Midtronics® • Charging Output & Full Field Testing • Carbon Pile Rheostat • Identify Maximum Output on the Alternator Case
Alternator
Rotor with Field Coil
Copper Slip Rings
Stator – stationary coils of wire
Wyewound has 4 connections
Deltawound has 3 connections
Check rotor for opens, short coils, & shorts to the shaft
Check stator for opens, short coils, & shorts to the soft iron armature Rotor – rotating magnetic field
Diode Trio
.4 to .7 VD in one direction OL in the other direction
OL both ways = open 0.0 both ways = shorted
Brush Holders Internal Voltage Regulators
Carbon Brush
Full Fielding Tab
Rectifier Bridges…change AC to DC before it leaves the alternator
B + Output side
Ground side
Test 6 diodes from copper tab to heat sink, Reverse leads to verify diode integrity
Charging System External Voltage Regulator
Apply 12 volts to Field Terminal to fullfield the alternator
Starting (Cranking) Systems
• Cranks engine with a 10:1 to 15:1 reduction between starter drive pinion & ring gear
• Typical current draw is about 200 amps • No click = no solenoid operation (check pullin coil) • Click, but no crank = motor issue…open windings • Voltage Drop Test both B + and B cables (.2 maximum)
Starter Motor with solenoid mounted on it
Movable Pole Shoe Starter Motor (solenoid mounted remotely)
StarterMounted Solenoid
Starter Drive with Overrunning Clutch
Pinion Gear Starter Drive Fork
Holdin & Pullin Windings
Starter Shim gets placed between drive end housing & engine block
Starter Drive Fork goes here
Pinion Gear
B+
B
Remotely Mounted Starter Solenoids
Apply 12 volts here to bypass the ignition switch
Used with movable pole shoe starter drives
Plungers
Solenoids
Automotive Parts
Electrical & Accessory Systems
Electrical & Accessory
• Arguably one of the most intricate vehicle systems to trouble shoot
• Electrical Understanding is a Necessity! • Even the dome light circuit is challenging now
Turn Signal &/or Hazard Flashers
Fusible Links with heat resistant Hypalon ® coating
Fusible Links are 2 to 4 gauge sizes smaller than the regular circuit wiring
Weather pack connector
Ignition Key & Lock Cylinder
Ignition Switch…. Located low on the steering column Operated by twisting the key
Headlight Switch with dash light dimmer rheostat
Ignition Switch Mechanism Located on Lower Steering Column
Has a push button to release the knob
Brake Switch & Cruise Cancel Switch
Located on Brake Pedal Bracket
BPP or BOO
Ambient
Air Temperature Sensors
Evaporator
Intake Air
In front of radiator
In evaporator housing
Inlet air stream
Cabin Air Temperature sensors found in automatic climate control HVAC
Low Brake Fluid Sensors
Located on Master Cylinder
Blower Motor Resistors: drop the voltage to the blower motor to get a variety of speeds…can be open on just one speed
Solid State
CoilTypes
Solid State
Battery Temperature Sensor…Chrysler
Located in the Bottom of the Battery Tray
Solid State Flashers
Regular Flasher Turn Signal, Hazard, or Combo
Blinks Faster with a Burnt Out Bulb
NOTE: Closely Resemble a Relay, but the number and the arrangement of the prongs differs
Brake Pedal Position Sensors
Also used for brake light switch & cruise control cancel switch
BPP & BOO
1Time Use
Low Coolant Sensor
Low Brake Fluid Sensor…Floattype
Reed Switch type is also in use
Electronic Flasher built right on to the Hazard Switch
Regular Flashers
Note: found on some versions of S.E.T. boards
Look very different than a round, European relay
Electric Seat Heater Switch & Harness
Almost any switch is a good component to bug on a vehicle
Door Jamb Switches
Door Buzzer or Chime
Many “door ajar” and “dome light” switches are now a part of the door latch mechanisms
SIR/SRS wiring has yellow connectors
Wiring Harnesses can be tricky to trouble shoot
Fuse hidden in the harness
High Voltage DC Hybrid power systems wiring is in a bright orange loom
I am a Wiring Harness.
How can I fail thee? Let me count the ways:
I Can be open (inoperative) I Can be shorted to ground (fuse blow) I Can be shorted to power (always on) I Can have high resistance (voltage drop) I might also be diodeequipped (.4 to .7 VD)
Test VoltageAvailable to me
Diagnostic Link Connectors (DLC) OBD I & OBD II
Toyota
GM Ford Chrysler
Global OBD II 1996 to present
Windshield Wiper Motor
Windshield Washer Pump Motors
Key Fob Antitheft hood switch
Door Lock or Deck Lid Actuator or Motor
Immobilizer Module with wrong key will cause a nostart or a starts & stops
Relays
Relay coil typically has 60100 ohms
OL = inoperative (no click) Insulated Contacts = click, but no conduct Jammed Contacts = good coil, but no click
Fuses of All Types
Maxi Pal
ATO Cartridge Fusible Links
Glass Fuse Puller
Missing Fuse Puller = Demerit
Circuit Breakers…a forced open cb may read a few “heater ohms”
Diodes!
Some resemble fuses, but note the prong positions
Often used as clamping diodes in large coil circuits
Alternator Button Diode
Windshield Washer Pump Motor
Weather Pack Connector
Rocker Switch for a Window
Know how to release wires from harness connectors
Hood &/or Deck Lid Light Switches
Contain a mercuryfilled capsule that conducts only when the angle is correct
Similar to those used in Glove Boxes
MultiFunction Switch
Popular competition bug: Wiring to and from Connectors at the “MF” Switch One tab that controls one small aspect of the switch
Snaps or screws into the steering column
Lights Signals Wipers Cruise
Bulbs & Sockets
Headlamp Fog Lamp
Cheap & easy open or short circuits!
Door Jamb Switch Floormounted Dimmer Switch
Very Old For Dome Light Operation
Windshield Washer Pump Motors
Some vehicles have both a front & a rear washer pump motor
Hood & Deck Lid Light Switches
Horn Pad Switch…grounds the relay coil to energize the horns
Seat Belt Switch
Causes SIR codes, and keeps the warning chime on
SPOUT (Spark Output) Connectors
Remove to put a Distributor Ignition Ford into base timing mode
MultiFunction Switch
Easily accessible through the steering column cover
Horn…always relayed & fused
B + B
Insulated ground = inoperative
85 to 85 = coil 30 = B+ 87a = NC (obedience check) 87 = switched output
D to F = coil E = B+ C = NC (obedience check) A = switched output
Door Latch & Trunk Latch
Electric Antenna Motor
Power Antenna Motor
Electric Window Cable Motor
Electric Window Regulator Motor
Electric Window Regulator Motor
Pulse Width Modulated Blower Motor