AUTOMATIVE SENSORS

8/7/2019 AUTOMATIVE SENSORS

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PRESENTATION ON

AUTOMOTIVE SENSORS

PRESENTED BY :NARESH KUMAR GOYAL

362/07 EE 4TH YEAR


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INTRODUCTION

A sensor; is a device that measures a physical quantity and

converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or

by an instrument.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive

elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps which dim or

brighten by touching the base. There are also innumerable

applications for sensors of which most people are never

aware. Applications include cars, machines, aerospace,

manufacturing and robotics.


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TYPES OF SENSORS

Acoustic, sound, vibration

Chemical

Electric current, electric potential, magnetic, radio

Environment, weather, moisture, humidity

Flow, fluid velocity Ionizing radiation, subatomic particles

Navigation instruments

Position, angle, displacement, distance, speed, acceleration

Optical, light, imaging

Pressure

Force, density, level

Thermal, heat, temperature

Proximity, presence

Sensor technology

Automotive, transportation


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INTRODUCTION


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OXYGEN SENSOR

This sensor is used in the mechanism serving for air fuel ratio

measurement, it is installed in the exhaust system of the vehicle,

attached to the engine's exhaust manifold, the sensor measures the

ratio of the air-fuel mixture.


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OIL SENSORS

Oil sensors and oil analyzers are

used in automotive or industrial

machinery applications to sense

oil levels, and check for:

Contamination

Particulates

Viscosity

TemperatureOil sensors and oil analyzers are

also known as ferrography

instruments.


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FUEL GAUGE

A fuel gauge is an instrument used to indicate the level of fuel

contained in a tank. As used in cars, the gauge consists of twoparts:

The sensing unit

The indicator


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CRANK SENSOR

A crank sensor is a

component used in an

internal combustion engine

to monitor the position or

rotational speed of the

crankshaft. This information

is used by engine

management systems tocontrol ignition system

timing and other engine

parameters.


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MAP SENSOR

A manifold absolute pressure sensor (MAP) is one of thesensors used in an internal combustion engine's electroniccontrol system. Engines that use a MAP sensor are typically

fuel injected. The manifold absolute pressure sensorprovides instantaneous manifold pressure information tothe engine's electronic control unit (ECU). The data is usedto calculate air density and determine the engine's air massflow rate, which in turn determines the required fuelmetering for optimum combustion. A fuel-injected engine

may alternately use a MAF (mass air flow) sensor to detectthe intake airflow. A typical configuration employs one orthe other, but seldom both.


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PARKING SENSORS

Parking sensors are

proximity sensors for

road vehicles which can

alert the driver to

unseen obstacles duringparking manoeuvres.

The ultrasonic sensors

are currently available in

several brands of cars.

Some systems are alsoavailable as additional

upgrade kits for later

installation.


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RADAR GUN

A radar gun or speed gun is a small Doppler radarunit used to detect the speed of objects,especially trucks and automobiles for the purpose

of speed limit enforcement, as well as pitchedbaseballs, automatic door openers, runners orother moving objects in sports. A radar gun doesnot return information regarding the object'sposition. It relies on the Doppler effect applied toa radar beam to measure the speed of objects atwhich it is pointed. Radar guns may be hand-held,vehicle-mounted or static.


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SPEED SENSORS

Speed sensors are machines used to detect the speedof an object, usually a transport vehicle. They include:

Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators

Piezo sensors (e.g. in a road surface)

LIDAR

ANPR (where vehicles are timed over a fixed distance)


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WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A wheel speed sensor

or vehicle speed

sensor (VSS) is a type

of tachometer. It is a

sender device used

for reading the speed

of a vehicle's wheel

rotation. It usuallyconsists of a toothed

ring and pickup.


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SPEEDOMETER

A speedometer is a device that measures the instantaneous speed of a land

vehicle.The various types of speedometers include:

Eddy current speedometer

Electronic speedometer

Bicycle speedometer


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PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS

A piezoelectric disk generates a voltagewhen deformed (change in shape isgreatly exaggerated)

A piezoelectric sensor is a device thatuses the piezoelectric effect to measurepressure, acceleration, strain or force byconverting them to an electrical signal.

In the automotive industry, piezoelectricelements are used to monitorcombustion when developing internalcombustion engines.


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LIDAR

LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is an opticalremote sensing technology that measuresproperties of scattered light to find range and/orother information of a distant target. Theprevalent method to determine distance to anobject or surface is to use laser pulses. Like thesimilar radar technology, which uses radio waves,the range to an object is determined bymeasuring the time delay between transmissionof a pulse and detection of the reflected signal.


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WATER SENSOR

The Water in Fuel Sensor

indicates the presence of

water in the fuel. It is installed

in the fuel filter and when thewater level in the water

separator reaches the warning

level the Wif send an electrical

signal to the ECU or to

dashboard (lamp). The Wif is

used especially in the Common

Rail engines to avoid the unit

injector damage.


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REMOTE KEYLESS SYSTEM

In automobiles an REMOTE KEYLESS SYSTEM performs the

functions of a standard car key without physical contact; power

door locks can be locked or unlocked from several feet away.


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SMART KEY

The smart key allows the driver to keep the key fob in their

pocket when unlocking, locking and starting the vehicle. The

key is identified via one of several antennas in the car's

bodywork and a radio pulse generator in the key housing.Depending on the system the vehicle is automatically

unlocked either as soon as the door handle (or trunk lid)

operated or after a button located on the vehicles exterior is

pressed. Vehicles with a smart key system fitted are required

to have a mechanical backup, usually in the form of a keycylinder operated by a spare key blade supplied with the

vehicle. Some manufacturers hide this the key cylinder behind

a cover for styling.


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OTHER SYSTEMS INVOLVED

IN AUTOMOBILES

Except the above mentioned sensors there are many

other systems involved in any automobile with their

respective members, which are necessary for its

perfect working and safety. These includes:

Braking system

Airbags & crash systems

Immobilizers Transmission control unit

Tire Pressure Monitor Systems


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RAIN SENSORS

Automotive rain sensors detect rain falling on the windshield of a

vehicle. One of the more common rain sensor implementations

employs an infrared light that is beamed at a 45-degree angle

onto the windshield from inside the car. If the glass is wet, less

light makes it back to the sensor, and the wipers turn on.


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BRAKING SYSTEM

This system is not just applying brakes to a running vehicle, but

it is merely controlling the vehicle in various road and load

conditions. This system includes the working of various systems

in conjunction, which includes:

Anti-lock braking system

Electronic brake force distribution

Traction control

Descent control


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ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

An anti-lock braking system, or ABS is a safety system which prevents

the wheels on a motor vehicle from locking up (or ceasing to rotate)

while braking.


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ELECTRONIC BRAKE FORCE

DISTRIBUTION

Electronic brake force distribution (EBD or EBFD) is an

automobile brake technology that automatically varies the

amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based

on road conditions, speed, loading, etc. Always coupled withanti-lock braking systems, EBD can apply more or less braking

pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power

whilst maintaining vehicular control. Typically, the front end

carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking

pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock upand cause a skid. In some systems, EBD distributes more

braking pressure at the rear brakes during initial brake

application before the effects of weight transfer become

apparent.


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TRACTION CONTROL

A traction control system (TCS)

is typically an electro-hydraulic

system on production vehicles

designed to prevent loss oftraction of the driven road

wheels, and therefore maintain

the control of the vehicle when

excessive throttle is applied by

the driver and the condition of

the road surface is unable to

cope with the torque applied.


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DESCENT CONTROL SYSTEM

Four-wheel-drive (4WD) and

All Wheel Drive (AWD)

vehicles may have a Hill

Descent Control systeminstalled, using the ABS

braking to control the car's

motion downhill. The system

can be controlled, usually by

the Cruise Control buttonsnear or on the steering

wheel.


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AIRBAG & CRASH SYSTEM

An airbag is a vehicle safety

device. It is an occupant

restraint consisting of a flexible

envelope designed to inflaterapidly in an automobile

collision, to prevent vehicle

occupants from striking interior

objects such as the steeringwheel or window.


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IMMOBILIZERS

An immobilizer is an electronic device fitted to an automobile

which prevents the engine from running unless the correct key

is inserted


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TRANSMISSION CONTROL UNIT

A transmission control unit or TCU is a device that controls modern

electronic automatic transmissions. A TCU generally uses sensors from the

vehicle as well as data provided by the Engine Control Unit to calculate

how and when to change gears in the vehicle for optimum performance,

fuel economy and shift quality.

The evolution of the modern automatic transmission and the integration

of electronic controls have allowed great progress in recent years. The

modern automatic transmission is now able to achieve better fuel

economy, reduced engine emissions, greater shift system reliability,

improved shift feel, improved shift speed and improved vehicle handling.The immense range of programmability offered by a TCU allows the

modern automatic transmission to be used with appropriate transmission

characteristics for each application.


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TYRE PRESSURE MONITOR SYSTEM

A Tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is an electronic system designedto monitor the air pressure inside the pneumatic tires on various types ofvehicles. These systems report real-time tire-pressure information to thedriver of the vehicle


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AIRCONDITIONING

SENSOR


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CAR ALARM SYSTEM


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THANK YOU

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AUTOMATIVE SENSORS