Autometic Bike indicator.docx

8/16/2019 Autometic Bike indicator.docx

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BIKE GEAR INDICATOR CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

ACROPOLIS TECHNICAL CAMPUS

1


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1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The main objective of this chapter is to give the ideas about the whole project. This

chapter contains of several subtopics that contains of project overview, the objective, scope,

the methodology and the summary of the thesis. This chapter is also including of explanation

of the implementation process of the project.

1.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW:

The project consists of a main circuit that includes a LC display indicator, two !all

sensors attached to the bi"e frame, and a small magnet placed on the gear shift lever. #t

operation depends entirely on the gear shift lever movement instead of connecting to

speedometer and tachometer sensors, ma"ing this its main advantage. The signals of the two

hall sensors are read by the $%& $Tmeag' microcontroller. The current gear is stored in

(()&*+ even if the motor is turned *. This will be restored when the device is turned

*- again.

1. OBJECTIVE AND MOTIVATION:

The primary objective of our project is to provide a bi"e gear shift indicating device

which enables a rider to identify the gear shift level with ease. This is /uite a simple

implementation compared to some of the other vehicle information displays.

The use of technology in different areas led us to thin" for a new and different project.

uring our research for project topic, we got to "now about gear indication, its use and scope.

0e tried to test it via bread board if it can be made or not. The result it gave was correct. This

made us wor" on gear indication project.


2


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1. FLOW CHART AND ITS WORKIN:

ig 1.1low Chart


3

UpDown

No

Sense Level

Microcontroller

Operation

LCD Display

Magnetic Field

Sense from

ear lever

!all Sensor

Sensing On"

#es

ear level

decreased $y

%1

ear level

increased $y

&1

Crystal

Oscillator

'1( M!)

Fre*+

eneration


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There are two hall sensors in the project, i"e 3ear #ndicator. They are up 4ensor

and down sensor. 0hen there is an increase in 3ear Level, the count increases by 51

and when there is a increase in 3ear Level, count decreases by 61. #n motorcycles,

there are gear levers. 0hen the gear levers are in motion, they create magnetic field

and those magnetic fields are captured and sensed by the two hall sensors depending

upon down gear shift or up gear shift. The fields generated are in ac 7alternative

current8 form. !ence a bridge rectifier is used to convert it into dc 7direct current8

form upto 9 %olts. This along with the sensor output is given to the microcontroller.

$ crystal oscillator is connected to the microcontroller which generates 1: +!;

fre/uency re/uired for the operation. The whole operation is performed in themicrocontroller. $ 1:


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Chapter !

LIST OF COMPONENTS


-


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2.1 CIRCUIT DIARAM:

ig 2.1 Circuit diagram of i"e 3ear #ndicator


(


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2.2 L"#t $% C$&p$'e't:

#. !all sensor >49''1L>$

##. LC isplay

###. %oltage regulator ?'@9

#%. Crystal *scillator

%. ridge &ectifier

%#. )C

%##. &esistors

%###. Capacitors

#A. B% attery

!.!.1 Ha(( Se'#$r US)**1LUA:

$ !all sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic

field. !all (ffect sensors are used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detection, andcurrent sensing applications.

ig 2.2 !all sensor

#n its simplest form, the sensor operates as an analog transducer, directly returning a

voltage. 0ith a "nown magnetic field, its distance from the !all plate can be determined.

>sing groups of sensors, the relative position of the magnet can be deduced.


.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_(signal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_(signal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer


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re/uently, a !all sensor is combined with circuitry that allows the device to act in a

digital 7onoff8 mode, and may be called a switch in this configuration. Commonly seen in

industrial applications such as the pictured pneumatic cylinder , they are also used in

consumer e/uipmentD for example some computer printers use them to detect missing paper

and open covers. 0hen high reliability is re/uired, they are used in "eyboards.

The >49''1 is a unipolar !all (ffect sensor #C fabricated from mixed signal C+*4

technology. #t incorporates advanced chopper stabili;ation techni/ues to provide accurate and

stable magnetic switch points. There are many applications for this sensor in addition to those

listed above. The design, specifications and performance have been optimi;ed for

applications of solid state switches

!.!.1.1 PIN D"a+ra&:

ig 2. )in iagram of !all 4ensor

!.!.! LCD D"#p(a,:

ig 2.LC isplay


/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_cylinderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_technologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_technologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_cylinderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_technology


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$ li/uid6crystal display 7LC8 is a flat panel display, electronic visual display,

or video display that uses the light modulating properties of li/uid crystals. Li/uid crystals do

not emit light directly. LCs are used in a wide range of applications including computer

monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft coc"pit displays, and signage. They are

common in consumer devices such as % players, gaming

devices, cloc"s, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode ray

tube 7C&T8 displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen si;es

than C&T and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image

burn6in. LCs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.

!.!.- V$(ta+e Re+(at$r /*0):

The /* 7sometimes LM/*8 is a family of self6contained fixed linear voltage

regulator integrated circuits. The ?'xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits

re/uiring a regulated power supply due to their ease6of6use and low cost. or #Cs within the

family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage 7for example, the ?'@9

has a 9 volt output, while the ?'12 produces 12 volts8. The ?'xx line is positive voltage

regulatorsE they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. There is a

related line of /2 devices which are complementary negative voltage regulators. ?'xx and

?Bxx #Cs can be used in combination to provide positive and negative supply voltages in the

same circuit.

ig 2.9)ins diagram of voltage regulator #C


0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits


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!.!.-.1 P"' De#3r"pt"$':

PIN T4PE DESCRIPTION

Na&e NO.

#nput 1 1 4upply #nput

Common 2 6 3round

*utput @ 4upply #nput

Table -o. 2.1 )in description of ?'@9

!.!.5 Cr,#ta( O#3"((at$r:

ig 2.:Crystal *scillator

$ crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the

mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of pie;oelectric material to create an electrical

signal with a very precise fre/uency. This fre/uency is commonly used to "eep trac" of time

7as in /uart; wristwatches8, to provide a stable cloc" signal for digital integrated circuits, and

to stabili;e fre/uencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of

pie;oelectric resonator used is the /uart; crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them

became "nown as crystal oscillators

!.!.) Bridge Rectifier :


1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier


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ig 2.?ridge &ectifier

$ diode bridge is an arrangement of four 7or more8 diodes in a bridgecircuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.

0hen used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating

current 7$C8 input into a direct current 7C8 output, it is "nown as a bridge rectifier . $ bridge

rectifier provides full6wave rectification from a two6wire $C input, resulting in lower cost

and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 6wire input from a transformer with a center6

tapped secondary winding.

The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same

regardless of the polarity at the input.

!.!.6 PCB:


11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier#Full-wave_rectificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_taphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_taphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier#Full-wave_rectificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_taphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_tap


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ig 2.')C

)rinted circuit boards are electronic circuits boards created for mounting electronic

components on a nonconductive board, and for creating conductive connections betweenthem. The boards are made from glass reinforced plastic with copper trac"s in the place of

wires. Components are fixed in position by drilling holes through the board, locating the

components and then soldering them in place. The copper trac"s lin" the components

together forming a circuit

$ )C allows signals and power to be routed between physical devices. 4older is the

metal that ma"es the electrical connections between the surface of the )C and the electronic

components. eing metal, solder also serves as a strong mechanical adhesive.

!.!./ Re#"#t$r#:

$ resistor is a passive two terminal component that implement electrical resistance as

a circuit element. &esistors act to reduce current flow and at the same time act to lower

voltage levels within circuit. #n electronic circuit resistors are used to limit current flow

ig2.B &esistor

!ere we have used resistors

& 16 1@"F,

& 26 2"F

!.!.* Capa3"t$r:


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ig 2.1@attery

$n electric 7atter, is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that

convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. (ach cell contains a positive terminal,

or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. (lectrolytes allow ions to move between the

electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform wor"


1,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte


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BIKE GEAR INDICATOR CHAPTER 3: AVR ATmega8

Chapter -


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AVR ATMEA *


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-.1 INTRODUCTION:

The $%& is a modified !arvard architecture '6bit C single chip microcontroller

which was developed by $tmel in 1BB:. The $%& was one of the first microcontroller

families to use on6chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one6time

programmable &*+, ()&*+, or (()&*+ used by other microcontrollers at the time

-.! Br"e% H"#t$r,:

The $%& architecture was conceived by two students at the -orwegian #nstitute of

Technology 7-T!8 $lf6(gil ogen and %egard 0ollan.

The original $%& +C> was developed at a local $4#C house in Trondheim, -orway

called -ordic %L4# at the time, now -ordic 4emiconductor , where ogen and 0ollan were

wor"ing as students. #t was "nown as a KC 7+icro C8 and was available as silicon

#)building bloc" from -ordic %L4#. 0hen the technology was sold to $tmel from -ordic

%L4#,citation neededM the internal architecture was further developed by ogen and 0ollan

at $tmel -orway, a subsidiary of $tmel. The designers wor"ed closely with compiler writers

at #$& 4ystems to ensure that the instruction set provided for more efficient compilation of

high6level languages. $tmel says that the name $%& is not an acronym and does not stand for

anything in particular. The creators of the $%& give no definitive answer as to what the term

G$%&G stands for. !owever, it is commonly accepted that $%& stands for $lf 7(gil ogen8

and %egard 70ollanHs8 C processor.

-ote that the use of G$%&G in this article generally refers to the '6bit C line of

$tmel $%& +icrocontrollers.

$mong the first of the $%& line was the $TB@4'919, which in a @6pin #) pac"age

has the same pin out as an '@91 microcontroller, including the external multiplexed address

and data bus. The polarity of the &(4(T line was opposite 7'@91Hs having an active6high

&(4(T, while the $%& has an active6low &(4(T8, but other than that, the pin out was

identical.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim,_Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAR_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAR_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAR_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8051http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim,_Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAR_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8051


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-.!.1 Cate+$r"e#:

$%& microcontrollers are available in three categories

1. T"',AVR I Less memory, small si;e, suitable only for simple applications

2. Me+aAVR I These are the most popular ones having good amount memory 7up to 29:

N8, higher number of inbuilt peripherals and suitable for moderate to complex

applications.

. 8&e+aAVR I >sed commercially for complex applications, which re/uire large

program memory and high speed.

The following table compares the above mentioned $%& series of microcontrollersE

Ser"e# Na&e P"'# F(a#h Me&$r, Spe3"a( FeatreTiny $%& :62 @.96'Nb 4mall in si;e

+ega $%& 2'61@@ 629:Nb (xtended )eripheral

Amega $%& 61@@ 1:6'Nb +$, (vent 4ystem

included

Table .1 $%& series of microcontrollers

-.- P"' Ot O% AT&e+a*:

igure .1 )in diagram of $%& $Tmega'


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-.5 P"' De#3r"pt"$':

1. %CCE igital supply voltage 9%.

2. 3-E 3round.

. &(4(TE $ low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will

generate a reset, even if the cloc" is not running.

. $&(E The analog reference pin for the $ Converter.

9. $%CCE The supply voltage pin for the $ Converter, )ort C 7.@8.#t should be

externally connected to %CC, even if the $C is not used. #f the $C is used, it should

be connected to %CC through a low6pass filter.

PORT B:

)ort is an '6bit bi6directional #* port with internal pull6up resistors 7selected for each

bit8. The )ort output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sin" and

source capability. $s inputs, )ort pins that are externally pulled low will source current if

the pull6up resistors are activated. The )ort pins are tri6stated when a reset condition

becomes active, even if the cloc" is not running. epending on the cloc" selection fuse

settings, ): can be used as input to the inverting *scillator amplifier and input to the

internal cloc" operating circuit. epending on the cloc" selection fuse settings, )? can be

used as output from the inverting *scillator amplifier. #f the #nternal Calibrated &C *scillator

is used as chip cloc" source, )?.: is used as T*4C2.1 .#nput for the $synchronous

TimerCounter2 if the $42 bit in $44& is set. The various special features of )ort are

elaborated in table.


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The )ort pins with alternate functions are shown in TableE

PORT PIN FUNCTIONS

)? AT$L2 7Chip Cloc" *scillator pin 28

T*4C2 7Timer *scillator pin 28

): AT$L1 7Chip Cloc" *scillator pin 1 or (xternal cloc" input8

T*4C1 7Timer *scillator pin 18

)9 4CN 74)# us +aster cloc" #nput8

) +#4* 74)# us +aster #nput4lave *utput8

) +*4# 74)# us +aster *utput4lave #nput8

*C2 7TimerCounter2 *utput Compare +atch *utput8

)2 44 74)# us +aster 4lave select8 *C1 7TimerCounter1

*utput Compare +atch *utput8

)1 *C1$ 7TimerCounter1 *utput Compare +atch $ *utput8

)@ #C)1 7TimerCounter1 #nput Capture )in8

Table .2 escription of port


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PORT C:

P$rt C 9PC).PC0 )ort C is a ?6bit bi6directional #* port with internal pull6up

resistors 7selected for each bit8. The )ort C output buffers have symmetrical drive

characteristics with both high sin" and source capability. $s inputs, )ort C pins that are

externally pulled low will source current if the pull6up resistors are activated. The )ort C pins

are tri6stated when a reset condition becomes active, (ven if the cloc" is not running

PC6;RESET: #f the &4T#4L use is programmed, )C: is used as an #* pin. -ote

that the electrical characteristics of )C: differ from those of the other pins of )ort C. #f the

&4T#4L use is unprogrammed, )C: is used as a &eset input. $ low level on this pin for

longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a &eset, even if the cloc" is not running.

4horter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a &eset. The various special features of )ort C

are elaborated in TableE

PORT PIN FUNCTIONS

)C: &(4(T 7&eset pin8

)C9 $C9 7$C #nput Channel 98

4CL 7Two6wire 4erial us Cloc" Line8

)C $C 7$C #nput Channel 8

4$ 7Two6wire 4erial us ata #nputoutput Line8

)C $C 7$C #nput Channel 8



)C@ $C@ 7$C #nput Channel @8

Table . escription of )ort C

PORT D:


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)ort is an '6bit bi6directional #* port with internal pull6up resistors 7selected for each

bit8. The )ort output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sin" and

source capability. $s inputs, )ort pins that are externally pulled low will source current if

the pull6up resistors are activated. The )ort pins are tri6stated when a reset condition

becomes active, even if the cloc" is not running. epending on the cloc" selection fuse

settings

The )ort pins with alternate functions are shown in TableE

PORT PIN FUNCTIONS

)? $#-1 7$nalog Comparator -egative #nput8

): $#-@ 7$nalog Comparator )ositive #nput8

)9 T1 7TimerCounter 1 (xternal Counter #nput8

) ACN 7>4$&T (xternal Cloc" #nputoutput8

T@ 7TimerCounter @ (xternal Counter #nput8

) #-T1 7(xternal #nterrupt 1 #nput8

)2 #-T@ 7(xternal #nterrupt @ #nput8

)1 TA 7>4$&T *utput )in8

)@ &A 7>4$&T #nput )in8

Table . escription of )ort


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BIKE GEAR INDICATOR CHAPTER 4: PCB DESIGNING

Chapter 5

PCB DESININ


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5.1 I'tr$


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hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as

ferric chloride.

5.5 Dr"(("'+:

!oles through a )C are typically drilled with small6diameter drill bits made of solid

coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board

materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high &)+ and high feed to be cost effective.

rill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear the traces. rilling with high6speed6

steel is simply not feasible since the drill bits will dull /uic"ly and thus tear the copper and

ruin the boards.

5.) Ea+(e S$%t=are:

#t is one of the software used for designing any circuit which is to be printed and traced

on )C.

ig .1 (agle layout

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_carbidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_carbide


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BIKE GEAR INDICATOR RESULT

RESULT

2( ACROPOLIS TECHNICAL CAMPUS


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BIKE GEAR INDICATOR RESULT

$s we shift the gear in a bi"e, hall sensors senses that shift and gives the result on 1:


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BIKE GEAR INDICATOR CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION


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BIKE GEAR INDICATOR CONCLUSION

#n the early parts of this project, our vague goals led to a broad scope of ideas, and a

lac" of structure. Choosing areas of focus and completing research of prior "nowledge in this

area helped us to narrow our design and choose an approach that is feasible.

+any aspects of this project involved learning how particular processes wor",

including the )C layout. *ur final design utili;ed many different aspects of the field of

electronics engineering and design.

The )C design made our prototype much more secure and aesthetic. The set design

goals were completed, though there is much that can be improved upon.


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BIKE GEAR INDICATOR REFERENCES

REFERENCES:

1. httpEwww.circuitstoday.comavr6atmega'6microcontroller6an6introduction

2. httpEwww.atmel.comimagesatmel62':6'6bit6avr6microcontroller6

atmega'QlQdatasheet.pdf

. httpEen.wi"ipedia.orgwi"i+icrocontroller

. httpEwww.electronics6lab.comprojectsautomotive@@:index.html

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Autometic Bike indicator.docx